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Environmental labels in aviation : aircraft, airline and flight label
Get PDFThe aviation sector is subject to increasing scientific and regulatory examination due to its disproportionate contribution to global climate change. While CO2 emissions have traditionally dominated the public and regulatory discourse, scientific consensus now recognizes the significant role of additional climate-relevant factors, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and water vapor emitted at high altitudes, which contributes to aviation-induced cloudiness in the form of (persistent) contrail cirrus. Despite the availability of carbon calculators and offsetting tools, there is no standardized and transparent framework for labeling the environmental impact of air travel. The approach presented here incorporates not only non-CO2 climate effects, but also noise and local air pollutant emissions in the vicinity of airports. This paper introduces a comprehensive framework of environmental labels for aviation, covering three domains: Aircraft Labels, Airline Labels, and Flight Labels. These labels offer a unified method for evaluating and comparing environmental performance using certified aircraft data, life cycle assessment (LCA) methods, and emissions modeling. A fourth construct, the Multimodal Trip Score, extends the labeling concept by integrating travel time and cost, enabling holistic comparisons across travel alternatives. Analyses of typical narrowbody and widebody aircraft, major international airlines, and comparisons between multi-leg and direct flights demonstrate the feasibility and utility of this labeling system. The proposed framework aims to enhance transparency, influence consumer behavior, and support climate mitigation policies in the transportation sector.NonPeerReviewe
Social evaluation of aircraft
Get PDFPurpose – This project investigates social impacts of aircraft with a life-cycle approach using the example of the Airbus A380 program. --- Methodology – Social impacts of an aircraft program are analyzed by conducting a Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) based on the S-LCA Framework. Stakeholders and subcategories are chosen, and data is collected by conducting qualitative interviews and web searches. An impact assessment is performed using the Subcategory Assessment Method (SAM). The results are interpreted and generalized. --- Findings – During its life span, an aircraft program has an impact on different stakeholders. The life cycle stage "raw material extraction" could lead to human rights violations, but also local communities near main manufacturing sites face social implications, both positive and negative. The economic importance of the aeronautic sector influences society, political decision makers, local communities, and workers. All this was evident also in the A380 program. --- Research Limitations – Data availability may limit the investigation. The project may not cover all typical life cycle stages and stakeholder groups. Emphasis may be given in the evaluation to selected program stages and stakeholder groups. --- Practical Implications – The results of an S-LCA can help aviation decision makers to shape the aircraft project in a way to improves the well-being of its stakeholders. --- Social Implications – Performing an S-LCA in aviation puts social implications of an aircraft program into focus and provides a foundation for a general discussion about its social sustainability. The S-LCA can draw attention to social hotspots. --- Originality – According to the literature review, this seems to be the first research on the topic of S-LCA of an aircraft or aircraft program.NonPeerReviewe
Videobasierte Gangmustererkennung bei Pferden
Get PDFFür eine automatisierte Gangmustererkennung bei Pferden werden die Positionen der Gelenke aus Videos bestimmt. Dabei kommen Neuronale Netze des YOLO Frameworks zum Einsatz. Danach werden die Positionen in Signale überführt und damit der Viertakt frequenzbasiert bewertet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Bewertung mit diesem Verfahren bewerkstelligt werden kann, das verwendete Detektormodell jedoch nicht in allen Fällen präzise genug ist.For automated gait pattern recognition on horses, the joint positions are determined from videos. Neural networks from the YOLO framework are used for this purpose. The positions are then transformed into signals, which are subsequently evaluated based on their frequency in a four-beat pattern. It is demonstrated that this method can be used for evaluation, though the detector model employed is not precise enough in all cases
Marktentwicklung des autonomen Fahrens
No full textDiese Bachelorarbeit untersucht die Marktentwicklung des autonomen Fahrens. In diesem Rahmen erfolgt zunächst die Darstellung technologischer Grundlagen sowie die Betrachtung des aktuellen Standes des autonomen Fahrens. Gegenstand dieser Betrachtung sind neben der aktuellen Wahrnehmung der Gesellschaft, die derzeitigen gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen in relevanten Märkten sowie der aktuelle technische Stand autonomer Systeme in Fahrzeugen. Daraufhin werden die Zukunftsperspektiven des autonomen Fahrens betrachtet. Dies umfasst eine umfassende Analyse relevanter Markprognosen sowie mögliche Entwicklungs-szenarien im Mobilitätsverhalten der Menschen. Darauf aufbauend werden mögliche Einführungsszenarien und sich daraus ergebende neue Akteure in der Fahrzeugindustrie dargestellt. Weiterhin erfolgt im Rahmen dieser Bachelorarbeit eine Analyse möglicher Veränderungen durch das autonome Fahren auf Geschäfts-modelle und Wertschöpfungsketten traditioneller Automobilhersteller.This bachelor´s thesis analyses the market development of autonomous driving. It begins by presenting the technological fundamentals and analysing the current state of autonomous driving. In addition to the current perception of society, the current legal regulations in relevant markets and the current technical state of autonomous systems in vehicles are also analysed. The future perspectives of autonomous driving are then
analysed. This includes a comprehensive analysis of relevant market forecasts and possible development scenarios in people´s mobility behaviour. Based on this, possible implementation scenarios and the resulting new players in the vehicle industry are presented. Furthermore, this bachelor´s thesis analyses possible changes to the business models and value chains of traditional car manufacturers as a result of autonomous driving
Multi rotor innovation : developers perspective
Get PDFTechnology development is constantly needed in order to improve offshore wind and to support the energy transition. But how to find the right focus areas? The perspective of an integrated wind farm developer and operator could give first hand support and guidance. A presentation meant to give a connecting inspiration.NonPeerReviewe
The Windbrücke and multigenerator system for alpine sites
Get PDFWind turbines with multirotor systems are a technical response to a rapid expansion of wind power in the Swiss Alps. Several structural and economic advantages of such turbines have been identified in the literature. Previous studies have shown a cost reduction of more than 25% for a multi-megawatt multirotor turbine compared to a single-rotor turbine with the same rated power. It is equally known from published scientifically supported measurements that an additional 2% extra yield can be achieved than a comparable single-rotor turbine with the same harvest area.
