Journal Of Advanced Zoology
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Abrogation Of Gram Negative Bacteria Induced Inflammation
Get PDFLipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a prototypical exogenous endotoxicpyrogen as it binds with TLR4, and CD14 receptors of especially expressed on monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells thereby secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, eicosanoids superoxide etc. As a result, LPS generates a variety of mediators, such as TNF-α, which triggers NF-κB, which results in cellular damage and fatal tissue injury, such as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The TNF-α being soluble diffuses through the membrane and interacts with the trimeric mTNFR1. This in turn causes the activation of STAT1 and STAT5 resulting in production of NF-κB induced P65-P50 heterodimer that transcribe mRNA. This results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12, which in turn regulate inflammation. When the cell is at rest, the PIP2 on its surface facilitates the recruitment of an adaptor called MyD88-adapter-like (MAL/TIRAP). When MAL and MyD88 are recruited during the initial phases of Microbes-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) recognition, TLR4 activation occurs after stimulation. causes the MAP kinases JNK, p38, and NF-κβ to become activated as a result, which in turn causes the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α to be produced. When cells release TNF-α, they bind with TNFR1, which releases the transcription factor domain death (SODD). Additionally, they recruit receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP-1), which in turn recruits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinasekinase 3, transforming growth factor β-activated kinase (TAK-1), and finally, they activate inhibitor of NF-κβ kinase (IKK) complex. The IKK complex then phosphorylates IκBα and thereby releasing NF-κB subunit, bound to unstimulatedIκBα by ubiquitination and degradation of IκBα. This soluble NF-κBtranslocate into the nucleus and thereafter evaluate gene transcription that is a central mediator of pro-inflammatory effects. The signalling takes place via activation of STAT1 and triggering the expression of IL-12, NOS-2 and Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS), characterized by the expression of TNF-α as a major and iNOS as well as high nitric oxide and intermediate ROS production. By convention blocking of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be resulting in production of anti-inflammatory causes the regulation of LPS induced sepsis by anti-inflammatory mediators. This may be an alternative regulating option to diminish the septic shock via activation and translocation of STAT6 by JAK1 and JAK3 signalling. In addition to that IL-10 is produced by these cytokines causes activation of STAT3 via up-regulating the expression of SOCS3, which mediates the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling pathways. Thus TNFRSF1A blocking will surely help society to find out future treatment strategies of acute and chronic diseases such as sepsis, disorientation of vital body functions, certain antibiotic resistant, Capillary leak syndrome, disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, purpura, ecchymoses, gangrene, multiple sclerosis etc. via the wound healing sub one secrete IL-4 and remodelling of the degrading tissues
Rice Bran Extract Enriched Mulberry Leaves (Morus Alba L.) For The Improvement Of Silkworm (Bombyx Mori L) Growth, Cocoon And Silk Production.
Get PDFMulberry leaves are considered as an effective food for silkworm growth. The present research was conducted to study the growth performance of the 4th and 5th stages of silkworm (Bombyx mori L), which were fed with MR-2 variety mulberry leaves fortified with rice bran extract. This supplementary diet was increased the growth of late age silkworms. The 4th stage of silkworm fed with MR-2 variety mulberry leaves fortified with 2.0 % concentration rice bran extract showed an increased average larval weight (0.89 ± 0.27 g) than the average larval weight in the control group (0.82 ± 0.27 g). The 5th stage of silkworm fed with MR-2 variety mulberry leaves fortified with high concentration rice bran extract (1.0 %) showed an increased average larval weight (4.89 ± 0.32 g) than the average larval weight in the control group (4.41 ± 0.15 g). A significant difference was observed in parameters such as average larval weight, specific growth rate, weight gain, leaf supplied, leaf waste, and silkworm larval excreta at different concentrations of the rice bran fed group of silkworms in the control group fed silkworms
A Systematic Review On Consequential Interventions Of Mucuna Pruriens In Male Infertility
Get PDFThere are several possible contributing factors to the complex illness process that underlies male infertility. In order to treat the infertility we are experimenting on the seeds of a medicinal plant – Mucunapruriens, a tropical legume of Fabaceae family also known as Velvet beans. It is used to change the biochemical levels and semen profiles in infertile men\u27s seminal plasma. Levodopa, also known as L-dopa and a precursor to dopamine, is found naturally in it. The experimental evidences suggest that infertile subjects treated with M. Pruriens seed powder (at a dose of 5g per day) orally were showed effective recovery. L-dopa recovers spermatogenic loss by combating ROS or reprogramming mitochondrial metabolism. Infertile men treated with M. pruriens showed decreased levels of FSH and prolactin and increased levels of testosterone, LH, dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenalin. Men who were infertile showed a considerable improvement in their sperm count and motility. However, it also inhibits lipid peroxidation, elevated Spermatogenesis with decreased seminal plasma glutathione (GSH), SOD and elevated ascorbic acid content. It is used as Aphrodisiac that enhances sexual desire and improves conjugal relationships. On the other hand, studies suggested that M. pruriens helps in regulation of anti-oxidant defense system and works efficiently on stress management
