Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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Immunohistochemistry Assessment of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)/Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition Factor Receptor (C-MET) as a Biomarker for Malignancy Grading in Ovarian Cancer
Get PDFThis study investigated the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), its receptor c-MET, and the proliferation marker Ki-67 across different histological grades of ovarian carcinoma. Archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples (n = 32) were obtained from the IMERI-FMUI Biobank, representing confirmed ovarian cancer cases diagnosed between 2015 and 2022. Expert pathologists validated the histopathological subtypes using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Based on microscopic evaluation, the samples were classified into two groups: low-to-intermediate-grade tumors (n = 16, comprising mucinous and endometrioid subtypes) and high-grade tumors (n = 16, including clear cell and high-grade serous carcinomas). Only well-preserved samples with consistent diagnoses and sufficient tumor content were included in the study. Unstained sections of the tissue samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining to detect the expression of HGF, c-MET, and Ki-67. Quantitative image analysis was performed using ImageJ along with the IHC Profiler plugin. To minimize bias, a blinded evaluation protocol was implemented. The staining intensity and distribution were scored semi-quantitatively, and the results were reported using H-scores and labeling indices. Statistical analyses included t-tests and Pearson correlation to compare expression levels between groups and to explore associations among the biomarkers. The study sample size was calculated to detect a minimum mean difference of 35 with a 5% alpha error and 20% beta error. This systematic approach enabled a thorough assessment of biomarker expression regarding tumor grade, supporting the potential role of HGF, c-MET, and Ki-67 as diagnostic adjuncts in ovarian carcinoma
In-vitro antibacterial activity, Molecular docking, and MD Simulation Analysis of Phytoconstituents of Nasturtium officinale
Get PDFMedicinal plants play a significant role in various traditional medicine systems worldwide. Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton, commonly known as ‘Halim,’ is a herbaceous perennial often used for its multiple health benefits. It serves as a depurative, diuretic, expectorant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and odontalgic agent and is utilized in the management of various ailments and disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of different solvent extracts of N. officinale against Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activity was assessed through an in vitro assay using the disk diffusion method. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined in comparison with standard reference compounds. Among the extracts tested, the chloroform extract of N. officinale (NOCE) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect, demonstrating significant antibacterial activity. The high efficacy of the NOCE suggests that it may contain active phytoconstituents capable of targeting bacterial strains. Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that the phytoconstituents isorhamnetin, luteolin, and quercetin exhibited strong interactions with bacterial DNA gyrase. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the best-docked compound, isorhamnetin, against bacterial DNA gyrase indicated that all parameters were within acceptable limits, and the compound effectively interacted with the receptor. These findings confirm that N. officinale possesses potential antibacterial activity, which may be attributed to the presence of isorhamnetin
Impact of Storage Duration and Container Materials on Hydroxy Methyl Furfural Levels in Indonesian Trigona Honey
Get PDFHydroxymethyl Furfural (HMF) is a six-carbon heterocyclic organic compound containing aldehyde and alcohol functional groups. It is formed from reducing sugars when heated through the Maillard reaction. HMF is widely recognized as an indicator of honey quality, reflecting the time and type of storage container used. In this study, we analyzed HMF content to investigate the effects of different storage container types and durations on HMF levels in honey. The analysis was conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with the following parameters: a mobile phase of acetonitrile:water in a 10:90 ratio, a stationary phase of octadecylsilane (C18), a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and a UV detector set to 280 nm. The results showed an increase in HMF content during the storage process, with variations depending on the container type and the storage duration. The highest HMF level recorded was 47.7931 μg/g in honey stored in transparent glass bottles for 8 months. These findings indicate that both the container type and the storage duration significantly influence HMF accumulation in honey, making it an important parameter for evaluating honey quality
Carbazole alkaloids Koenigicine, Koenigine, Mahanine and Mukonicineas Multi-Target Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Insights into MMP9, MMP13, EGFR, and NUDT5 Interactions through Molecular Docking
