Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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Application of Fungi as Meat Alternatives in Industry: Mini Review
Get PDFHuman consumption has outpaced meat production and manufacturing due to the rising human population and limited land for livestock agriculture. Meat consumption can have negative effects on human health, but meat production can negatively affect the environment by causing global warming and water pollution. Hence, this study produces the idea of using fungus as an alternative to replacing meat. Fungus is an ideal choice as a meat replacement because it has high nutritional content and a fast growth rate. The main objective of this review was to assess the nutritional potential of nine fungal species namely Fusarium venenatum, Neurospora intermedia, Tuber sp., Xerocomus badius, Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotuseryngii, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Lentinula edodes and to determine which species is the best candidate for meat replacement. The nutritional values, toxicity, and growth rate of each fungus were assessed. Comparative data analysis suggests that F. venenatum, N. intermedia, P. eryngii, A. bisporus, P. sajor-caju, and L. edodes are found suitable for producing fungi-based meat
In silico targeting of osmoporin protein of Salmonella to identify anti-Salmonellosis phyto-compounds
Get PDFSalmonella enterica serotype typhi is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, and has flagella with the human body as its only reservoir. Typhoid fever was found to cause 21.7 million illnesses and 216,000 fatalities worldwide in 2000, and the International Vaccine Institute estimated 11.9 million cases and 129,000 deaths in low- and middle-income countries in 2010. More than 10 million patients were infected with S. typhi each year and the mortality rate is associated with more than 0.1 million patients. Moreover, it is also associated with drug resistance globally which makes the disease more dreadful. Other than antibiotics, various flavonoids showed medicinal effects against many diseases including S. typhi infection. Flavonoids are a type of plant bioactive metabolite that have potential medicinal efficacy. The goal of this study was to see if certain flavonoids (ellagic acid, eriodictyol, and naringenin) could interact with the outer membrane of osmoporin (PDB ID: 3uu2) receptor in Salmonella and helps in inhibiting its growth. To look for probable ligand-receptor binding relationships, we used Pyrxmolecular docking software. The molecular docking results were analyzed using the Biovia discovery studio visualizer. The current study discovered that selected plant-based compounds interacted with an outer membrane of the osmoporin receptor, resulting in minimization of energy in the range of-6.6 to -7.8 Kcal/mol
Influence of Calcium and Nonphytate Phosphorus (NPP) on Meat-Type Quail’s Growth, Carcass Features, and Tibia Indices
Get PDFThis study aimed to evaluate the role of increasing dietary calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) supplementation on the growth, carcass, edible portions, and tibia indicators of growing quail. The current study was conducted in a 3×3 factorial design, for this, 360 1-wk-old quails were haphazardly assigned to nine groups, each group is with three gradual levels of Ca (0.60, 0.90, and 1.20 %) and NPP (0.20, 0.40 and 0.60 %). Each group was divided into five replicates with eight-quail each. Results of the study suggested that except at 2 and 6 weeks of age, dietary Ca level did not exhibit any significant (P > 0.05) impact on body weight. Similarly, in the case of NPP, apart from the live weight at 2 and 3 weeks of age, NPP did not have a significant impact on live body weight. Further, in comparison to the low Ca level, the moderate or high Ca levels have higher values of body weight gain. During all the experiments, dietary Ca, NPP, or their mixtures had no significant (P > 0.05) impact on feed consumption. Similarly, feed conversion rate and carcass metrics were also not affected by the individual or combined application of Ca or NPP supplementation Similarly, dietary intakes of Ca or P did not have any significant effect on the various tibia indicators (P > 0.05). Results of the study can be concluded that the effect of the Ca and NPP levels in Japanese quail diets is lowered and it does not much affect the growth rate, feed utilization, carcass yields, edible components, or tibia indices
Male Fertility Preservation: A boon for young cancer survivors
