Journal Of Advanced Zoology
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A Cross-Sectional Study To Assess The Prevalence Of Hepatitis B Serological Markers Among Individuals With A History Of Jaundice
Get PDFBackground: Hepatitis B infection presents a significant global health challenge, with Pakistan experiencing particularly high prevalence rates. Moreover, jaundice is often regarded as a non-threatening metabolic condition by most individuals rather than an infectious concern. Given the strong association between hepatitis B and jaundice, this study sought to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B serological markers specifically among individuals with a history of jaundice. The findings hold implications for targeted screening and intervention strategies aimed at addressing this pressing health concern.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 participants, selected based on a history of jaundice within the last 6 months and aged over 18 years. Data collection included basic ethno-demographic information and screening for hepatitis B using immuno-chromatographic test (ICT) devices for HBsAg, anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-HCV, and anti-HDV. HBV DNA was extracted for positive HBsAg cases and subjected to PCR amplification. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism Version 9.0.
Results: Among the participants, 2% tested positive for HBsAg, 1% for HBV DNA, and 1% for HBeAg. Fortunately, none tested positive for Anti-HCV or Anti-HDV. Age-stratified analysis revealed a higher prevalence of hepatitis B markers among participants aged above 25 years. Male participants exhibited a higher prevalence of HBsAg compared to females (9.5% vs. 0%; p = 0.0056; χ2 = 7.677). District-wise prevalence varied, with Bagh district showing the highest rate of 10%, while some districts reported no cases. Job status analysis indicated higher prevalence among employees (28.6%) compared to students (0%). Tribal analysis revealed varying prevalence rates, with the Chaudhary tribe showing a positivity rate of 16.7%, and the Khan tribe exhibiting a positivity rate of 12.5% for hepatitis B markers.
Conclusion: The findings emphasize the significance of recommending hepatitis screening for individuals with a history of jaundice, particularly among older age groups and males. Understanding ethno-demographic variations in hepatitis B prevalence is essential for designing effective prevention and control strategies in AJK state, Pakistan.
 
A Prospective Study On Impact Of Major Risk Factors On Myocardial Infarction And Patient Counselling To Reduce Further Complications
Get PDFThe purpose of the study is to assess the impact of major risk factors on myocardial infarction and patient counseling to reduce further complications. Myocardial infarction (MI), informally known as "heart attack," is caused by decreased or complete termination of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium. Myocardial infarction may be "silent," and go undetected, or it could be a catastrophic event leading to hemodynamic deterioration and sudden death. Most myocardial infarctions are due to underlying coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. With coronary artery occlusion, the myocardium is deprived of oxygen. Prolonged deprivation of oxygen supply to the myocardium can lead to myocardial cell death and necrosis. Patients can present with chest discomfort or pressure that can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulder, or arm. In this study, there so many kind of risk factors are there for myocardial infarction and generally they been differentiated as major risk factors and minor risk factors. As of this study concludes that when the people with negligence towards minors risk factors they will ready to prone and turns major risk factors which are causing the Myocardial infarction effectively
Trace Elements In Health & Disease- A Boon In Disguise
Get PDFResearch on the existence of various elements in the universe has been extensive, but their role in the human body is not fully understood. About 98% of the human body mass consists of nine non-metallic elements, categorized into abundant and non-abundant/trace elements. Micronutrients, including trace elements, vitamins, and antioxidants, play a vital role in regenerative processes, coping with oxidative stress, and providing immunity against pathogens. Dental health is also dependent on these nutrients, which help in the production and development of oral mucosa, teeth, and surrounding tissues. The recommended intake of these nutrients remains variable due to factors such as geography, altitude, age, weight, physiological needs, pathological backlogs, and other recognizable/unrecognizable factors. Essential trace elements are broadly categorized into macro-elements, micro-elements or trace elements, probably essential elements, and potentially toxic elements. The current review focuses on the role of essential trace elements in maintaining oral health and their implications in various oral diseases and disorders
A Comparative Evaluation Of Decalcified Freeze Dried Bone Allograft And Its Combination With Hydroxyapatite In Osseous Defects Of Maxillofacial Surgery
Get PDFBackground: The development of bone graft material to replace bone remains a formidable challenge in maxillofacial surgery. Although autogenous bone is the best material, however, the advantage of an autograft is offset by the limited supply of such bone and morbidity associated with surgery to harvest the graft. The thesis aims to study and compare the efficacy of two such bone substitutes in the healing of osseous defects of the maxillofacial surgery.