Get PDFPlant-based natural products have been widely used for treating and preventing diseases due to their nutritional and pharmacological benefits, significantly improving the health and well-being of individuals. These medicinal plants are also easily accessible and offer a low-cost, less harmful source for developing new medications. Breast cancer is the second most common form of cancer reported in women worldwide. The treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains challenging, as this subtype lacks targeted therapeutics. TNBC accounts for approximately 15-20% of newly diagnosed breast cancer cases. Because TNBC tumors do not express estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), patients with TNBC do not benefit significantly from treatments aimed at ER, PR and HER2-positive breast tumors. While TNBC initially responds well to chemotherapy, it often develops resistance over time, complicating disease management and presenting a significant clinical challenge. To address therapy resistance and improve patient outcomes, exploring new therapeutic options for TNBC is essential. This molecular docking study shows strong interactions between the carbazole alkaloids Koenigicine, Koenigine, Mahanine, and Mukonicine with key oncogenic protein targets such as MMP9, MMP13, NUDT5, and EGFR, which are associated with TNBC progression. The binding energy of these molecules ranges from -7.4 to -9.9 kcal/mol, indicating a very high potential for inhibition. Mahanine exhibits the highest binding affinity for all tested targets, demonstrating strong interactions with NUDT5 (-9.8 kcal/mol) and EGFR (-9.9 kcal/mol). This suggests its potential role as a multi-target inhibitor. The primary non-covalent interactions that contribute to the binding of carbazole alkaloids with target proteins include Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, alkyl interactions, π-alkyl interactions, and π-π stacking. These interactions are crucial for stabilizing the ligand-protein complexes, enhancing binding affinity, and likely influencing the inhibitory effects of the compounds on TNBC-associated oncogenic proteins. The results of this study highlight the potential role of carbazole alkaloids in TNBC treatment, warranting further experimental validation
Present Status, Practices, Limitations, and Future Prospects of Organic Fruit Production in Nepal
Get PDFOrganic fruit production in Nepal has significant potential due to the country's varied agro-climatic conditions and reliance on traditional agricultural practices. However, this sector faces considerable challenges, including high certification costs, limited market access, and inadequate infrastructure. Despite the increasing global demand for organic products and a growing interest among local consumers, only 0.3% of Nepal's agricultural land is certified organic. This review analyzes 27 studies that examine the current status, practices, limitations, and prospects of organic fruit cultivation in Nepal. The findings reveal that smallholder farmers comprise most organic fruit growers, primarily using traditional methods such as composting and animal manure, which align well with organic farming principles. However, the lack of certification limits their access to premium markets. To enhance organic fruit production in Nepal, this review emphasizes the need for policy reforms that simplify certification procedures, improve infrastructure, and strengthen market linkages. Increased involvement of cooperatives and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can provide smallholder farmers with essential training, technical guidance, and resource access. Furthermore, raising community awareness through targeted initiatives will boost local demand, encouraging more farmers to adopt organic practices. Despite the existing challenges, the study highlights Nepal's strong potential to compete in the global organic marketplace. By addressing key barriers and promoting sustainable farming practices, Nepal can enhance environmental sustainability, improve rural livelihoods, and strengthen its organic fruit industry. This review also presents policy recommendations to foster a more robust and inclusive organic farming system in Nepal
EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION AND POTASSIUM HUMATE ON RED CLOVER (TRIFOLUM PRATENSE L.) SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO SALT STRESS
Get PDFThe study investigated the effects of potassium humate solutions and low doses of radiation on the development of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seedlings under conditions of salt stress. Over a two-year period, the combined effects of potassium humate solutions at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.01%, and 0.001% were examined, along with irradiation dosages of 10 Gy and 50 Gy, in relation to photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic activity, biometric parameters, and seedling productivity. The results indicated that treating clover seeds with potassium humate and irradiating them at a dose of 10 Gy prior to sowing had a positive influence on seedling development, increased photosynthetic pigment content, and enhanced the maximum quantum yield under salt stress conditions. The most significant stimulatory effect was observed at a concentration of 0.1% potassium humate combined with 10 Gy irradiation
Screening, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of Postharvest Physiological Deterioration in Cassava Varieties
Get PDFPost-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) is a significant challenge in the storage of cassava roots. The shelf life of cassava roots ranges from 24 to 72 hours, which reduces their economic value. PPD is characterized by blue/black to brown vascular streaking and the release of reactive oxygen species. Breeding efforts aimed at improving PPD resistance are hindered by limited information on the genetic diversity of different shelf-life types and cassava's natural heterozygosity. This study aimed to identify cassava varieties with delayed PPD. Twenty varieties were assessed and evaluated changes in metabolite content and gene expression during storage. Cassava varieties were planted at Kenyatta University's Plant Transformation Laboratory. After maturity, After maturity visual scoring and imaged based scoring to assess PPD at 0, 3, 5, 8, and 11 days post-harvest. Spectrophotometry was utilized to measure the levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, and