The idea shall be tested on a 1:10 full scale small tower (1:10 scale model of a 15MW full turbine size), with three nacelles and a maximum height of 35m (MR30).
This demonstration wind turbine will demonstrate the technical and commercial feasibility of this new multirotor wind turbine. With three individual machines rated each 30kW, the loads in the support structure are measured, the information is implemented in the control system and optimized in a load-saving way. This relieves the critical parts of the large structure and allows smaller and thus more economical dimension for the alps.
The entire wind turbine for the alps and the test can be erected on site without a large crane footprint. This possibility is achieved by limited component weight and new lifting techniques for both, structure, and nacelle. In addition, the total height of the test turbine of 35m can fill a possible product gap for small wind turbines in Switzerland. The appearance of the MR30 turbine has been very consciously optimized to a conspicuous appearance similar to a power pole patina, suggesting the feeling that this wind turbine has been part of the landscape for a long time.NonPeerReviewe
Concept elasticity : the stretch between dominant design and disruptive innovation – a new model of product evolution
No full textIn this work, we propose a new model of product evolution that explains the emergence and displacement of dominant designs from an engineering design perspective. We identify the gap between user-demanded usability and the usability provided by existing product solutions as the primary driver of product evolution. Building on the distinction between conceptual and embodiment design, we introduce the novel paradigm of concept elasticity, which describes a conceptual design’s inherent potential for usability enhancement through the optimization of its embodiment design. In contrast to existing frameworks, we do not view technological discontinuities as the primary trigger of disruption but rather as its vehicle. Instead, we argue that reaching the limit of a dominant conceptual design’s elasticity marks the transition to an era of ferment, which ultimately leads to the displacement of the existing dominant design. Using a qualitative case study approach, we apply our model to timekeeping pendulums in observatory regulators. Our findings demonstrate that the model effectively explains the design trajectory of these clocks, particularly the emergence and disruption of dominant designs over the past centuries.PeerReviewe
Energieoptimierung von Gelenkbewegungen eines redundanten Industrieroboters während des Bearbeitungsprozesses
Get PDFDiese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung eines Berechnungsverfahrens, welches für einen redundanten Industrieroboter energieoptimierte Gelenkstellungen ermittelt. Das Ziel ist es den Energieverbrauch zu reduzieren, ohne von einer vorgegebenen Endeffektorpose abzuweichen. Es werden mehrere Optimierungsansätze vorgestellt und anhand der physikalischen Simulation eines Beispielsystems, sowie einer Berechnung der pro Gelenk verwendeten Energie, verglichen und bewertet.This thesis describes the development of a calculation method to optimise the energy consumption of a redundant industrial robot. The goal is, to reduce the torque acting on the joint motors, by variating the orientation of the joints while not deviating from a specified end-effector pose. Several optimisation variations will be presented and based on a physical simulation of an example system, as well as the computation of the joint torques, compared and evaluated
Using NLP to Improve Document Accessibility in the Legal Domain
Get PDFJuristische Dokumente enthalten häufig komplexe Satzstrukturen und spezialisierte Terminologie, was ihre Verständlichkeit für Nicht-Experten erschwert. Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie Natural Language Processing (NLP)-Techniken, insbesondere Textvereinfachung und abstraktive Zusammenfassung, die Lesbarkeit und Zugänglichkeit juristischer Texte verbessern können. In einer Reihe von Experimenten wurden vorgefertigte und feinabgestimmte NLPModelle (PEGASUS, BART und T5) evaluiert, der Einfluss der Textvereinfachung auf die Verarbeitung juristischer Dokumente untersucht und die Effektivität verschiedener Verarbeitungs-kombinationen analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Feinabstimmung von PEGASUS auf diverse juristische Datensätze die Zusammenfassungsqualität erheblich verbessert, wobei die Abstractheit und Inhaltsgenauigkeit erhalten bleiben. Allerdings wurde ein Zielkonflikt festgestellt: Während die Vereinfachung die Lesbarkeit verbessert, kann sie durch lexikalische Änderungen zu einem Informationsverlust führen. Die Reihenfolge der Vereinfachung und Zusammenfassung spielt eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Simplify-then-Summarize-Methode bewahrt juristische Fachbegriffe besser, während die Summarize-then-Simplify-Methode die besten Lesbar-keitswerte erzielt. Bewertungen mit Lesbarkeitsmetriken zeigen, dass die Vereinfachung die sprachliche Komplexität effektiv reduziert und juristische Dokumente zugänglicher macht. Allerdings erfassen