Method: 20 patients reporting to DEPARTMENT OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, AL-AMEEN DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL, BIJAPUR, requirin
Treatment for osseous defects were selected for the study. They were categorized in two groups of 10 each. GROUP A were treated by DFDBA and GROUP B were using DFDBA and HYDROXYAPATITE in combination. Treatment outcome was evaluated using many parameters like pain, swelling clinically and bone density radiographically pre operative, 1st day ,1st week, 4th week and 12th week post operative. Results: Analysis of the two groups did not reveal high statistically significant differences at any of the follow up periods except for radiological evidence at four weeks.
All the patients had mild to moderate pain on GROUP A on first post-operative day. Pain was maximum on 2nd post-operative day and decreased gradually and almost nil by the end of 4th post-operative day. In case of GROUP B, all patients had moderate to severe pain on first post- operative day. Pain was maximum from 2nd to 4th post operative day and then gradually decreased but slight pain was there at the end of first post-operative week All the patients had mild to moderate swelling in GROUP A on first post-operative day. Swelling decreased gradually towards normal. By the end of first week post-operative, swelling was nil.
In case of GROUP B, all patients had moderate to severe swelling on first post-operative day. Swelling was maximum from 1st post-operative week and then started decreasing towards normal. By the end of first week post-operative, slight swelling was still present. GROUP A No signs of infection (persistent post operative swelling, pain or pus discharge) were seen in any patient of GROUP A. No signs of implant (graft material) rejection (discharge, extrusion, tissue dehiscence) were seen in any patient of GROUP A. In GROUP B, however, all these three signs of implant (graft material) rejection were seen in one patient at fourth week. The graft material was surgically removed at fourth week. Radiological evidence of calcification, bone formation and bridging of the gap with new bone as evident by formation of irregular trabeculae of bone and appearance of radio-opaque areas in the defect was evident from fourth week onwards. It was seen 70 % cases of GROUP A, in 30% cases of GROUP B. The difference between GROUP A and GROUP B was statistically significant (P\0.01) at this point of time. Bone density was assessed by grey scale histogram.
Conclusion: DFDBA when used for the obliteration of osseous defects bypasses the phase of obligatory resorption and shows early evidence of new bone formation. HA when used for Obliteration of osseous defects shows delayed first evidence of bone formation as compared to the decalcified freeze-dried bone matrix allograft and it undergoes resorption but takes a long period to resorbed completely and be replaced by bone. The radiograph assessment score over grey scale histogram indicates early bone formation with DFDB and the combination of DFDBA and HA
Deciphering Genetic Overlaps: A Comprehensive Study On Viral Host Determination Using Machine Learning And Deep Learning Models
Get PDFThe study uses machine learning and deep learning models to study the intricate relationship between viral genetic DNA sequences and host organisms. It uses a comprehensive dataset from databases like ExPASy and NCBI, which encodes crucial genetic information for viral replication.
The study aimed to create a viral DNA dataset and develop robust machine learning and deep learning models to classify viruses into eight host categories. Despite extensive experimentation using various models, performance improvement was elusive due to genetic overlaps. Viral genomes from different classes had significant shared genetic sequences, making it difficult for these models to identify unique class-specific features, blurring the lines of differentiation.
The study reduced the number of classes from eight to three, focusing on plants, animals, and microorganisms. This resulted in improved evaluation metrics, with the Random Forest Machine learning model reaching a maximum accuracy of 70% and the LSTM deep learning model surpassing 85%, overcoming earlier challenges.