Phytochemical Profiling Using GCMS And Antioxidant Activity of Alpinia Purpurata Flower Extract
Get PDFChronic diseases are the major cause of death worldwide and its incidence increases day by day due to lifestyle as well as environmental factors. The present study carried out the screening of bioactive compounds present in Alpinia purpurata flower extract by using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Plants with their medicinal properties play an important role in food and pharmaceutical industry, one such asset of nature is Alpinia purpurata an ancient ayurvedic herb belonging to Zingiberecia family that is known for its cardioprotective due to presence of various polyphenolic compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and glycosides. The present study mainly focused on the screening of bioactive compounds present in Alpinia purpurata flower extract using GC-MS investigation. Twenty four compounds were identified and they were capable of various pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic etc. This study will provide future directions in the field of development of food products using Alpinia purpurata flower extract
Phytometabolite Profiling Of Combretum Indicum (L.) Defilipps And Its Characterization Studies
Get PDFCombretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps., also known as Quisqualis indica, belongs to the combretaceae family. Literature suggests the hardy nature and predominant presence of medically important phytometabolites within these plants. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents of the Combretum indicum flower extracts. Flower extracts were prepared using Aqueous, ethanol, n-Hexane and petroleum ether as the solvents of choice. Qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of phytometabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, quinines, steroids, saponins etc. Among these solvents ethanolic flower extract showed better results. The quantitative analysis of flower extract indicated the presence good quantity of flavonoids and phenols respectively. Anti-oxidant activity was tested using DPPH scavenging assay. Characterization of phytochemicals was done by using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, FTIR analysis and thin layer chromatography
In Vitro and In Silico Screening For Potential Phytochemicals In Alcoholic Extract Of Cheilocostus Speciosus For Its Pharmacological Properties
Get PDFAbstract: Cheilocostus speciosus is an erect perennial herb belonging to family Costaceae, an important medicinal plant widely used in several indigenous medicinal formulations. Presently, these plants could be collected from wild habitat only. Due to indiscriminate collection from natural habitat it has become endangered. In the present investigation, the phytochemical screening, Genomic DNA Isolation by Phenol Chloroform method and Phylogenetic analysis of the rhizome extracts of Cheilocostus speciosus were evaluated. Phytochemical screening indicated that, rhizomes are rich in a variety of primary metabolites such as Coumarin, Flavanoid, Terpenoid, Steroid, Tannin, carbohydrates, saponins, Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinones. The solvents used were water, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. The present findings for In vitro and In silco screening for potential phytochemicals in alcoholic extract of Cheilocostus speciosus for its pharmacological properties suggested that their contents are responsible for significant antioxidant activity in all extracts
Effect Of Bacillus Subtilispriming On Growth And Pigment Composition Of Tomato Seedlings (Lycopersicum Esculantum Cv. Pusa Ruby) Under Different Levels Of Polyethylene Glycolstress Conditions
Get PDFObjective: to explore the quantitative changes in photosynthetic pigments of Lycopersicum esculantum cv. Pusa Rubyseedlings to inoculation with Bacillus subtilis(ATCC No.: 11774) under different levels of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) stress using sustainable techniques such as priming with PGPB strain Bacillus subtilis.
Methods: This study was performed at laboratorycondition with Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Pusa ruby seeds as factorial experimentunder Randomized Complete Design (CRD) with fourreplications. Effect ofdrought stress induced by different per cent level ofPEG 6000 treatments on drought tolerance in Bacillus subtilis primed tomato seedlings was studied. In this experiment, twentyBacillus subtilis primed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Pusa ruby) seeds were placed in each per cent of PEG mediated drought stress treatment. One set without Bacillus subtilis primed tomato seeds were also treated with different level of PEG 6000 (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) mediated drought stress to observe the effect of Bacillus subtilis priming.
