Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Studies on the Vegetative Morphology and Floral Structure of Coba (Zizania latifolia Turcz.)
No full text臺灣現有之交白栽培品種有青殼、自殼及赤殼三種，青殼品種在畫灣南部地區於6，....，) 0 月間陸續開花， 花序為由多數小穩狀花序集合而成之大形圓錐花序， 雌雄同株異花，雌花主要著生於花序上部之小穗，雄花則以著生於下部之小穗為主，中閻部位之小花穗混生約向教之雌花與雄花，雌花之形狀為j注重十形，外靜之芒長，尖端略帶紫色，花柱白色，雄花里狹精圓形，外靜之芒甚短或無，尖端亦略帶紫色，雄蕊六枚，基淡黃色，花粉粒近球形，淡黃色，染色體數為2n = 3 4 0
Coba (Zizania latifolia Turcz.) cultivars, Green-shell, White-shell and Red-shell, are commonly grown in Taiwan. Green-shell, which is popular in Southern Taiwan, was used in the present study of vegetative morphology and floral structure. This cultivar flowers continuously from early June to late October in Southern Taiwan. The plant is monoecious, and the inflorescence consists of approximately 2.200 spikelets. Most of female flowers are located in upper parts of inflorescence. Whereas. most of male flowers are concentrated in lower parts. There is almost equal number of male and female flowers in the middle part of inflorescence. The female flower is lanceolate and has long awn in the lemma. Its pistil is split and has two white color and feathery stigmas. The male flower is long oblong and has six pale yellow stamens. Its lemma mayor may not have very short awn. Both male and female flowers have pale purple color in the tip of awn. The pollen grains are nearly round and pale yellow color. The chromosome number is 2n=34
A Study on the Diameters and Leaf Numbers of the Terminal Shoots in Relation to Fruiting in Irwin Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
No full text愛文芒果於1954年自美國佛州引進，其品質甚佳，結果可靠，產量甚高，在臺灣中南部地區發展迅速，現栽培面積已達4,000公頃，爲瞭解該品種枝條之結果能力，特就其頂梢，卽最後一次抽梢之中央部位直徑與該梢之葉數加以測定，並分別調查其結果數。據調查獲悉：凡直徑愈大，葉數愈多之枝條，其結果能力愈大，在此次供試果園之生長情形下，直徑0.5~0.7cm,，葉數爲5~10枚者之小枝數爲最多。爲果實産量之重心。此次共測定之小枝1,125枝中，共結果523枝，平均每100小枝之結果數46.5枝。直徑爲0.8~1.0真如此cm，葉數在16枝以上者，平均每100小枝之結果數可達93.5枚。是以藉管理方法增大小枝之直徑與葉數，可望增加結果數。
Since the introduction of the Irwin mango from Florida of the United States of America in 1954, commercial plantations of Irwin mango have been intensively established in central and southern parts of Taiwan. Till the present time, about 4,000 hectares of cultivated area have been reached. The quality of Irwin mango is very good. In order to make sure the fruiting ability of the shoots, diameter and leaf number of the terminal shoots (last flushes) bearing the inflorescences were measured, and fruits on the shoots counted. According to the measurement, it was found that there was relationship between the diameter as well as the leaf number of the terminal shoots and fruiting. The bigger diamenter of the shoots and the greater number of leaves attached favor the fruit set. In most cases, the diameter of the terminal shoots ranged from 0.5 and 0.7 cm, and the leaf numbers 5-10. The average fruits of each 100 shoots were 46.5
The Cultivars of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and Their Improvement in Taiwan
No full text荔枝育種計劃始於民國71年，主要工作爲種源蒐集，自然授粉實生選種及人工雜交育種，育種目標爲不同產期、豐產、適應性、優良品質及風味、大果及高小率等。初步自本省調查獲20已命名品種及21變異品系，並選出4個具有早熟、豐產及高小核率之優良品系。依果實性狀可將本省荔枝品種分成三大系統。
荔枝開花及授粉方式於本文中另加討論，爲增加自然雜交授粉比率，設立多品種雜交基因庫，包括14主要品種。於前2年自本省各地自然授粉果園獲得約2500株實生苗已密植田間供選種。人工雜交授粉以港尾，淮荔，沙坑及黑葉等品種之着果率較高，較適宜爲授粉母本。爲提高育種效率，已採行密植及縮短幼年期等方法，於本文中詳加討論。
The litchi (Litchi chinensis, Sonn,) breeding program mainly including germplasm. collection and selection of seedlings from open-and controlled-pollioation was started in Taiwan in 1982. Twenty cultivars and 21 selections collected locally ware evaluated. The cultivars capable of providing superior gene sources were discussed. Four promising selections of high yielding, high quality, earliness and with high percentage of small-seeded fruits will be further evaluated. The breeding goals are listed as follows according to priority (in parentheses are the varieties that may provide the gene sources):
