International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
Not a member yet
3901 research outputs found
Sort by
Animal models of anxiety: a review
Get PDFAnxiety is a disorder that affects the quality of life and also imposes a huge economic burden. Animal models of anxiety have widened our understanding of the pathophysiology behind anxiety and to identify newer pharmacological compounds. Every behavioral test has its own limitations, and there are ways to minimize these like environment and handling. This review lists various experimental models of anxiety based on unlearned ethological models, learned responses like the Vogel conflict test, and psychological and physical stress models
Lipid profile improving effect of Coriandrum sativum seed extract in rats
Get PDFBackground: Hyperlipidaemia is a common disease in middle-aged and elderly people. It has received attention, as it indirectly affects the normal metabolism, blood viscosity and vital organ functions. It is a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible antihyperlipidemic effect of Coriander sativum seed extract (CSSE) in rats fed on high-fat diet.Methods: A parallel study design was adopted on 42 albino rats, divided randomly into 7 groups with different treatments. After a 6 week-experimental course, blood samples were collected and analysed for lipid and organ function parameters. Phytochemical analysis was conducted on the used seed extract to detect the active principles underlying its effects.Results: CSSE (150 and 300 mg/kg, orally, once daily) along with a high-fat (1.5% cholesterol+1.5% coconut oil, in diet) diet resulted in a significant (p≤0.05) improvement in plasma lipid parameters, including, total cholesterol, triacyglycerols and lipoproteins, compared to the high-fat group. group. The extract significantly (p≤0.05) improved hepatic (total proteins, albumin, globulins, total conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins, AST, ALT, GGT), cardiac (CK-MB and troponin-I) and renal (urea, creatinine & uric acid) biomarkers. Phytoanalysis of CSSE revealed presence of phlobatannin and flavonoids. The protection % produced by small and large doses of CSSE were dose-dependent and parallel to those of the standard antihyperlipidemic rosuvastatin (2 mg/dl orally, daily).Conclusions: These data indicate that CSSE has a marked antihyperlipidemic effect and could be a source for a promising nutraceutical antihyperlipidemic drug depending on its high phenolic and flavonoid content
Koebner’s phenomena observed in patient receiving adalimumab in psoriasis
Get PDFKoebner’s phenomena, first described in 1877 as the appearance of psoriatic lesions in the uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients as a consequence of trauma. Koebner phenomena has been associated with the use of biological response modifiers. The development of the anti-TNF therapies is a milestone in the therapy of rheumatic diseases. As in all new treatment opportunities it is of concern whether all potential undesired side effects have been evaluated. We report a case involving a 31-year-old young male patient diagnosed with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) since a year, who received Adalimumab as part of his treatment and developed Koebner’s phenomena.
Determination of the drug utilization patterns of antimicrobial agents used in the department of ear, nose and throat at a tertiary care teaching hospital
Get PDFBackground: Pharmacoepidemiology deals with the epidemiological aspects of clinical use of and effects of drugs over a large population with intentions to have a rationalised prescription practices while using various drugs preferably anti-microbial agents. Objective of the research was to study the prescribing patterns of drugs in ear, nose and throat (ENT) department and to evaluate prescriptions according to World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators.Methods: A cross sectional, observational study was conducted in the department of ENT. Data was collected from the prescriptions of patients in outpatient (OPD) and inpatient department (IPD) both.Results: Total number of 250 prescriptions were analysed in which 1038 drugs were prescribed, with average number of drugs prescribed per prescription were 3.6 and 4.6 drugs among OPD and IPD group respectively. Anti-histaminic class of drugs were most prescribed drugs in OPD while in IPD, all anti-microbial agents were most prescribed class of drugs. There was a statistically significant difference between drugs prescribed by generic and branded names. When compared statistically, it was found that 1%, 59% and 40% prescribed drugs in OPD were from desirable, essential and vital class respectively. While 3%, 62% and 36% of prescribed drugs in IPD were from desirable, essential and vital class respectively.Conclusions: It is vital to aware prescribers about the importance of rationalised prescribing and avoid polypharmacy. A need for the development of prescribing guidelines and educational initiatives to encourage the rational and appropriate use of drugs, in order to give the inputs to the prescribing doctors
Occurrence of depression, anxiety and stress among medical students working during COVID Pandemic
