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    Олесь Гончар промовляє французькою мовою

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    With the return of Ukraine to the political and cultural space of Europe, the historical and comparative studies of the Ukrainian literature’s entry into various European cultures, in particular the Francophone ones, become especially relevant. The ties of Ukrainian culture with the French realm having broadly developed since the Middle Ages, lasted during the European Renaissance and Enlightenment (esp. in the fi elds of diplomacy and education). Since the early 19th cent. Francophony abundantly entered various domains of the Ukrainian culture, primarily literature. Ivan Kotliarevskyi, Petro Hulak-Artemovskyi, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Taras Shevchenko, Marko Vovchok, and, further on, Ivan Naumovych, Pavlyn Svientsits’kyi, Marko Kropyvnytskyi a. o. were related to French culture through their literary activities. Having, more than twenty years ago, a sabbatical at the Ministry of Culture of France, the author of this essay compiled a preliminary bibliographic list of 125 Ukrainian cultural personalia entering the Francophone space, Oles’ Honchar being among them. The rise of new encyclopaedic editions, work in various Austrian, French, Belgian institutions as well as elaboration of Ukrainian library collections have made it possible to almost double this number. Hence a special interest in how Ukrainian writers, particularly the most illustrious in Ukrainian culture, were read, translated, and studied in one or another French-speaking country. Oles Honchar’s biography, his fi ction, essays, epistolary are drawing a considerable attention again. The reason of it, beside the writer’s centennial jubilee and other things, is the appearance of the Honchar’s Diary, where the classic of Ukrainian literature spoke frankly of all that had been a sore in his soul for many years, and poured out his innermost confessions in the pages. Oles Honchar’s works have been translated into French for more than fi fty years, often creating thoroughly opposite opinions about the writer — an outstanding master of the Ukrainian prose. Oles Honchar (1918 – 1995), as a writer of distinction in the 2nd half of the 20th century, was not left beyond attention by the critic Pierre Daix, Luxemburg French-speaking writer Rosemarie Kieffer, French slavist Georges Luciani and others. French translations of the writer’s ten short stories (1972), novels “Banner-bearers” (1948), “Perekop” (1958), “Tronka” (1963), “Cyclone” (1977), and “Your star” (1982) as well as the extracts from the novel “Cathedral” (2004) not only form a signifi cant phase of Ukrainian cultural integration in Europe but also provide an advantageous material for the profound monographic research of translating Oles Honchar’s prose into French.Франкомовна гончаріана пройшла понад піввіковий шлях, часто відображаючи діаметрально протилежні судження про майстра української прози. О. Гончар (1918 – 1995) як видатний письменник другої половини ХХ ст. не лишився поза увагою критика П’єра Декса, люксембурзької франкомовної письменниці Розмарі Кіффер, французького славіста Жоржа Люціані та ін. Переклади французькою мовою десяти новел письменника (1972), романів “Прапороносці” (1948), “Перекоп” (1958), “Тронка” (1963), “Циклон” (1977), “Твоя зоря” (1982), а також фрагментів із роману “Собор” (2004) не тільки стали промовистою сторінкою інтеграції української культури за кордон, а й дають вдячний матеріал для глибокого монографічного дослідження франкомовного прочитання прози О. Гончара

    Середньовічна слов’янська гімнографія: бібліографічний огляд

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    The article argues that the leading direction in the study of medieval Slavic hymnographic works is  a  textual  analysis.  In  the  textology  of  the  Christian  hymnography  two  conditional  periods  are distinguished: the early (the 60s of the 19th cent. — 70s of the 20th cent.) and the late (the 70s of the 20th cent. to nowadays). It is also underlined that in the early period the textologists, above all, aimed to publish separate works and collections of hymnography with paleographic description of the studied manuscripts. The fi rst part of the article examines the early period, represented by two research trends: publication of the records and description, historical and typological, of particular hymnographic objects. In the late period of the textological studies the scholars perform the historic typological description of the hymnographic objects which include not only separate pieces and collections but also hymnography authors’ images and even separate singing genres. The fi rst textological studies are reduced to publication of the texts with all their differences, the paleographic-textual commentary to the texts, the search of the compositional signs of the works’ usage and the solution of authorship issues. Besides, a range of ancient manuscripts were published at that time as well.У статті стверджується, що гімнографія – один із найбільш поширених і репрезентативних жанрів середньовічної літератури, який уже понад півтора сторіччя є об’єктом наукових студій. Помічені два умовні періоди: ранній (1860 – 1970-ті роки), пізній (1970-ті роки – до наших днів). У ранній період текстологи передусім прагнули надрукувати окремі гімнографічні твори та збірки, супроводжуючи видання палеографічною характеристикою досліджуваних рукописів. У пізній період текстологічних студій науковці здійснюють історико-типологічний опис гімнографічних об’єктів, і серед них не лише твори або збірки, а й постаті гімнографів та навіть окремі пісенні жанри. Водночас в означений період триває видання творів за стародавніми рукописами