standardisierte NLP-Metriken wie ROUGE und BLEU Lesbarkeitsverbesserungen nur unzureichend, da sie primär auf lexikalische Übereinstimmungen und nicht auf inhaltliche Klarheit fokussiert sind. Diese Forschung trägt zur Entwicklung von KI-gestützten juristischen Anwendungen bei, indem sie zeigt, wie NLP-Techniken helfen können, die Verständlichkeitslücke in juristischen Texten zu überbrücken. Zukünftige Arbeiten sollten Post-Processing-Methoden zur weiteren Verbesserung der Lesbarkeit, menschliche Evaluierungen zur juristischen Genauigkeit sowie Optimierungsstrategien für Vereinfachungsmodelle erforschen, um
Zugänglichkeit und juristische Präzision in Einklang zu bringen.Legal documents often contain complex sentence structures and specialized terminology, making them difficult to understand for non-experts. This thesis explores how Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, particularly text simplification and abstractive summarization, can improve the readability and accessibility of legal texts. Through a series of experiments, we evaluated pretrained and fine-tuned NLP models (PEGASUS, BART, and T5), assessed the impact of text simplification on legal document processing, and analyzed the effectiveness of different processing sequences. The findings show that fine-tuning PEGASUS on diverse legal datasets significantly improves summarization performance while maintaining its abstractiveness and content retention. However, a trade-off was observed: while simplification improves readability, it can lead to a decrease in content retention due to lexical modifications. The sequence of applying simplification and summarization plays a crucial role. The simplify-then-summarize approach better preserves key legal terms, while the summarizethen- simplify approach achieves higher readability scores. Readability assessments confirm that simplification effectively reduces linguistic complexity, making legal documents more accessible. However, standard NLP evaluation metrics, such as ROUGE and BLEU, may not fully capture improvements in readability, as they primarily focus on lexical overlap rather than conceptual clarity. This research contributes to legal AI applications by demonstrating how NLP techniques can bridge the gap between legal complexity and accessibility. Future work should explore post-processing methods for readability refinement, human-in-the-loop evaluation for legal accuracy, and optimization of simplification models to balance accessibility with
legal precision
Reparaturprozess eines Winglets: Problemvisualisierung mittels Virtual Reality
Get PDFIn der Luftfahrtbranche stellen effiziente und zuverlässige Maintenance-, Repair- and Overhaul-Prozesse einen essenziellen Bestandteil des sicheren Flugbetriebs dar. Insbesondere bei der Reparatur komplexer Faserverbundbauteile wie Winglets treten in der Praxis häufig Ineffizienzen auf, etwa durch verschiedene Dokumentationsformen oder durch viele zu treffende Absprachen vieler beteiligter Akteure. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, eine Virtual-Reality-Anwendung zu entwickeln, welche exemplarisch zwei zentrale Problemfelder im Reparaturprozess einesWinglets visualisiert. Durch eine immersive, interaktive Darstellung sollen Nutzer ein besseres Verständnis für Prozessineffizienzen erlangen. Die Anwendung wurde mit der Open-Source-Game-Engine Godot realisiert und anschließend mithilfe qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass VR ein geeignetes Werkzeug zur Vermittlung komplexer Prozessstrukturen sein kann und insbesondere in der Schulung und Sensibilisierung von Personal Potenzial bietet. Abschließend werden Verbesserungsvorschläge sowie mögliche Einsatzszenarien in der industriellen Praxis diskutiert.In aviation industry, efficient and reliable maintenance, repair and overhaul processes are an essential part of safe flight operations. Especially when repairing complex composite components such as winglets, inefficiencies often occur in practice, for example due to different forms of documentation or many agreements to be made by many actors involved. The aim of this work was to develop a virtual reality application that visualizes two central problem areas in the repair process of a winglet as example. Through an immersive, interactive presentation, users should gain a better understanding of process inefficiencies. The application was realized with the open source game engine Godot and subsequently evaluated using qualitative and quantitative methods. The results show that VR can be a suitable tool for communicating complex process structures and offers potential, particularly in the training and sensitization of personnel. Finally, suggestions
for improvement and possible application scenarios in industrial practice are discussed