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Transforming Alliances: A 20-Year Overview of Singapore-US Relations under Lee Hsien Loong
Get PDFThe strategic relationship between Singapore and the United States has seen significant growth, especially under Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong’s leadership. Over the past two decades, their bilateral ties have been strengthened through collaboration in defense, trade, and security, with key agreements like the 2005 Strategic Framework Agreement and the renewal of the 1990 Memorandum of Understanding on U.S. military access to Singaporean facilities. These agreements have cemented Singapore’s role as a crucial partner in U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy. This paper analyzes the key milestones and mechanisms that have bolstered Singapore-U.S. relations under Lee’s leadership, focusing on the creation of the Singapore-U.S. Strategic Dialogue, which added a new dimension to the partnership beyond trade and defense. It also examines how both countries have expanded their cooperation into non-traditional security areas such as counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and environmental security, adapting to the evolving global security environment. By exploring these developments, the paper demonstrates how the Singapore-U.S. partnership has diversified and deepened in response to emerging global challenges. It also evaluates how these efforts culminated in the 2015 elevation of the relationship to a Strategic Partnership, promoting more dynamic and comprehensive collaboration. Ultimately, the study highlights the mutual benefits of this strengthened partnership, contributing to regional stability, economic prosperity, and global security
Effective Sales Promotion: A Necessary Catalyst for Elongating the Product Life Cycle in A Developing Economy
Get PDFThe Product Life Cycle (PLC) is a concept that likens a product to animate objects because its life span ranges from introduction to decline. Products can further be likened to human beings to the extent that the lengths of their cycles vary among products, ranging from a few seasons to several decades. This study investigates the effective sales promotion for elongating the product life cycle in a developing economy. This study is designed using a quantitative approach through a survey questionnaire. A total of 100 Coca-Cola Nigeria PLC employees and product consumers participated in this study. The data was analyzed using a regression linear model by assisting SPSS-23. This study concludes that sales promotion is one crucial promotional mix element organizations need to identify and stimulate customer needs and wants. It performs the function of raising awareness of the product to the customer. It increases market share, which, in the long run, helps to sustain its life cycle, especially when perfectly used with other marketing mix elements like price, product, and place. The implication is that the location for redemption of prizes, for instance, in a bonanza, must be easy, or it will weaken the effectiveness of the sale’s promotional activity. The findings of this study recommend that companies improve product availability when needed, especially from the production plant to the depot. The promotional strategies should be communicated in the native language of the target market or audience
Investigating the Determinants of M-Banking Adoption via QR Code in Malaysia
Get PDFThe rapid expansion of digital transactions and the growing popularity of mobile banking (M-banking) have highlighted the importance of understanding the factors that drive the adoption of QR code technology, both for individual users and financial service providers. This study explores the various determinants that influence the adoption of M-banking through QR codes among Malaysian citizens who use smartphones equipped with M-banking applications. Covering a broad range of demographic groups across Malaysia, from Perlis to Sabah, the research examines the relationship between the adoption of M-banking via QR code (dependent variable) and four independent variables: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and convenience. Utilizing SPSS for comprehensive data analysis, the study confirms the significance of these four factors in influencing the adoption process. By investigating socio-economic, technological, and behavioral aspects, this research provides in-depth insights into the key drivers and barriers that affect the uptake of QR code-based M-banking in Malaysia. The findings offer valuable implications for strategies aimed at increasing the adoption of M-banking technologies, promoting financial inclusion, and contributing to the advancement of Malaysia’s digital economy
Effects of Particle Sizes on Total Catching Content and Antioxidant Activity of Musa Paradisiacal Inflorescence using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SFE-CO2) Extraction