Get PDFDiagnosis of any ailment especially cancer is found to be pivotal to evaluating the type of treatment that needs to be administered to man. It aids in subsequent prognosis and timely recovery in patients. When concerned with male cancer survivors, the emphasis on their fertility health is always an issue. As the numbers of survivors are increasing day by day due to the advanced medical and technological approaches, man could look with confidence to a life of ease from cancer. To review and compile all the feasible as well as relevant information about the preservation of male fertility from published resources. Reputed databases were searched for content based on specific keywords like “fertility preservation after cancer treatment", "methods of male gamete preservation", "methods of semen collection for preservation", "fertility preservation", "erectile dysfunction" and "testicular cancer and fertility". The year of publication for articles under study was restricted from 2016-2021 in most of the databases. It was found that oncologists generally recommended preservation of the male fertility before the commencement of the cancer treatment procedures. Preservation of fertility among young men should be considered in all patients before initiating any kind of prognosis related to the disease
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Doped Ferric Sulphate Nanoparticles (Mg-Fe2SO3 NPs) for Agriculture Applications
Get PDFThe present study aimed to synthesize the magnesium doped ferric sulphate nanoparticles (Mg-Fe2SO3 NPs) and investigate their seed germination efficacy. Mg-Fe2SO3 NPs were prepared by a simple and cost-effective method and subjected to characterization. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum revealed the crystalline nature of Mg-Fe2SO3 NPs with an average crystallite size of 36.41 nm. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) image displayed the agglomeration of Mg-Fe2SO3 NPs with the shape of the grains appeared like starfish which has limbs grown from a common cluster. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) demonstrated the existence of C (10.5%), O (49.14%), Fe (26.67%), Mg (0.78%) and S (13.35%) elements in Mg-Fe2SO3 NPs. It also revealed the absence of impurities in the synthesized NPs. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Mg-Fe2SO3 NPs showed the characteristic peaks at 615.29cm-1, 1130.29cm-1, 1400.32 cm-1and 1633.71cm-1 which corresponded to Fe-O, C-N, O-H and N-H vibration respectively. Further, the seed germination study revealed that the Mg-Fe2SO3 NPs treatment caused a significant increase in seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds compared to the untreated samples
The future of Mango farmers post COVID-19 pandemic outbreak: The Household Livelihood Resilience Approach
Get PDFThe future and welfare of mango farmers are important and if mango farmers can apply agribusiness behavior, namely perseverance, resilience, hard work, saving, carefulness, discipline, and respecting time, they stand a better chance of survival during a pandemic. How mango farmers’ livelihood will be going forward is, yet unknown since many aspects such as economic, physical, financial, and human factors of their way of earning a living are affected hugely by Covid-19. This study was conducted to determine the socio-economic nature of mango farmers in Vhembe district Limpopo province, determine the livelihoods of mango farmers after the Covid-19 pandemic, and identify challenges that mango farmers encountered during the Covid-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics and household were employed to help analyze the results from the collected data. In the study area, 77% of the farmers were males and pensioners since they were above the age of 60. Currently, mango farmers are highly impacted by the outbreak of Covid-19 in terms of production and marketing their products, thus these changes in their livelihood and their survival in farming are in the line since 54% of the farmers currently have access to loans, which makes it easy for them to cover for their loss of income. The government should ease up other restrictions on farmers to enable them to farm and issue necessary support to those farmers who have lost the least they had due to Covid-19. Concerning access to information about Covid-19, the results of the study posit the significance of the relationship between finance and human capital, which the study recommended that the government should subsidize the farmers
Functional, and phylogenetic analysis of maleylacetate reductase of Pseudomonas sp strain PNPG3: An in-silico approach
Get PDFShrinking freshwater ecosystems are under tremendous pollution threat due to anthropocentric activities. Para nitrophenol (PNP), a well-documented priority pollutant extensively used in dyes, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, explosives, pesticides, leather industries, and agrochemicals, is responsible for contaminating aquatic ecosystems globally. It is highly toxic and has carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on living organisms like humans and several animal models. Bioremediation approaches mainly involving bacteria are considered the best, most eco-friendly, cost-effective, green, and clean method for effective removal PNP from its contaminated sites. This manuscript highlights the structural and functional analysis of a lower pathway enzyme involved in PNP