1. Various mature seasons to extend the supply of litchi in Taiwan (very early-Sun Yueh Hong, very late-Hwai Li).
2. High yielding and wide adaptability (Hak IP).
3. High quality and sweet fragrance (Yu Her Pan and No Mai Tsz).
4. Large fruit size (Yu Her Pau, Sun Yueh Hong and Sah Keng).
5. High percentage of small-seeded fruits (No Mei Tsz, Yu Her Pau and Sah Keng).
6. Fruit with bright and colorful red skin and smooth protuberances (No Mai Tsz and Kwsi Mi).
7. Vigorous (Yu Her Pau).
8. Processing for dried litchi nut (No Mai Tsz).
9. Long storage life.
10. Resistant to pests and diseases (downy blight, fruit borer and longicorn beetle) as well as low percentage of skin-cracking fruits.
According to fruit characters, the collections of litchi were divided into three distinct group:
Group Ⅰ (or Hon Li Group): Usually early and mature during early June in Chic Yi ares. Fruit oblong to ovoid, bright red, with distict protuberances, and generally large seeded. Fruit weighs between 20 to 25 grams. This group includes Kau Shiung Early, Vu Her Pau, Hon Pi, Foo Chow, Wan Nien Hong and Chung Yuan Hong.
Group Ⅱ (or Hak Ip Group): Mature during middle and late June in Chic Yi. Fruit cordate and dark red; protuberances usually turn smooth toward maturity. Fruit weighs about 20 grams. This group includes Hak Ip, Kwang Tung, Rang Wei Late, Sah Keng sad Sun Yueh Hong.
Group Ⅲ (or Kwai Mi Group): Generally late and mature during early July in Chia Yi. Fruit nearly globular and colorfully red; rough protuberances usually turn smooth toward maturity. Fruit weighs between 17 to 22 grams. Generally a specific fragrance could be tasted in aril in most varieties of this group and its content varied with different varieties. The acid content of fruit decrease rapidly and is eatable when the skin just turns light red. This group includes Kwai Mi, No Mai Tsz, Hwai Li, Hwai Chih, Kwai Chih, Shang Shu Hwai, Tang Po and Hsin Hsin.
The flowering behavior and pollination techniques were discussed, and both open-and controlled-pollination were followed in litchi breeding program. An multi-varieties gene pool orchard composed of 14 varieties with 9 replications was established to increase the hybridization ratio under natural condition. In the first 2 years, totaling about 2500 seedlings were collected from open-pollinated orchard and planted for future selection. Controlled-pollination was also conducted to combine superior characters as well as to overcome the difference in flowering time between early and late varieties that could not be hybridized under natural condition. From fruit-sets obtained in controlled hybridization indicated that Kang Wei, Hwai Li, Sah Keng and Hak Ip could set more fruits and were more suitable as mother plant than other varieties in controlled- pollination.
The methods to increase the efficiency of breeding litchi were tested. Handling the seedling with high population density was practiced to reduce the cost and save the land use. Top-working and the possibility of chemical sprays to shorten the juvenile phase were discussed
Effect of Different Types of Propagule on Yield and Fruit Shape of "Tainung No.4" Pineapple
No full text本試驗研究目的為探討台農四號鳳梨不同繁殖芽體對產量與果形之影嚮以供改善栽培技術之參考。不同繁殖芽體栽植後，以吸芽苗生育最佳，產量最高，其次為裔芽苗，再其次為塊莖芽苗；而以冠芽苗發育最差，果實最小，產量最低，但在春果形狀以冠芽苗圓筒形果，生產率最高。
The effect of different types of propagule on the yield and formation of tanper fruit in ”Tainung No.4” pineapple were studied. The result indicated that sucker appeared the best growth and highest yield, following by the slip and ratoon. The crown appeared the worst growth and yield. However, crown tended to hove the highest percentage of cylindrically fruit
Anthocyanins and Flower Color Expression
No full text創新花色是花卉育種的主要目標之一，而花青素(anthocyanins)是影響花色最主要的化學成份，藉由對花青素與花色表現關係的瞭解，將有助於吾人對花色變異的掌握，而有助於花色育種之進行。影響花色表現的因子包括花青素的種類與濃度、花青素結構之取代作用、所處環境之pH值、金屬離子的嵌合作用、共色素的種類等，因此若能利用前述特性，組合控制胞液pH值、花青素與共色素濃度比及花青素濃度等特性，或利用含有類黃素類的共色素之種原做爲育種材料，應可另關一條創新花色的途徑。
With breeding programs designed for the introduction of new flower color, it is recommended to pay more attention to the effects of anthocyanin compounds an the flower color expression. Factors discussed here that affecting pigmentation include anthocyanin structures, pH value in cell sap of petals. co-pigmentation, metal chelates, the shape of epidermal cells, and so on. it is suggested that desired colors may also be created by recombining factors controlling pH, anthotyanin concentrations, and the molar ratios of copigment to anthocyanin, or utilizing the occurrence of flavonoid copigments within the available germplasm
Exploitation of new attractants for fruit fly pests of economic importance
No full textThe fruit fly tribe Dacini (Tephritidae: Diptera) comprises more than 700 species including many fruit pests of economic importance, particularly in the two genera,