anthocyanins in the stored roots. Additionally, expression of PPD related genes was monitored PAL, APX-2, APX-3, and AP using RT-PCR in both tolerant and susceptible varieties. The study's results demonstrated significant differences in PPD responses among the cultivars. Notably, the varieties NASE18 and KCA0013 exhibited a delayed onset of PPD symptoms, whereas TZ130 and Tajirika were more susceptible. Furthermore, the phenolic and flavonoid content were higher in KCA0013 and NASE18, while the carotenoid levels reached their peak in MM96/7151. Interestingly, the anthocyanin content significantly increased in the susceptible variety TZ130. The PPD-tolerant varieties showed elevated levels of PAL, AP, and APX-3 expression, while the expression of APX-2 was higher in the PPD-susceptible varieties. This study identifies promising cassava genotypes for breeding by highlighting the distinct biochemical and molecular profiles associated with PPD tolerance
Most recent and emerging technologies for enhancing the nutritional characteristics of food, challenges and future directions: A Review
Get PDFThe rapid advancement of emerging technologies is transforming the food industry, especially in enhancing the nutritional qualities of food. These innovations have significant potential for tackling global nutritional deficiencies and promoting public health. Key technologies include precision fermentation, which enables the production of high-quality proteins and micronutrients while minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, gene editing techniques such as CRISPR allow for the development of crops with improved nutrient profiles and enhanced resistance to pests and diseases. Furthermore, advancements in nanotechnology enhance the fortification of foods with essential vitamins and minerals, improving their bioavailability and stability. Personalized nutrition, driven by big data and artificial intelligence, customizes dietary recommendations based on individual genetic profiles, optimizing nutrient intake and health outcomes. This review article overviews these cutting-edge technologies and their applications in creating a more nutritious and sustainable food system
In silico Analysis of Natural Iridoids as Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Inhibitors: Molecular Docking, MD Simulation, MMPBSA, and DFT Analyses
Get PDFIridoids have demonstrated various activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic, and antiparasitic effects. The brain-eating amoeba Naegleria fowleri is responsible for primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a brain inflammation. In this study, 52 iridoids were selected through an extensive literature survey, and 22 of these iridoids passed the drug-likeness filter. The selected iridoids were molecularly docked against the N. fowleri CYP51 receptor, using voriconazole as a standard for comparison. The docking score for voriconazole was -7.6 kcal/mol, while the scores for 10-isovaleroyl-dihydropenstemide and Patrinalloside A were -8.9 and -8.6 kcal/mol, respectively. According to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data, the interacting amino acid residues exhibited fluctuations within a specific range, with the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values stabilizing throughout the experiment. When interacting with the receptor linked to amoebic meningoencephalitis, 10-isovaleroyl-dihydropenstemide and Patrinalloside A showed free binding energies of -71.922 kJ/mol and -61.243 kJ/mol, respectively, based on Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA) calculations. Furthermore, Fragment Molecular Orbital (FMO) and Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) analyses of 10-isovaleroyl-dihydropenstemide and Patrinalloside A revealed potential nucleophilic-electrophilic attack zones, indicating they are chemically reactive. The analysis of both compounds' ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) indicated non-toxic behaviour. These findings suggest that natural iridoids have significant potential in combating primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
Renoprotective and Antidiabetic Activities of Uncaria sp. Ethanolic Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Get PDFDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe chronic disease primarily caused by oxidative stress and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). This study aims to evaluate the preventive effects of an ethanolic extract of Uncaria sp. on renal oxidative stress in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. This study employed a post-test-only control group design, comprising five experimental groups: a negative control, a positive control (glibenclamide), and three treatment groups that received Uncaria sp. extract at dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively. The extract was administered orally over 14 days. In this study, blood glucose levels and renal biomarkers of oxidative stress, including methylglyoxal, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and carbonyl proteins, were analyzed. The results indicated that Uncaria sp. significantly reduced blood glucose levels in all treatment groups, with the 400 mg/kg BW dose producing effects comparable to glibenclamide. Furthermore, renal levels of methylglyoxal, AOPPs, and carbonyl proteins significantly decreased, suggesting that the extract possesses antioxidant and anti-glycation properties. The bioactive compounds in the extract, particularly flavonoids and alkaloids, are likely responsible for these beneficial effects. This study supports the potential of Uncaria sp. as both a nephroprotective and antidiabetic agent. The extract's multifaceted biochemical activity may provide a promising alternative or complementary approach to conventional therapies aimed at minimizing complications associated with diabetes, such as diabetic nephropathy