Get PDFBackground: Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, medical students have been allotted various duties like rapid antigen testing, Sanjivani corona ghar seva (service provided by the government for home quarantine people), RTPCR swab collection, and posting in wards and intensive care units (ICUs). While executing the COVID-19 duties, students had a significant degree of a significant degree of ambiguity and apprehension. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychological impact of COVID-19 on medical students performing COVID-19 duties.Methods: A questionnaire-based, cross-sectional observational study was conducted among undergraduate and postgraduate students of a tertiary care teaching hospital, who were deployed on COVID-19 duty during pandemic. A google form-based questionnaire was structured, encompassing demographic details, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire and other (additional) COVID-19 duty related questions. The analysis of data was done by using unpaired t-test and chi-square test in Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0Results: In our research study, we found that occurrence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 40.46%, 48.37%, and 30.69% among the medical students during COVID -19 duty, respectively. Higher occurrence and more severity (p<0.01) of depression, anxiety and stress was seen in female medical students during COVID-19 duty in pandemic.Conclusions: We observed a higher occurrence of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students while performing their COVID-19 duty in a pandemic. Medical students played a significant role in the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, measures should be taken to ensure the psychological wellbeing of medical students.
COVID-19 vaccination: a possible trigger for Addisonian crisis in a patient with Addison’s disease
Get PDFInfection with COVID-19 disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Following its identification, the pursuit of the rapid development of effective vaccines became a pandemic-period international public health priority. This report describes the case of an older woman with Addison’s disease who developed acute clinical symptoms and signs indicative of an Addisonian crisis following each of two consecutive doses of the Pfizer BioNTech Covid-19 vaccines. Both presentations (with nausea, vomiting, hypotension, tachycardia, and transient hypoglycaemia) occurred within 24 hours of receipt of the vaccines. In each instance, she responded well to treatment with intravenous fluids, and temporarily changing her maintenance oral steroid regimen to higher dose intravenous steroids. She successfully completed a period of rehabilitation and was discharged home. Some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations of the Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines are discussed. An overview is presented of Addison’s disease and Addisonian crisis. The discussion also applies two causality assessment systems to derive a classification of ‘probable’ adverse drug reactions for the index case report
Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of codeine phosphate and chlorpheniramine maleate in a fixed dose composition for the management of dry cough in adults: an open label phase IV clinical trial
Get PDFBackground: Dry cough is one of the most common symptoms for which patients seek medical attention. It not only causes discomfort in patients, but also hampers their daily work and routine. Since there is no specific underlying cause for dry cough, a definitive treatment is still not available. Several cough suppressants have been used for the treatment of dry cough including codeine which reduces discomfort. However, some reports suggest that use of codeine at high doses leads to sedation and drowsiness. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of codeine, a clinical trial for fixed dose composition of codeine phosphate and chlorpheniramine maleate was conducted.Methods: The trial was conducted on 219 adults with prior symptoms of dry cough. Safety was evaluated on the basis of the change in patient’s vital parameters, any adverse event or severe adverse event that occurred during the course of study. Efficacy was assessed on the basis of cough severity scores, number of night awakenings due to cough, and overall decline in cough.Results: According to the investigator's evaluation the product was safe to use as no significant changes in the patient’s vital parameters were observed during the course of study. Also, no severe adverse events were reported. Administration of the investigation product significantly decreased cough severity and frequency at the 7th day of the study.Conclusions: This study suggests, FDC of codeine phosphate 10 mg and chlorpheniramine maleate 4 mg per 5 ml oral syrup is safe and efficacious for the treatment of dry cough
Cost variation analysis of commonly prescribed oral antipsychotic drugs available in India-a pharmacoeconomic perspective
Get PDFBackground: Antipsychotics are commonly prescribed for a variety of psychiatric disorders which require prolonged treatment. If a costly brand is prescribed, it reduces patient compliance, especially in the lower socio-economic groups. Awareness about the cost variation among different brands will guide an economically effective prescription by the treating physician.Methods: The cost of different brands of commonly used oral antipsychotic drugs available in the Indian market manufactured by different companies, in the same strength, number and dosage form was obtained from the latest CIMS, MIMS, and India drug Index. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation were calculated for each. The cost for the same drugs was also noted from the Jan Aushadhi generic medicines portal and a comparison was made. Results: The percentage variation in the cost was above 100% with most of the commonly used antipsychotic drugs like haloperidol (517%), trifluoperazine (504.12%), risperidone (485.27%), chlorpromazine (436.35%), aripiprazole (340.34%), flupenthixol (293.12%), olanzapine (245%), ziprasidone (176.02%), amisulpride (169.44%), quetiapine (163.16%). Percentage cost variation between branded and generic drugs ranged from 400-1050%.Conclusions: There is substantial cost variation among the various brands of antipsychotic drugs. Stigma surrounding generic prescription needs to be addressed. More psychiatric drugs need to be included under National list of essential medicines and DPCO (Drug price control order) so that there can be a ceiling on the maximum price.