The discovery that viral genomes from different classes share significant genetic overlaps challenges conventional molecular distinctions, emphasizing the complexity of molecular differentiation in viral genomes. This pragmatic approach aligns molecular understanding with genetic data in viral host determination
Procalcitonin, The Most Reliable Biomarker For Early Diagnosis Of Bacterial Septicaemia
Get PDFSepticaemia, a life threatening infection, caused by invasion of virulent microorganism into blood stream. It is characterized by whole body inflammation, leads to multi-organ dysfunction, resulting in high mortality rate. Immunocompromised patient with Cancer, ICU patient or patient with severe burns becomes more susceptible with its complication. Therefore early diagnosis & anti-microbial therapy is highly important in reducing morbidity & mortality. Unfortunately there are no such gold standard diagnostic method for early diagnosis & therapeutic intervention. In this review I focus the dependence on serum bio-marker for early diagnosis as delay in anti-biotic therapy increases mortality by 7.6%/ hour in patient with septicaemia. But conventional markers like CRP, lactate, BNP and other haematological studies like ESR, Total WBC count etc. are not Specific. To eliminate late diagnosis, serum biomarker Procalcitonin is found to be superior and most reliable. PCT is produced by numerous organ after bacterial pro-inflammatory stimulation and level increases 2-4 hours after bacterial infection. It can be detectable for upto 7 days and level decreases with successful treatment. Mild elevation is seen in viral infection and severe rises seen in bacterial sepsis. Further research work is needed for declaring a gold standard test for sepsis
Bisphenol A-A Major Concern For Ovarian Function: Protective Role Of Black Tea Extract
Get PDFBisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor and also an environmental toxicant which is correlated with adverse estrogenic effects in both humans and other environmental species. This study depicts the investigation of the disintegration in ovarian function caused by BPA and the ameliorative effects of black tea extract (BTE). Eight-week-old female Wistar rats were treated with BPA (10µg and 100 µg/kg body weight/day) for 14 days by oral gavage, and then supplemented with BTE (1ml/100gm body weight/day) for 14 days orally. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were measured in the ovaries. In this study, elevated ovarian level of nitric oxide and were observed in malondialdehyde BPA exposed animals as compared to the control animals. Furthermore, BPA exposure resulted in marked reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. All of these BPA induced effects were overturned to good dimension by the oral supplementation of black tea extract
A Study On Assessment Of Clinical Profile And Quality Of Life Of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure In Tertiary Care Hospital
Get PDFHeart failure is a prevalent chronic disease worldwide, and acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is characterized by sudden or gradual onset of heart failure symptoms requiring unplanned medical attention. The study aims to examine the clinical presentation, and Quality of life of ADHF in a tertiary care hospital, along with the demographic characteristics. The study highlights the impact of ADHF on physical and emotional well-being and help identify potential risk factors and complications. It was a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital for a period of 6 months and 75 Patients were included. Patients were evaluated clinically and with laboratory tests. Data were collected and analysed. The majority of patients were female (84%). A combination of Diabetes and Hypertension (25.3%) was the most common past medical illness found in the patients. The most common presenting symptom was shortness of breath 42(56%). Ischemic stroke was the most common complication (20%). The overall score of Qol was found to be mostly between 51-75 (61.4%) and the mean was 52.81.
In conclusion the findings will provide valuable insights into the clinical characteristics and QoL of ADHF patients. Periodic QoL assessments could contribute to better patient management and overall outcomes in ADHF. However, as the study is conducted in a single center with a limited sample size, the results should be interpreted with caution and cannot be generalised to the broader population
Study Of Water Absorption And Self-Healing Behavior Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/ Poly (Acrylamide-Co-Vinyl Imidazole) Ph-Sensitive Hydrogel
Get PDFIn this work, acrylamide (AAm) and vinyl imidazole (VI) were co-polymerized in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) which resulted solid hydrogel electrolyte (SHE) with fair self-healing property. The hydrogel electrolyte exhibited pH-dependent swelling behavior with percent equilibrium swelling (PES) of 5170, 1892 and 5163 in the swelling media of pH 1.0, 6.8 and 13.0 respectively. In addition, the kinetic swelling was best interpreted by the Power function model, revealing a chain relaxation-controlled water uptake at pH 1.0 and 13.0. The SHE showed an excellent self-healing property which was confirmed by “LED glowing” experiment. As compared to its original elongation of 200 %, the self-healed hydrogel exhibited an elongation of 157 %, thus showing restoration tendency.
 
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus And Autonomic Dysfunction: Impact On Preeclampsia Risk
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and autonomic dysfunction are two closely connected disorders that have received considerable focus in relation to mother health during pregnancy.This review study seeks to provide a thorough analysis of existing research, investigating the complex connection between GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus), autonomic dysfunction, and their combined influence on the likelihood of developing preeclampsia. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent metabolic condition associated with pregnancy, which is characterised by an impaired ability to process glucose and often occurs for the first-time during pregnancy. Preeclampsia is a complex condition characterised by high blood pressure that occurs only during pregnancy and is often linked to negative consequences for both the mother and the foetus. Autonomic dysfunction, characterised by changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve systems, is now recognised as a possible factor in the development of both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia. This review will examine the complex relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), autonomic dysfunction, and preeclampsia, focusing on the epidemiological, clinical, and molecular aspects. This study aims to investigate the reciprocal association between GDM and autonomic dysfunction, examining the potential for one disease to worsen the other. Moreover, the study will examine the several routes via which autonomic dysfunction may impact the occurrence of preeclampsia in the context of GDM, elucidating the underlying pathophysiological processes. This study seeks to enhance our awareness of the intricate relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), autonomic dysfunction, and preeclampsia by consolidating the current information. These insights have the potential to facilitate the creation of focused therapies, individualised management approaches, and enhanced risk assessment tools. This, in turn, may improve the outcomes for both the mother and the foetus in pregnancies that are affected by these interrelated disorders