    Світ поетичного слова В. Голобородька-сюрреаліста

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    The paper attempts to consider peculiarities of the poetic language of Vasyl Holoborodko as a surrealist poet. The following style features of the poet have been revealed: cultural and poetic aesthetics applied to everyday objects and occurrences; unusual combinations of words for the purpose of creating poetic linguistic structures; extraordinary linguistic design of the poetic thought; the method of a poetic miracle; excessively metaphoric character of the poetic expression; multi-stage figurative meaning of the utterance; complex associativity; transformation of folklore-song images, their semantic complication; expansion of combinatory ability of words; contextual semantic and aesthetic arrangement; enrichment, replenishment of the poetic image system with new cultural and aesthetic signs, rethinking of traditional concepts; poetic illogicality, paradox of poetical language space. V. Holoborodko formed a very unusual and individual poetic world; united the folkloric traditions of the figurative designation of reality with modern linguistic reality. The literary picture of the world reflected in the poetic discourse of the surrealist is associated with a miracle. The aesthetics of the writer’s poetic word is solemnly exalted, majestic and fabulous, often extravagant in a peculiar manner. The style of Vasyl Holoborodko is a reflection of the poetic experience of the artist himself and the national and world poetic tradition. At the same time, it is a fact of original artistic thinking. The writer showed the originality of figurative encoding of thought and at the same time demonstrated the possibilities of his native language in creating a new system of poetic universals.У  статті  розглянуто  ознаки  поетичної  мови  В.  Голобородька  як  митця-сюрреаліста. Виявлено такі риси стильової манери художника слова: мовно-поетична естетизація предметів і  явищ  повсякдення;  оригінальність,  незвичність  комбінацій  слів;  екстраординарність мовного  оформлення  поетичної  думки;  використання  прийому  творення  поетичного  дива; надметафоричність висловлення; трансформація фольклорно-пісенних образів, їх семантичне ускладнення;  поповнення  поетично-образної  системи  новими  мовно-естетичними  знаками; поетична алогічність, парадоксальність художнього мовопростору письменника

    Фоноритміка оповідання “Закоханий чорт” Олекси Стороженка

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    The article deals with the issues of prose sound structure based on the story “Devil in Love” by Oleksa Storozhenko. The researcher considers the usage of both long and short phonetic parallel constructions (forms) related to the rhythmic patterns in prose. Due to three specific levels of the rhythmic structure, such as syllabic, syntagmatic and intonational, deviations from the given metre, i. e. modifications of the rhythmical patterns, are not signifi cant here. As a result, the text is perceived as deeply rooted in authentic rhythm and melody, and marked with the colorful idiostyle as well.У межах студії над звуковою організацією оповідання Олекси Стороженка “Закоханий чорт” розглянуто вживання довгих і коротких паралельних фонетичних форм, якими письменник послуговується відповідно до природної вимови і вибір яких впливає на ритмічність художньої прози. На основі аналізу трьох характеристик ритму (складової, синтагматичної та інтонаційної) встановлено, що відхилення від умовної ідеальної ритмічності у творі мінімальне: текст сприймається як глибоко закорінений у питому ритмомелодику і водночас позначений колоритністю ідіостилю

    Запорозькі козаки у Сванетії?

