Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
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Compost Making by Close-airing System
No full text本文介紹的堆肥技術是使用一個可自行組合拆卸之密閉式木箱製造堆肥，木箱以夾心板爲材質，外刷油性水泥漆保護，其內部外綠瞿以紅泥塑膠布，底部墊以水泥空心磚，空心磚上面蓋以塑膠網，在塑膠網上面裝填堆肥材料，木箱底部外接一部送氣馬達，供每天斷續送風之用。本技術之優點在於木箱密閉可減少臭味外洩招引蒼蠅、及避免雨水淋洗的損失，充填後即可不需添加任何水分而能維持堆肥材料的含水量在50~60%，且每天送風一小時，可保持箱內呈好氣狀態，如此製造出的堆肥品質甚為良好。此外可節省翻堆所需之人力，且製作一次堆肥僅需45天。此套製造堆肥系統造價成本約需新台幣二萬元（美金八佰元）。
The box of compost was made up by oiled plastic painted plywood. Inner the box was mulched by lumarth plastic cloth, and the concrete blocks put on the plastic cloth, then followed by the plastic net on the concrete block. The materials of composting was ready to fill in the box. The air motor or air compressor was connected beneath the box and aired one hour per day during composting. The advantages of this composting system were to decrease the stink, flies and to avoid the nutrient loss by rain leaching. It could maintain the relative moisture content of materials about 50~60% without adding any other water after filling and the aerobic condition was maintained in the box usually during composting. The labors for turning-over the compost was saved and the time of composting was needed about 45 days once. The price of this system was about 20,000 NT$ (800 U.S.)
Studies on Gene Transfer Into Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) (Ⅰ) Airgun Transfer
No full text本研究以甘藍爲材料，利用基因鎗轉移的方法，將GUS報導基因轉移到甘藍，並以轉殖後之GUS基因表現的活性爲依據，探討轉移之適當條件。試驗結果顯示，基因鎗轉移GUS基因到甘藍原生質體，以氣室真空度在200 mmHg，2.25×10^5原生質體(150µl)爲最適宜。轉移至甘藍組織以胚及莖頂分生組織爲材料較佳，設定氣室真空度爲600 mmHg、鎗口至檔板關距離爲4公分，取5至10µl(1µg/µl)的環狀DNA，扣板機一次，鎗擊五個胚，可得至最佳的轉移效果。基因鎗轉移不同質體的效率，以基因小者較佳。利用基因鎗轉移基因到甘藍成熟胚，是一種簡便、快速分析基因暫時表現的方法。但轉殖的胚會隨組織發育逐漸消失GUS活性，顯示GUS基因並非穩定嵌入甘藍的染色體。
The objective of this study is to establish an optimal condition of airgun transformation system for cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) by GUS reporter gene, Results indicated that setting the chamber pressure at 200 mmHg, and applied 150 µ1 of cabbage protoplasts (2.25 × 10^5) was the best condition for airgun transformation. The highest level(l00%) of transient GUS gene expression were observed both in the mature embryo and shoot meristem when the transformations ware conducted at the following conditions, i. e., the distance between stopping plate and material is set at 4 cm, chamber vacuum is at 600 mmHg and using circular plasmids. The expression of GUS activity was decreased drastically since 6 days after transformation indicated that the expression of GUS gene was not due to the stable integration but only a transient gene expression
Studies on the Yield Physiology of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Ⅲ. Dimensions and Dry Matter Accumulation of the Developing Pods
No full text採用豌豆嫩莢用品種臺中11號與臺中12號、甜脆型品種新珍與豆仁用品種青仁爲材料，於民國77年與78年秋作進行田間試驗。以植株基部算起第20-23節之4個節位爲對象，在始花時標示同日開花花朵，定期取樣，至始花後第37日（77年）或41日（78年）爲止，調查莢果大小與莢壁及種子之鮮重與乾重變化，藉以瞭解豌豆之產量生理表現。各類型品種之莢果均依長、寬及厚之順序發育；與新珍及青仁品種比較，臺中11號與12號的莢果長度發育較早，寬度及厚度發育較慢，在最後採收期亦具有較大原莢果長度，及較小的寬度與厚度。豆仁用品種青仁的莢果鮮重及乾重最高，莢果進入直線充實期的時間較早，也具有較高之最大充實速率；臺中11號與臺中12號的莢果充實性狀表現相近。除新珍外，其他品種的莢壁乾重在充實過程中大幅下降，顯示乾物質再轉移至種子。臺中11號與12號每莢種子數高於新珍與青仁品種，但平均每粒種子鮮重及乾重則較低；青仁品種的平均粒最高，亦具有較長之種子育實期。以logistic函數法計算，得知莢果或種子到達二分之一最高乾得及表現最高乾物質累積速率的時間完全相同；分析各品種莢果與種子到達二分之一最高乾物重時間，得知全莢果之發育早於種子之充實，其時間差距以青仁品種最爲明顯。臺中11號與12號莢果鮮重增加速率以開花後第3週以前最高，種子乾物質累積速率以開花後第2-4週最高，可供爲栽培及採種時之參考。