Clinical and endoscopic features of pill-induced esophagitis
Get PDFBackground: Medication can cause an injury in the esophagus by local and systemic effect, leading to esophagitis. Many such medications have been identified as a cause of pill-induced esophagitis. This study was performed to evaluate the clinical and endoscopic findings of pill-induced esophagitis.Methods: This was retrospective observational study, conducted among patients diagnosed endoscopically with pill-induced esophagitis at Ansh gastroenterology clinic, Ahmedabad, India, from April 2017 to March 2021. The data of these patients were recorded in pre-designed case record form by evaluating their past medical records.Results: Total 90 patients were diagnosed with pill-induced esophagitis. Retrosternal chest pain (68.9%), odynophagia (41.1%), dysphagia (25.6%), and epigastric pain (14.4%) were common clinical findings. The major culprit medications were antibiotics, and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Common esophageal endoscopic findings were ulcer (84.4%), erosion (17.8%), and active ulcer bleeding (12.2%). Kissing ulcers were observed in the majority (46.7%) of cases. The majority of ulcer and erosion were located in middle third of the esophagus. All the patients were recovered within 6 to 10 days after treatment with PPIs (proton pump inhibitors) and/or antacids, and withdrawal of the causative medication.Conclusions: Pill-induced esophagitis commonly manifests as retrosternal chest pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, and endoscopy reveals kissing ulcer and erosion in the majority of cases. The condition can be treated with PPIs and/or antacids, and withdrawal of the offending medication.
Analysis of inappropriate medication use and drug interaction in older people visiting tertiary care center of eastern Nepal
Get PDFBackground: Medication use in older people has been increasing as the incidence of chronic diseases increases worldwide. Use of more medicines may increase the chance of prescribing potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and may increases the risk of potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs). The objective of this study was to assess PIMs and pDDIs to improve the rational use of medicationsMethods: In this study data from the older people were obtained from patient visiting medicine, OPD, BPKIHS, Dharan. Demographic and medications information were collected. PIM and pDDIs were evaluated from medication data using the Beer’s criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults, 2015 and lexicomp application respectively.Results: Among 550 patients 50.9% patients were male. Common diagnosis was systemic hypertension 335 (64.5%) followed by type 2 diabetes mellitus 276 (50.18%). The most commonly prescribed drug was metformin (215) followed by amlodipine (205), atorvastatin (176), losartan (158), glimepiride (113) and aspirin (100). One or more fixed drug combination was present in 295 prescriptions. One or more PIM were present in 29 (5.3%) prescriptions. Commonly prescribed PIM was prazosin (11) followed by nitrofurantoin (5). There were total of 753 cases of pDDIs, with 116 (15.40%) cases of risk categories X and D.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated PIM use were relatively less. However, pDDIs were common in older people suggesting that optimal medication use and further similar studies in larger scale are necessary in this population