Journal Of Advanced Zoology
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Histopathological and Biochemical Changes in Fish Liver Under Environmental Stress: A Case Study of Labeo rohita
Full text linkThis study investigates the histopathological and biochemical changes in the liver of Labeo rohita (Rohu) under environmental stress, with a particular focus on the effects of oxidative stress. The liver, being a central organ in detoxification and metabolic processes, is highly susceptible to environmental changes such as pollution, temperature fluctuations, and low oxygen levels. In this study, we assess the histopathological alterations in liver tissues and measure key biochemical markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, to determine the extent of oxidative stress. The findings highlight significant liver damage and alterations in antioxidant enzyme activity in response to environmental stressors, suggesting a close relationship between oxidative damage and liver function in fish. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the physiological adaptations of Labeo rohita to environmental changes and underscore the potential of liver biomarkers for monitoring fishhealth in polluted aquatic environments
Impact of Microplastics on Livestock: Sources, Exposure Pathways, and Physiological Consequences
Full text linkMicroplastic (MP) contamination has emerged as an escalating environmental hazard with profound implications for terrestrial ecosystems, particularly within livestock-based agricultural systems. The pervasive presence of MPs in soil, water, and feed resources poses significant risks to animal health, food safety, and agricultural sustainability. This review explores the increasing vulnerability of livestock animals to MP exposure, focusing on environmental sources, exposure pathways, and associated physiological impacts. Livestock are regularly exposed to MPs via polluted feed, forage, drinking water, and soils altered with sewage sludge. MP intake, retention, and systemic distribution are influenced by species-specific changes in digestive physiology, notably those between ruminants and monogastric animals. Once internalized, MPs may cause gastrointestinal damage, oxidative stress, immunological dysfunction, hepatic impairment, and possible reproductive harm.
Furthermore, microplastics (MPs) act as vectors for hazardous co-contaminants, including heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, thereby enhancing the risk of bioaccumulation in edible tissues and posing significant challenges to food safety. Chronic exposure to MPs may impair animal health, productivity, and reproductive function, providing greater problems to livestock sustainability, economic viability, and human health. This review highlights the critical need for interdisciplinary research that combines veterinary toxicology, environmental science, and food safety to understand MP toxicokinetic in cattle better and influence evidence-based risk reduction and regulatory regimes
Isolation and culturing of microorganisms from soil samples, accompanied by morphological characterization.
Full text linkSoil microbial communities exhibit immense diversity, leading to complex interactions among microbial species and functional groups that can influence ecosystem processes. Microorganisms are ubiquitous and thrive in highly competitive habitats. Many bacteria synthesize antibiotics as important secondary metabolites, which have significant commercial applications. The isolated bacterial strains were subjected to Gram and endospore staining, revealing that none of the isolates were endospore-forming. To evaluate their enzymatic capabilities, extracellular enzyme production was tested using starch and gelatin hydrolysis assays. Furthermore, various biochemical tests were performed to assess intracellular enzyme activities, including catalase, urease, Voges-Proskauer, hydrogen sulfide production, nitrate reduction, methyl red, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, citrate utilization, oxidase, motility, and triple sugar iron (TSI) tests. Most of the bacterial isolates showed positive results in these assays. A total of eight soil bacterial genera Serratia, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Proteus, and Alcaligenes were successfully isolated and identified
Impact of Water Quality on Fish Growth: A Study on Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
Full text linkWater quality influences the fish\u27s growth, which is vital in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, to some extent in other places where fishes like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, etc., are raised. The review analyzes the effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, and turbidity on the growth performance of these species in the region. Information obtained on various aquaculture farms within the two states shows that variability in water quality is rather large and that it impacts on growth, health, and yield of the fish. The results of the study support the fact that water condition is a critical factor in maintaining and enhancing profitable aquaculture and provide specific guidelines for water quality control to enhance the production of aquaculture farms. Furthermore, the article discusses local factors such as irregularities in monitoring and poor farmer information and underlines the presence of a requirement to apply interventions to boost water quality management locally