Pea cultivars Taichung 11, Taichung 12, Sugar Snap, and Dark Skinned Perfection, representing three different types of the crop, were grown in the fall crop of 1988 and 1989. Flowers bloomed at the 20th to 23rd nodes from the base on the same day were tagged and characteristics related to the dimensions and dry matter accumulation of pods and seeds were investigated at intervals for a period of 37-41 days. The development of pods followed the order of length, width, and thickness for alt cultivars. Compared to Sugar Snap and Dark Skinned Perfection, cultivars Taichung 11 and Taichung 12 were quicker in pod length development but slower in pod width and thickness development. With the only exception of Sugar Snap, the dry weight of pod wall of the other three cultivars decreased significantly during pod-filling, indicating redistribution of constituents to the developing seeds. Seed numbers per pod were higher but fresh weight and dry weight per seed were lower for Taichung 11 and Taichung 12 than those for Sugar Snap and Dark Skinned Perfection. Dark Skinned Perfection had the highest fresh and dry weights on a per pod or per seed basis, a result of early occurrence of linear pod-filling and higher filling rate. Analysis by logistic function indicated that the time needed to reach 1/2 maximum dry weight was earlier for whole pods than for seeds, and the time difference was most significant for Dark Skinned Perfection. For both Taichung 11 and Taichung 12 cultivars, the rate in fresh weight increase of pods was higher during the first 3 weeks after flowering and the rate in dry weight increase of seeds was higher between 2 to 4 weeks after flowering
Estimation of the Chilling Requirement and Development of a Low-chill Model for Local Peach Trees in Taiwan
No full text臺灣農業試驗所緯度24°1’59”，海拔約85公尺，從1991~1998年間冬天每年平均低於12.9℃的低溫累積量為370小時。八年來本地桃樹與新選雜交後代需冷量的評估是藉著比較4個「關鍵栽培種」(亦即’Flordared’、’Premier’、’TropicSweet’和’TropicSnow’等)與待評估栽培種間的花期早晚，並收集八年間感應低溫起始日休眠完成期與盛花期之間每小時的平均溫度記錄，以便開發適合低需冷地區應用的臺灣新需冷模式。各關鍵栽培種的需冷量計算，即從感應低溫起始日至休眠完成或至盛花期所累積的低溫，經國外採用的三種不同低溫模式(即低於12.9℃的小時數、低需冷油桃模式與猶他低溫單位模式等三種)的測試結果，這些模式所累積的低溫皆偏低很多。經本所以「試誤法」從330萬餘組的測試組合中，所開發出來的臺灣需冷模式，用來測試4個關鍵栽培種的需冷量，結果顯示新模式較國外高需冷地區所開發的三個需冷模式表現更為精確。採用臺灣需冷模式對本地桃樹需冷量的評估為：’砂桃’210低溫單位(chill unit, CU)，’福州大桃’200CU，’雞慶桃’ 190CU，’苦桃’180 CU，’鶯歌桃’170CU，7612(‘Flordared’ x ‘Flordaprince’)150CU，7699(‘Premier’ x ‘Flordabelle’) 180CU。
Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute, latitude of 24° 1’59”, and altitude of85m, has an average annual chilling hours of 370 hours below 12.9℃. The chilling rquirements for local peach cultivars and new selections had been determined by the comparison of blooming dates with “4 key cultivars” (‘Flordared’, ‘Premier’, ‘TropicSweet’, and ‘TropicSnow’) for 8 years. The speech phenological data, including the hourly mean temperature records between the initial dates of chilling to rest completion dates and full blooming dates from 1991 to 1997, were collected for developing a new chill model for low chill regions (Taiwan chilling model). Chilling requirements for key cultivars were calculated from the initial dates of chilling to rest completion by 3 different models which were named the number of hours below 12.9℃, low-chilling nectarine model, and Utah chill-unit model. These models underestimated