degradation, maleylacetate reductase (MR), from Pseudomonas sp strain PNPG3, which was recently isolated from a freshwater ecosystem. This enzyme plays a role in converting maleylacetate to 3-oxoadipate. Despite its crucial functional role, no model is available for this protein in the protein database (PDB). Therefore, attempts were made for the computational investigation of physicochemical, functional, and structural properties, including secondary, and tertiary structure prediction, model quality analysis, and phylogenetic assessment using several standard bioinformatics tools. This enzyme has a molecular weight of about ~37.6 kDa, is acidic and thermostable, belonging to a member of iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase. Moreover, this study will benefit the scientific community in deciphering the prediction of the function of similar proteins of interest
Selection for Upland Rice Varieties Under Different Levels of Light Intensity
Get PDFUpland rice varieties were selected under varying levels of light intensity. This study identified shade-tolerant upland rice varieties with a high yield. From November 2016 to March 2017, the experiment was conducted at King Mongkut's Institute of Technology in Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon, Thailand. For this, ten varieties of upland rice i.e. Dawk Pa-yawm, Nangdam, Dokkam, Nangchuan, Lebnokrai, Samduen, Maepeung, Damgatondom, Lebmuenang, Pukaotong were grown at different levels of 0%, 50%, 60%, and 70% shading levels. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results of qualitative characteristics indicated that shadowing conditions didn’t have any significant effect on plant height, 50% flowering age, harvesting age, and panicle length. On the other hand, shaded conditions have a substantial effect on the number of plants per tiller, the number of panicles per tiller, the number of perfect grains per panicle, and the amount of empty grain per panicle since there was a quantitative character. Among the tested varieties, Lebmuenang, Pukaotong, Damgatondom, and Nangchuan varieties are suited for growing under 50% shade conditions while Samduen was only suited for cultivation in 70 % shaded conditions, whereas Pukaotong was good for growing in 50% and 60% shade situations. The results of this experiment did not encourage farmers to use the other varieties as cultivars under shaded conditions due to low yields. However, the outcomes of this study can be used as a reference for breeding programs in low-light conditions
Current and emerging molecular technologies for the diagnosis of plant diseases – An overview
Get PDFPlant diseases caused by numerous pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi are responsible for substantial economic losses in the agricultural industry worldwide. Specific, sensitive, and efficient diagnostic tools have been developed worldwide to mitigate and prevent the pathogenic threat. The diagnostic tools have revolutionized from classical methods to more advanced molecular diagnostic approaches such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), biosensor, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Hence, this review describes the current and emerging molecular diagnostic tools to distinguish and identify pathogens in crops
Differentiation Effect of Two Alkaloid Fractions from Vietnamese Lycopodiaceae on Mouse Neural Stem Cells
Get PDFVarious Lycopodium alkaloids have been studied for their various biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective activities. Moreover, these alkaloid compounds have high potential in the treatment of neuron degenerative disease. This study has been carried out to test the effect of Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis, and Lycopodium clavatum L alkaloid fractions on the mouse neural stem cells (NSCs). Firstly, the alkaloid fractions were used to verify its toxicity on NSCs. The multiple concentrations of alkaloid fractions from H. serrata (0.044; 0.088; 0.175; 0.35; 0.7; 1.4 mg/ml) and L. clavatum (0.031; 0.063; 0.125; 0.25; 0.50; 1.0; 2.0 mg/ml) have been used for the treatment of NSCs at period of 48h incubation. Results of the study suggested that the IC50 value of H. serrata and L. clavatum was 0.56 mg/ml and 0.50 mg/ml, respectively. Then, the NSCs were differentiated in the presence of 5 and 10 µg/ml of alkaloid fraction from H. serrata; 0.625 and 1.25 µg/ml of alkaloid fraction from L. clavatum for 6 days. Here, we observed the primary NSCs treated with alkaloid fraction extract from H. serrata showed the increased gene expression level of early neuron TUBB3 and neuron-specific cytoskeleton MAP2. On the other hand, the L. clavatum alkaloid fraction increased the expression of neural stem cell marker genes (Nestin and PAX6) and decreased neuron marker genes. In conclusion, these results established that alkaloid fraction from H. serrata promoted differentiation of the mouse NSCs to neuron cells, and L. clavatum extract had a capacity for stemness maintenance