Get PDFThe inflorescence of Musa paradisiacal or Banana Nipah primarily serves as a staple food crop in Malaysia. It contains various polyphenols, including catching, renowned for its excellent ant oxidative properties. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2) is a green technology that preserves bioactive components while facilitating extraction. This study employed SFE-CO2 to investigate the catching extraction from different size ranges of M. paradisiacal inflorescences at different extraction parameters. The plant matrices (450 - 600 µm, 600 - 850 µm, and 850 µm - 1600μm) were extracted under different temperatures (40°C and 60°C) and pressures (25MPa and 45MPa), with a constant supercritical CO2 fluid and 50% (v/v) ethanol co-solvent flowed at 4 mL/min. Data were analyzed using ANOVA in Minitab Software. The results indicated that the smallest particles (450 - 600 µm) exhibited the highest total oil extraction yield (29.40 ± 7.95%) at 60°C; 45 M Pa, while 850 µm - 1600μm particles had the least (9.54 ± 1.60%) at 40°C; 45MPa. Extraction efficacy of SFE-CO2 at 45MPa; 60°C demonstrated a comparable effect (p > 0.05) to the 10-hour Sox let extraction. Smaller plant matrices exhibited higher catching content at 40°C and 45 M Pa, particularly 81.51 ± 1.11 mg (450 - 600 µm). Increased total catching content correlated with higher DPPH radical scavenging activity. Kinetic modeling revealed that 93% to 95% of the catching extraction from the plant matrix followed a first-order kinetic model. In conclusion, the smallest plant matrix (450 - 600 µm) exhibited the highest catching yield and ant oxidative activity when extracted at 45MPa and 40°C
The Impact of Economic Recovery Budget and Innovative Disaster Financing Schemes on Indonesia\u27s Sustainability of Disaster-Affected Businesses
Get PDFThis study investigates the impact of implementing an economic recovery budget and innovative disaster financing schemes on Indonesia\u27s disaster-affected businesses\u27 sustainability. Indonesia is one of the countries that has many areas with high risk of natural disasters. Business resilience is crucial so that business institutions can immediately recover after a disaster; some efforts that can be made include the availability of an adequate economic recovery budget and innovative disaster impact financing schemes to adjust to the needs of disaster-affected businesses so that disaster-affected businesses recover quickly. This research was designed using quantitative analysis with a survey through a questionnaire. This study involved 180 MSE actors with sampling techniques using probability sampling. Data analysis was done using multiple linear regression analysis with the help of IBM Statistical software SPSS. The results found that the economic recovery budget significantly affects the sustainability of disaster-affected businesses in Indonesia. Then, the Innovative Disaster Financing Scheme significantly affects the sustainability of disaster-affected businesses in Indonesia. In addition, this study also found that the Innovative Disaster Financing scheme has the greatest effect on the sustainability of disaster-affected businesses in Indonesia. In conclusion, this study successfully investigated the impact of implementing the economic recovery budget and the effect of the innovative disaster financing scheme, which is 18.8 percent, which can contribute to increasing the sustainability of disaster-affected businesses in Indonesia
Modelling the Stock Market Volatility of Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) using Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity
Get PDFThe existing empirical literature has extensively explored stock market return volatility in various emerging and developing markets; however, limited attention has been given to the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE). This study seeks to address this gap by analyzing the volatility dynamics of stock returns in the DSE. The analysis is based on a dataset comprising 1,846 daily observations spanning the period from June 2014 to November 2021. Consistent with prior studies, the findings reveal a significant negative relationship between returns and risk, as modeled using the AR(1)-GARCH(1,1)-M framework. The application of the GARCH(1,1) model effectively captures volatility clustering, following the confirmation of heteroscedasticity in the return series. However, due to the GARCH model’s limitations in capturing asymmetries in volatility (i.e., the leverage effect), the analysis was extended using the AR(1)-EGARCH model. The results support the presence of a leverage effect in the DSE, indicated by a negative and statistically significant leverage coefficient. This suggests that negative shocks have a greater impact on volatility than positive shocks of the same magnitude. Moreover, the study confirms a negative correlation between stock returns and volatility. These findings imply that higher levels of risk may lead to disproportionately larger losses for investors in the DSE. Therefore, market participants, policymakers, and portfolio managers must exercise caution and implement robust risk management strategies to safeguard investments against unexpected market fluctuations. The results also offer valuable insights for investors, scholars, and researchers interested in understanding the behavior of stock return volatility in frontier markets such as Tanzania
Green Banking Status and Role of Central Bank in Bangladesh: A Recent Trend