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    The article highlights little-known facts about the settlement of Zaporozki Cossacks in the alpine, practically inaccessible country – Svanetia. It happened after the abolition of Zaporozka Sich by Catherine II in 1775. The impetus for the study was a short note by H. Lebedynets “Traces of Zaporozhians’ settlement in Svanetia”, which appeared on the pages of “Kievskaya starina” journal in 1885. H. Lebedynets just mentioned the Cossacks’ appearance in the territory, neither planning to name the destination country nor trying to explain what kind of land it was, what were the traditions of local tribes etc. Addressing these and other issues, describing conditions in which the Zaporozhians had to live in independent Svanetia became the subject of the present article. In order to perform this task the author had to find, compile and introduce to the scholarly community existing historical and geographic sources, proving the residence and later assimilation of Cossacks in the foreign country. It is also mentioned that after the Sich abolition Cossacks settled themselves on the banks of the Kuban River, where they participated in constant battles with the Circassians often being captured. Escape to the nearest and, in addition, Christian country could be the only possible salvation under those conditions. The article also covers such issues as: geographical and historical position of Svanetia of those times; the peculiar features of the natives, their way of life, customs, traditions etc.; similarities and differences in the mentality of the incomers and the locals; new culture, faced by the Cossacks. The problems of cohabitation of the like-minded Svans and Cossacks (religion, worldview, moral values, struggle for independence, autonomy, and freedom) are being studied for the first time. Describing Svanetia of those times, the author points out the causes of assimilation of the arrived, provides examples of entering Svan families and various Svan communities, the description of rights and duties acquired after being admitted to the local groups. Certain attention is drawn to the features remained from the Cossacks to nowadays, such as: man’s hairstyle – a little lock of hair on a shaved head in some of Svan families, particularly in Mestia, as well as the existence of ‘sankvira’, the shortened variant of Ukrainian ‘trembita’, in the independent Svanetia used to gather people with its sound in case of military or other important social and public needs. At the end of the article the author briefly reports on the settlement of the Zaporozki Cossacks in Western Georgia on the Black Sea coast before the 17th century.У статті  досліджено  проблему  переселення  козаків  після  ліквідації  Запорозької  Січі Катериною II 1775 р. Зокрема, уперше вивчено матеріали щодо поселень січовиків у Грузії, а саме – Сванетії. До наукового дискурсу залучаються такі питання: чинники появи козаків у місцині та її характеристика, риси аборигенів і етапи асиміляції переселенців, наслідки “міграційних” процесів. Дослідник студіює маловідомі історико-географічні джерела, спільне та відмінне в менталітеті, культурі, побуті сванів і січовиків

    Українська академія наук і становлення академічного літературознавства

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    The institutionally-organized research work in the field of natural sciences and humanities in Ukraine started in the 2nd half of the 19th century. The predecessors of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine were the Society of History and Antiquities in Odesa, the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler in Kyiv, the Southwestern Department of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1873 Shevchenko Society (later – T. Shevchenko Scientific Society) was founded in Lviv. It consisted of three sections: philological, historical-philosophical and mathematical-natural-medical. The Shevchenko Scientific Society became the first Ukrainian institution that consolidated humanities and natural sciences, acquiring the same forms of research activity organization, as most Western European academies and research societies had at the time. On the initiative of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi in 1907 the Ukrainian Scientific Society was founded in Kyiv following the structural model of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. The Statute of the Ukrainian Scientific Society supposed that it was an institution coordinating all research work in Ukraine. On November 14, 1918 hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi signed the Law of the Ukrainian State on the establishment of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv. The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine began to operate and, as it is believed, was practically established on November 27, 1918 in Kyiv at the first Joint meeting of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (UAN). On November 26, 1918, the “Statute of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv” was published, the third section of which certified the status of UAN as a self-governing institution. Humanistic studies in the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences focused on such areas of knowledge as history of the Ukrainian people; foreign literature; history of the Ukrainian church; history of Ukrainian art; archeology of Ukraine; ethnography; Ukrainian, Slavic, Arabic and Iranian philology; Turkology; Jewish studies; philosophy. The significant achievements of philologists that worked at the period include the systematic accumulation of sources (archives and correspondence of the writers), the creation of generalized studies on classical Ukrainian literature as well as critical and biographical essays about chief figures of Ukrainian literature. Then the methodological issues of Shevchenko studies became a priority.У  статті  йдеться  про  передумови  виникнення  української  академічної  гуманітаристики  й розвиток вітчизняного літературознавства в 1918 – 1920-і рр. До вагомих наукових здобутків тогочасних  літературознавців  слід  зарахувати  системне  накопичення  джерелознавчої  бази (архіви  й  листування  письменників),  створення  узагальнювальних  досліджень  класичної української літератури, критико-біографічних нарисів про знакові постаті українського красного письменства. Пріоритетної ваги набуло методологічне осмислення засад шевченкознавства