Bactrocera and Zeugodacus. Males of many dacine species show strong affinity either to methyl eugenol (ME) or cue-lure (CL). However, there are over a hundred species that show no affinity to these lures. We have been seeking new attractants for these ‘nonresponding’ species particularly of endemic agricultural importance based on the following three criteria, (1) by observing their mating sequences, (2) their natural interactions with plants and (3) by analyzing specific chemicals the wild male flies accumulate in their secretory organ (rectal gland) associated with pheromone production. Orchid flowers of many Bulbophyllum species attract fruit fly males by emitting specific volatiles for pollination, in the rain forests of Southeast Asia. Several species produce either ME or raspberry ketone (RK), and some species use zingerone (ZN) to attract both ME-sensitive and RK-sensitive males. ZN was found as a specific male attractant for B. jarvisi. A specific attractant for the solanaceous fruit fly, B. latifrons, was characterized as 3-hydroxy-α-ionone from a specific variety of eggplants. Several 3-oxygenated α-ionone analogs were developed as monitoring agents for B. latifrons in Okinawa, Japan. Furthermore, wild Bactrocera males that have fed on attractants from certain plant sources selectively accumulate/biotransform compounds in the rectal gland possibly for sex pheromone to attract females. A sesquiterpene, β-caryophyllene, was identified from the rectal gland in wild B. correcta males. β-Caryophyllene was found to be more attractive than ME to males, and thus, potentially serves as a new monitoring agent for B. correcta. These exemplify the importance of a multidisciplinary study including behavioral, physiological, biochemical and chemoecological aspects to develop new fruit fly attractants
Recent regulations on safe plant protection materials in Taiwan
No full textPlant protection materials are very important resources to ensure agricultural production. After huge chemical pesticides were synthesized and used, it in no doubt has increased food and fiber production but it certainly has caused adverse effect to environment and health. Once the plant protection agents were applied to crops, the residues would most likely get into our food chain. This undoubtedly would expose us to the risky residues and make people aware more of the importance of food safety. The trends in recent decades are to develop safe pesticides with low toxicity, high efficiency and high specificity, and to encourage organic and environmentally friendly farming without using excess of chemical pesticides. But a safe plant protection material or its formulation is still regarded as a pesticide and should be regulated by authority under the management acts. This implies a needed complicate registration procedure, which would jack up the costs for commercialization. According to the regulation act of pesticide in Taiwan, no matter whether it is classified as chemical pesticides or biopesticides, data required for registration include studies of physicochemical properties, toxicities, and field trials of efficacy, residue, and phytotoxicity. All of these studies should in compliance with good laboratory practice (GLP) guideline. The recent policy guidelines set for registration and the reduction of pesticide are in conflicts for biopesticide. Most biopesticides are general regarded as safe, but they are still considered at low techniques readiness level (TRL), especially those used as botanic pesticides. Due to the above-mentioned unsettled guidelines and conflicts, it would be a long way to commercialize safe products that in turn can’t speed up chemical pesticides reduction and/or replacement. The authority in charge of the regulation acts has been considerate in trying to modify the reclassification of risk assessment. Deregulation on highly safe products will apply with registration exemption or waive some data requirement
Application of a bio-control agent for controlling strawberry anthracnose in Taiwan
No full textStrawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) is an economically important crop in Taiwan, however because of the outbreak of strawberry anthracnose in early 2010, the short supply of strawberry seedlings became a serious problem for strawberry production. The isolates of anthracnose causing organisms were collected from major strawberry cultivation areas in Miaoli County, and mainly identified as Colletotrichum siamense, these isolates were proved to be pathogenic to the leaves, crown and roots of strawberry. The bio-control agent of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens P-2-2, was isolated from rice paddy field and expressed effectively on inhibition of many fungal pathogens of strawberry. The strawberry seedlings used in this study were treated with 400-fold dilution of B. amyloliquefaciens P-2-2 fermentation broth once for every two weeks to protect the crown of the seedlings from anthracnose infection before transplanting. Sterilization of soil by biological soil disinfestation method was done during field preparation. After transplanted in the production field, the strawberry transplants were continuously treated with 400-fold dilution of B. amyloliquefaciens P-2-2 once for every two weeks until the end of the growing season. The results of field test, shown that the survival rate of the untreated group in demonstration area of Dahu Township was 83.9%, whereas the survival rate of seedlings treated with B. amyloliquefaciens P-2-2 increased to 95.1%. The replanting rate of strawberry in the untreated group area was 37.6%, compared to the B. amyloliquefaciens P-2-2 treated area which was reduced significantly to 10.7%. Upon those results indicated that application of bio-control agents with other practices were effective for controlling strawberry anthracnose