Results: Radicle protrusion (%), opening of cotyledonary leaves (%) was increased in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress at 0-25% and 0-15% respectively. Furthermore, the growth response parameters of viz. fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) tomato were increased in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress (0-20%). Chl a andChl b content was higher in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress (0-20%). Furthermore, the carotenoid (mg g-1) quantity was increased in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress (0-5%). Whereas, the quantity of anthocyanin (mg g-1) was increased in tomato seeds primed with culture of Bacillus subtilis as compared to not-primed tomato seeds under PEG 6000 mediated drought stress (0-15%).
Conclusion:Bacillus subtilis (ATCC No.: 11774) could be successfully used to enhance fruit production and fruit quality of tomato plants grown under controlled conditions
Assessing Factors Affecting Consumer Perception Towards Online Shopping
Get PDFThis study aims to explore consumer behavior regarding online shopping, specifically investigating various factors that impede consumers\u27 online shopping behavior. The research seeks to identify the challenges consumers encounter while shopping through online stores. A quantitative research approach was employed, involving a survey administered to users of online shopping platforms. The study revealed six factors that hinder consumers from making purchases on online sites: apprehension about bank transactions and trust, the perceived convenience of traditional shopping over online alternatives, considerations regarding reputation and service quality, past experiences, concerns about security and inadequate product information, and a lack of trust. This research provides insights valuable for e-trailers engaged in e-commerce, whether business-to-customer or customer-to-customer. It suggests managerial implications for enhancing marketing strategies to foster consumer trust in online shopping
Immunotherapy: A New Generation Treatment For Cancer
Get PDFCancer related deaths are increasing nowadays. The use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are effective but can be limited for their toxicities. Immunotherapy is a less toxic form of cancer treatment that boosts our immunity to fight cancer. Spontaneous reduction of uncontrolled cancerous tumors is now recognized as a rare phenomenon, and immunosuppression is linked to an increased risk of cancer. The immunotherapy of cancer has played a notable role in the few years. It made a lot of cutting-edge and promising new cancer treatments that control the immune system possible. Monoclonal antibodies, cellular immunotherapy, cytokines therapy, immune checkpoint and vaccines become successful therapies for treating hematological cancers in preclinical models, clinical trials and practice. Immune responses to tumors have been shown to be boosted by toll-like receptor agonists. Additionally, T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells are used in cell-based immunotherapies, which have been developed to treat cancer and tumors. Oncolytic immunotherapy is promoting novel components of cancer immunotherapy. This article reviews recent developments in cancer immunotherapy, as well as novel approaches, ongoing clinical trials, and prospective directions. We also highlight how cancer vaccines, autoimmunity, the tumor micro-environment and metabolomics is aiming to solve those challenges
Analysis Of Deletion Mutation In SMN I Gene For Spinal Muscular Atrophy In A Tertiary Care Centre, Kolkata
Get PDFThe loss of lower motor neurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord is the hallmark of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the second most prevalent autosomal recessive disorder in children. Some genes cause SMA. Among them, the mutation in the SMN1 gene is the most common, especially exon 7 and exon 8. SMN gene has at least one homologous but inverted copy in the chromosome. From newborns to adults, mutations in the SMN1 gene can impact people in a wide spectrum of severity. Types I, II, III, and IV are the four variations of SMA. The SMN2 gene can be found in each cell of certain individuals with SMA types II and III in three or more copies. The condition is less severe because of these numerous copies of the SMN2 gene. In our tertiary center, we have tried to find out the pattern of deletion and type in the patients. We investigated them depending on their clinical manifestation by PCR of exon 7 and exon 8 followed by RFLP with restriction enzymes DraI & DdeI respectively, for molecular diagnosis. Through molecular study, we have confirmed forty patients with deletions in the SMN1 gene. Among them twenty-five cases showed both deletions of exon 7 and exon 8, thirteen cases were detected with exon 7 deletion, and only two cases with deletion of exon 8.The patients with confirmed deletions were divided into three groups: 16 patients with type III, 19 patients with type II, and 5 patients with type I, based on the clinical symptoms and age of onset. It was commonly observed that the majority of the patient who showed both deletions had a severe phenotype, even if there was some overlap between the deletions detected and the type and severity of SMA