Impact of Mass Gathering Event on Water Quality of Holy Ganga River During Mahakumbh-2025 at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Full text linkThe present study investigates the impact of mass bathing during Mahakumbh 2025 on the water quality of the River Ganga at two key sampling points Sangam and Daraganj in Prayagraj. Water samples were collected and analyzed before (January 8), during (January 13 to February 26), and after (February 28) the Mahakumbh event. Parameters including water temperature (WT), transparency, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chloride content, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored. The results revealed noticeable temporal variations across several parameters, particularly during peak bathing days. During Mahakumbh, transparency and TDS levels fluctuated significantly, indicating increased turbidity and pollutant load due to mass gatherings. DO levels generally decreased while BOD increased on key bathing days, especially on February 3 and 6, suggesting a decline in water quality due to organic load. A slight decrease in pH and increases in TH and chloride concentrations were also observed at both sites during the event. Post-Mahakumbh (Feb 28), some recovery in parameters like DO and transparency was evident, though not uniformly across all indicators
Coral Diversity Assessment in Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep Archipelago, India: Implications for Conservation
Full text linkCoral reefs are the most biodiverse marine ecosystems, supporting intricate symbiotic relationships and contributing an estimated $9.9 trillion annually to global benefits. Despite their ecological and economic significance, coral reefs are under severe threat, with 27% already lost and a 14% decline in coral cover over the last decade. India’s coral reefs cover around 2,374 sq.km, yet regions like Kavaratti Island in Lakshadweep remain understudied. Its geographic isolation presents a unique opportunity for biodiversity research, potentially revealing novel species traits and serving as a key reference for Indo-Pacific coral diversity. This study evaluates coral species diversity in Kavaratti Island to bridge gaps in regional coral fauna knowledge using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method. Fourteen hard coral species across five families were documented, with Acropora (n=6) as the dominant group, followed by Poritidae (n=4). Spatial analysis across three reef zones showed that the intermediate lagoon had the highest live coral cover (56.0%), while the inner reef had the highest mortality (66.7%). These findings offer critical baseline data to inform conservation planning, reef management, and climate resilience strategies for coral ecosystems in the Indian Ocean region
Habitat Response of Obligatory Grassland Birds In Irrigated and Rainfed Agricultural Landscapes of Solapur District, Maharashtra, India
Full text linkThe Indian subcontinent supports approximately 13% of the world\u27s avian diversity, yet certain regions remain understudied, particularly the Deccan Peninsula. This region, characterized by extensive grassland and savanna ecosystems, encompasses 33% of the Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) and 31% of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) within the subcontinent. Among the key regions for grassland avifauna, the Solapur district is of significant ecological importance, particularly for the conservation of the Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) and other grassland-obligate bird species. However, increasing anthropogenic pressures—including intensive agricultural practices, shifts in cropping patterns, overgrazing, urban expansion, and infrastructure development—have contributed to extensive habitat degradation over recent decades. These transformations have negatively impacted grassland bird populations, particularly obligate species adapted to open landscapes. This study examined the habitat associations of obligate grassland bird species in response to rainfed and irrigated agricultural landscapes in the Solapur district. Findings indicate a positive correlation between obligate species and grassland or dryland agricultural cover, whereas irrigated agricultural areas and human settlements were associated with a decline in these species. These results highlight the critical need for systematic, long-term ecological studies to inform conservation management strategies and policy interventions aimed at preserving grassland-specialist bird species within this rapidly transforming landscape
Interaction Of Aedes Mosquitoes, Gut Symbiotic Bacteria, And Dengue Virus: A Review