    Епіграфи в Кулішевому романі “Чорна рада” (текстологічний аспект)

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    The article analyzes the epigraphs in the Russian novel The Black Council, i. e. in which manners they functioned from the beginning of its creation to the publishing in 1857. Kulish presents the Russian text in the sphere of the Ukrainian identity with the help of epigraphs. At the same time they could be considered as a commentary: the writer suggests looking at the content under the specific point of view, he emphasizes some idea, topic, or problem. They correspond not only with the Russian text but also with the Ukrainian, and echoing by the quotations, allusions, and game of symbols in it. Linked to the text of the related sections, they illustrate an idea of the future development of the action or, in contrary, give a “versatile” vision as regards the content. Epigraphs could be related not only to a separate section, but also to several subsequent. They separate these sections into some structural unit-cycle, amplify and particularize the dominant of the theme of this cycle. Besides functioning of the dialogue with the text and ‒ through the text ‒ with the reader, some epigraphs obtained a more specific feature. They were addressed to different persons from the milieu of Kulish’s friends whom he referred to in epigraphs in different manners. Epigraphs to the sections of Kulish’s novel were taken from folkloric, historical, or literary sources. The manuscript created in the exile contains epigraphs from Shakespeare’s drama (in the Russian translation by Nikolai Ketcher) and the Russian poems of Aleksandr Pushkin or Ivan Dmitriev. The author refused to use such sort of quotations in the future and built a strategy with regard to the “Ukrainianization” of the epigraphs. Consequently, he followed such ideas up to the final version of the novel.У статті проаналізовано епіграфи в тексті російського роману “Чорна рада”, їх функціонування в ньому від початку створення до публікації 1857 р. Через епіграфи автор уводив російський текст у  силове  поле  українськості,  водночас  вони  слугували  своєрідним  коментарем:  письменник пропонував подивитися на текст під певним ракурсом, наголошував або відтіняв якусь ідею, тему, проблему. Вони кореспондували з текстом, і не тільки з російським, а й з українським, відлунювали в ньому прямими цитаціями, алюзіями і грою смислів. Прив’язані до тексту того розділу, якого стосуються, вони дають читачеві уявлення про майбутній розвиток дії або, навпаки, є “універсальні” щодо змісту

    Інтертекстуальний простір роману Юрія Винничука “Танго смерті”

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    The paper attempts an intertextual reading of Y. Vynnychuk’s novel “Tango of Death” in the context of the time and space issues. Such intertextual links in the novel as actual intertextuality (citations and allusions) and architext (genre based links of texts) were analyzed. It was found that the novel “Tango of Death” is associated with the broad literary context: from Greek myths to the modern author’s reality. Such intertextual discourse greatly expands the semantic space of the text and activates it for new interpretations.У статті запропоновано інтертекстуальне прочитання роману Ю. Винничука “Танго смерті” в  річищі  часопросторової  проблематики.  Проаналізовано  такі  вияви  міжтекстових  зв’язків  у романі, як власне інтертекстуальність (цитати й алюзії) та архітекстуальність (жанровий зв’язок текстів); установлено, що роман “Танго смерті” пов’язаний із широким літературним контекстом – від грецьких міфів до сучасної авторові реальності. Такий інтертекстуальний дискурс значно розширює змістовий простір тексту й активізує його на нові інтерпретації

    Функціонування образу-топосу каменя в художньому просторі поетичної збірки “Рінь” Олега Ольжича