the accumulated chilling. The Taiwan chilling model developed by “try and error method” from more than 3.3 million combinations when tested with the “4 key cultivars” performed more accuartely than the other three chilling models developed in higher chill zones. Using the Taiwan chilling model the chilling requirement of peach genotypes were estimated as 210 CU for ‘Swa-taur’, 200 CU for ‘Fu-jou-dah-taur’, 190 CU for ‘Ji-ching-taur’, 180 CU for ‘Kuu-taur’, 170 CU for ‘In-ge-taur’, 150 CU for 7612 (‘Flordared’ x ‘Flordaprince’) and 180 CU for 7669 (‘Premier’ x ‘Flordabelle’)
New Plant Variety and DUS Test
No full text農業及生技產業相關之智慧財產權保護可透過專利、營業秘密、植物品種權、著作及商標等方式達成，而植物品種權直接對植物品種提供權益的保護。新品種性狀檢定（DUS test）是認定新品種時最重要的參考依據，性狀檢定的品質也同時影響法令執行的品質，本文主要參考2007年於荷蘭舉辦之植物品種保護訓練課程內，關於品種檢定的一些執行概念及趨勢，如實質衍生品種的概念、品種檢定體系、檢定計畫的規劃流程及品種檢定的認證作簡要的說明。
The protection of intellectual property relating to the agricultural and biotechnical industries could be realized through the use of patents, trade secrets, plant seedlings, copyrights, and trademarks. Particularly, the plant species and seedling method provides direct protection on the benefits of new species. The DUS test on new species is the most important reference for the approval of new species. The DUS test's quality also influences the conduct of statutory implementation. In relation to this, the current paper mainly uses the Plant Species Protection and Training Course held in Holland in 2007 as reference. Some concepts and trends for the species test are as follows: the concept of substantial derivative species, the species test system, a brief introduction on the test plan's planning procedure, and the species test's certification
森林區酸沈降估算
No full textIn above cloud-base forests, pollutant/nutrient aerosols and gaseous species that are incorporating in clouds and fogs, are deposited on the forest canopy primarily through the interception of cloud/fog water (cloud deposition). This deposition mechanism is a hybrid between the wet and dry deposition mechanisms. To determine the relative importance of these deposition mechanisms in the forest areas, the database obtained from a field study which was conducted during the growing seasons of 1986-1988 at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, USA, was used. As a result, the deposition fluxes of sulfur (S) compounds were found primarily contributed through cloud capture mechanism (60 %) followed by incident precipitation (25 % ) and dry deposition (15 %). As to the deposition fluxes of nitrogen (N) compounds, cloud, wet and dry deposition contributed about 50 % , 25 % and 25 % , respectively. A comparison of deposition estimates at Mt. Mitchell with those at other sites showed that the sulfate deposition at sites exceeding 1,200 m MSL in elevation in Bavaria (Germany) and eastern USA was almost identical within error limits. Reasons for large uncertainties in deposition estimates were discussed as also the mechanisms for redistribution of the deposited material on the forest canopy.
在高於雲底的森林區，與雲霧結合的污染性／營養性的氣溶膠和氣態物質，主要是經由雲霧的受欄截（雲沈降）而沈降於其中。這種沈降機制是界於濕與乾沈降之間的混合型。在美國北卡羅萊納州Mitchenll山所進行的實驗中，於1986-1988成長季節獲得的資料將被用來決定這些沈降機制在森林區的相對重要性。結果發現硫化物的沈降主要經由雲的攔截（百分之六十）、直接降水（百分之二十五）和乾沈降（百分之十五）。對氮化物的沈降而言，這三種機制的貢獻分別為百分之五十、二十五和二＋五。進一步與分佈於美東及德國巴伐利亞的測站資料比較，硫酸的沈降量則與在高度超過海拔1200公尺的測站所觀測的量相符。在本文中，也探討作沈降估算的不確定性與被沈降物質於森林中重新分配