Full text linkAedes mosquitoes are vectors for various disease-causing organisms, including Dengue, Chikungunya, Yellow Fever, Zika virus, and other arboviruses. Mosquitoes, including Aedes, inhabit a rich gut microbial community. These gut symbiotic bacteria affect mosquito physiology in different ways. Viral infection regulation strategies depend on controlling vectors through different means, such as chemically, Environmentally, and Biologically. Several recent studies show the use of gut microbial communities to prevent mosquito-borne diseases by controlling the vector. The midgut microbiota differs according to various parameters, including mosquito sex, life stage, and surrounding environmental conditions. This review describes the interaction between the Aedes mosquito, its gut bacteria, and the Dengue virus, highlighting recent advances in research
Ameliorative Effects Of Vortioxetine In 3-Npa Induced Huntington\u27s Disease
Full text linkHuntington\u27s Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. Clinically progressive motor dysfunction with cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric disorders like mood and behavioural abnormalities, and choreiform movements are its hallmarks. To lessen 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced HD-like pathology in a rodent model, this study sought to assess the neuroprotective pharmacological effects of vortioxetine, a primarily antidepressant drug that exhibits agonistic activity on the 5-HT1A receptor and antagonizes the serotonin transporter (SERT). The mitochondrial complex II inhibitor 3-NPA disrupts aerobic metabolism of cellular energy, induces oxidative stress, and causes neuronal damage like the pathophysiology of HD. To induce HD-like symptoms, 3-NPA (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was administered to male Wistar rats every other day for 28 days. Vortioxetine was subsequently administered orally at 5 and 10 mg/kg every day. Cognitive function was measured using the Morris Water Maze and Elevated Plus Maze, while the Rota rod test was used to measure motor coordination, and the Actophotometer was used to measure locomotor activity. Biochemical analyses measured striatal neurotransmitters, mitochondrial enzyme activity, and oxidative/nitrosative stress-related markers. Histopathological analysis of the cortex and hippocampal regions was performed to determine its impact on neuronal integrity. Vortioxetine treatment reduced oxidative stress, preserved the expression of mitochondrial electron transport complexes I, II, and IV, restored neurotransmitter equilibrium, and significantly ameliorated motor and cognitive deficits. Histopathology results showed a dose-dependent reduction in the evidence of neuronal degeneration, suggesting a neuroprotective effect. Thus, our findings suggest that Vortioxetine may exert its therapeutic effects in Huntington\u27s disease by improving mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and acting on the serotonin pathways. Thereby, vortioxetine, in addition to its known antidepressant properties, may emerge as possible treatment options in HD management. One might note limitations such as the need for validation in genetic HD models and long-term studies. Future studies should explore its therapeutic potential and molecular targets. The study emphasizes how Vortioxetine, including its role as a pharmacological agent, can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Huntington\u27s disease (HD), alleviating neuropsychiatric disorders. Additional clinical trials should determine the long-term safety and efficacy of vortioxetine for humans
“A STUDY ON CORELATION MATRIX OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER IN BANSAGAR DAM, SHAHDOL, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA”
Full text linkThe physico-chemical parameter correlation matrix of the Bansagar Dam (Nov.2014–Oct. 2015) indicates significant relationships between environmental factors affecting thewater quality and productivity of the dam. The air and water temperatures are stronglycorrelated, reflecting atmospheric control on the water temperature. Transparency and DO₂decrease with increasing temperatures, while conductivity, TDS, and alkalinity rise owing toincreased mineral dissolution and evaporation processes.DO₂ has a positive correlation with transparency but negative correlations withtemperature and conductivity, which shows that more transparent and colder water contains moreoxygen. Conductivity, hardness, and alkalinity are highly correlated, indicating the prevailingcarbonate bicarbonate buffering system. Nutrient parameters (ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate)have high internal correlations and negative correlations with transparency, which is in line withnutrient enrichment and eutrophication tendencies.Reactive silica's negative correlation with ionic parameters suggests biological utilizationor dilution effects, while sodium, potassium, and sulphate suggest geological inputs andanthropogenic influence. In general, the correlation analysis implies temperature, ionicconcentration, and nutrient enrichment as the principal factors influencing the water qualitydynamics of Bansagar Dam. These interdependencies suggest a mesotrophic to slightly eutrophiccondition with moderate productivity, nutrient enrichment, and significant seasonal fluctuation inphysico-chemical and biological processes