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    The paper traces the topos of stone in the artistic space of the first poetic collection by O. Olzhych “Rin” (“River Bank”). This collection confirms the great influence of the profession of archaeologist on the author's artistic thinking. The main purpose of the analysis is determining the functions of the topos and revealing the symbolic meaning of the stone for the poet. The previous researches showed that the study of topoi in O. Olzhych’s poetry may be an effective way of interpreting the image of stone as a dominant in the author's works. The topos of stone is considered as a system, essential for the author’s perception of the world and history. It is found that Olzhych created his own ontological interpretation of the topos, showing the stone as an ‘organism’ of culture, a ‘living witness’ of history.  The image of a stone is the key to forming an integral model of the universe in the author's worldview. Within the artistic space of the collection “Rin” the topos of stone has its special semantic content, which in its turn is a part of the general content of this topos in his poetic heritage. In the poetry of Olzhych, the stone, without losing its functional role, may appear in different forms: being crushed to sand or being a component of mountains. It helps Oleh Olzhych in building his aesthetic concept of past, present and future as indivisible chain.У статті досліджено функціонування образу-топосу каменя в художньому просторі поетичної збірки “Рінь” О. Ольжича. Аналіз наукової літератури засвідчив, що дослідження поезії автора в руслі топіки є перспективним для системного вивчення закономірностей функціонування образу-топосу каменя як домінанти у творчості О. Ольжича. Топос каменя розглядається як система, спрямована на здійснення поетичного освоєння автором світу та історії

    Франкові “Конкістадори”: поетизація здобувницького героїзму

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    For the first time, I. Franko’s poem “Conquistadors” (1904) is considered in the context of his literary writings (“Zakhar Berkut”, “Great Anniversary”, etc.), and works supporting the liberation struggle of the enslaved peoples and blaming the occupation of foreign lands (“The Dark Kingdom”, “On the Slope of the Age”, “Spring Breath from Russia”, “What is Progress?”, “Poem about the Creation of the World”). In particular, attention is paid to Franko’s statements about A. Pushkin and M. Lermontov in connection with the Russian-imperial conquest of the Caucasus. The poems of Taras Shevchenko «Hamalia» and «Caucasus» as well as the novel “Woodcocks” (“Valdshnepy”) by Mykola Khvylovyi are also taken into consideration. The researcher assumes that the title of Franko’s poem “Great Anniversary” was a reminiscence of the eponymous poem by Ksenofont Klymkovych. As to I. Franko’s notion of heroism, it is argued, that the poem «Conquistadors» is not about the past conquest of America, but rather about the future achievement of Ukraine’s freedom, not about the heroism of old conquistadors, but rather about future liberation, or, as Bohdan Kravtsiv called it, “bellicose” (“zdobuvnytskyi”), heroism of Ukrainians. Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors served only as a ground and means for Franko’s poetic allegory. Leaving the historical tragedy of American natives beyond attention, the author, on the example of reckless courage and enthusiasm of conquistadors, prepares Ukrainians for an unconditional, if necessary armed, struggle for national freedom and statehood. The “Conquistadors” are in the line with Franko’s contemplations of that time concerning the issue of force in history. The poem «Moses» (1905), in which the Jewish ideals of the ‘state’, ‘the magnificent promised land’ were allegorically projected on the struggle for Ukrainian statehood, became the extension of Franko’s thoughts. The last stanzas of the poem are the poetization of the armed force used for getting the “promised land”.Уперше  розглянуто  вірш  І.  Франка  “Конкістадори”  (1904)  в  контексті  його  творів  (“Захар Беркут”, “Великі роковини”, “Мойсей” та ін.) і праць (“Темне царство”, “На склоні віку”, “Подуви весни в Росії”, “Що таке поступ?”, “Поема про сотворення світу”), поем Т. Шевченка “Гамалія” та “Кавказ” і роману Миколи Хвильового “Вальдшнепи”. Доведено, що іспанські та португальські конкістадори для Франка – лише привід і засіб для поетичної алегоризації: абстрагуючись від історичної трагедії американських тубільців, автор на прикладі відчайдушної одваги й завзяття конкістадорів виховує в українців готовість до беззастережної, при потребі збройної боротьби за національну свободу й державність

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