Get PDFAlmost all banks established green banking units in time, though there is a lack of seriousness in implementing green banking policies set by Bangladesh Bank. The aim of the study is to examine the green banking status and the role of central bank in Bangladesh. This study finds 22 banks achieved green finance (GF) target where UCB PLC stood in the top position at 36.21%, next to Jamuna Bank PLC at 29.85%, IBB PLC at 22.42%, and Bank Asia stood at the end at 5.47%. On the other hand, 17 commercial banks fulfill the sustainable financing (SF) target of the total term loan disbursement set by Bangladesh Bank. It is observed that in Q4, 2023, 17 banks out of 61 had exposure to green finance, where 16 banks were Private Commercial Banks (PCBs). One and only The Bangladesh Krishi Bank (Specialized Bank) occupied the top position, accounting for 56.48% of sustainable finance next to NRB Bank PLC 42.86%, BRAC Bank PLC 41.32%, etc., and Jamuna Bank PLC stood last position at 21.57%. The study also found the total target achieved by banks was 9.09% in GF and 27.24% in SF, which exceeded the target set by the Bangladesh bank and it is a milestone to achieve SDGs set by the UN by 2030. This study explores the basic concepts of green banking and green financing movement, present status, and their impact on bank performance in Bangladesh. In this study, secondary data is used, which were collected from related published articles, Bangladesh Bank annual reports, quarterly reports, sustainability reports, other commercial banks’ reports, World Bank reports, and newspaper reports from 2014 to 2023
Factors of Local Community Participation in Tourism-Related Business in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Get PDFTourism development has enabled the involvement of local communities, particularly in tourism-related business. Community involvement can improve the socio-economic status of the locals, especially in removing them from the clutches of poverty. Recognizing the importance of community involvement, this study attempts to measure the level of local participation in tourism-related business and identify the factors that stimulate community involvement in tourism-related business. A quantitative method of survey questionnaire was employed for data collection on the tourism-related micro and small enterprises in Kuala Terengganu. The study employed a purposive sampling method, obtaining responses from 113 tourism-related businesses across various categories, including accommodation, amenities, attractions, accessibility, and activities. The study used descriptive analysis, multiple regression and mean analysis. The result of the study reveals a high level of local community participation in tourism-related business in Kuala Terengganu, and encouragement from family was found as the most significant factor for participation. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on tourism-related business in suburban areas. The findings of the study will be useful for the tourism and authority stakeholders in the planning to promote participation of the local community in the tourism industry through involvement in business
Does Bank Credit Fluctuation Affect Inflation? Evidence from Indonesia
Get PDFBoth developed and developing nations frequently encounter the economic challenges of inflation. Middle- and low-income developing countries generally experience higher inflation rates than their high-income developed counterparts. Interest rates influence the relationship between credit distribution and inflation. This study examines how fluctuations in bank lending affect inflation in Indonesia. Monthly data from 2016 to 2023 were analyzed using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The findings reveal that working capital loans significantly positively affect Indonesian inflation in both the short and long term. While investment credit shows no short-term impact on inflation, it significantly positively influences the long run. Consumptive credit exhibits a significant positive effect on inflation in the short term but a significant negative effect in the long term. The BI rate shows no short-term influence on inflation. However, it has a significantly negative impact in the long term. Based on these results, it is recommended that Bank Indonesia enhance its coordination of monetary stability, inflation control, and financial system improvements, particularly regarding interest rates. Additionally, banks acting as intermediaries should monitor the utilization of working capital, investments, and consumptive credit to help manage inflation in Indonesia
Towards the Unraveling of Zombie Effect in the Linux Kernel
Get PDFA zombie process is a type of process that has completed its execution but still has an entry in the process table. Zombie processes are typically created when a child process terminates, but its parent process fails to collect its termination status. Now that the fork () has created a new process, it duplicates the calling process. The new process is referred to as the child process. The calling process is referred to as the parent process. The child and parent processes are to run in separate memory spaces. Both memory spaces have the same content at the time of fork (). Whenever in Linux, a process is an instance of executing a program or command. While these processes exist, they will be in one of the five possible states, such as Running or Runnable (R), Uninterruptible Sleep (D), or Interruptable Sleep (S). Another process (the parent process) creates a child computing process. This technique pertains to multitasking operating systems and is sometimes called a subprocess or, traditionally, a subtask. Hence, there are five Linux process states. Such as running & runnable, interruptable sleep, uninterruptable sleep, stopped, and zombie. Each of these processes exists for a very well-defined reason. After all, a zombie process in Linux is a terminated child process that remains in the system\u27s process table while waiting for its parent process to collect its exit status. A zombie process is a type of process that has completed its execution but still has an entry in the process table. As a result, if too many zombie processes are generated, the process table will be full. That is, the system will not be able to generate any new process, then the system will come to a standstill