Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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THE EFFECT OF CHLOROGENIC ACID IN ROBUSTA LAMPUNG GREEN COFFEE EXTRACT (Coffee canephora var Robusta) AS AN ANTIOXIDANT IN LAYER CHICKEN INFECTED WITH Salmonella enteritidis BACTERIA
Get PDFThe poultry industry is crucial in meeting the population's nutritional needs worldwide. However, various bacterial infections have been reported in poultry chickens, decreasing their production rate. Farmers have been using synthetic antibiotic agents to manage these infections, which are costly and have several side effects. One of the most commonly reported bacterial pathogens is Salmonella enteritidis, which causes high mortality and low poultry production. Mortality and illness rates are associated with gastrointestinal diseases caused by suboptimal absorption. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of Chlorogenic acid (CGA) from robusta lampung green coffee extract on S. enteritidis infected chickens. ISA brown day-old layer chickens were used in this study. A total of sixty chickens were divided into five groups, with each group having 12 replications. The formulated groups were C+ (chicken infected by S. enteritidis 108 CFU/ml), C- (healthy chicken), T1 (chicken infected by S. enteritidis 108 CFU/ml and 500 mg/kg BW (bodyweight) coffee extract), T2 (chicken infected by S. enteritidis 108 CFU/ml and 1000 mg/kg BW coffee extract), T3 (chicken infected by S. enteritidis 108 CFU/ml and 1500 mg/kg BW coffee extract). The Nrf2, HO-1, and SOD levels were measured using BD cell quest ProT programmed through the flow cytometry method. Data of total cells were calculated for their average value and obtained data were statistically analyzed by One Way ANOVA (p<0,5). The results of the study showed that giving coffee extract at a dosage of 500 mg/kg BW to S. enteritidis infected chickens increased the Nrf2 and SOD levels but decreased HO levels. This research showed that Lampung robusta coffee extract could potentially be an anti-inflammatory compound and antioxidant for poultry industries
Effect of culture medium composition on somatic embryos induction and maturation of pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) var. (Smooth Cayenne)]
Get PDFThe cultivation of pineapple contributes 1.6% of the gross Ivorian national product (GDP). However, this crop is facing a severe production crisis due to the aging of the orchards. Revising this sector requires the rejuvenation of orchards with healthy and improved planting material. This work was conducted to study the conditions for the efficient in vitro production of restorative pineapple planting material by somatic embryogenesis. The effects of seven culture media consisting of a different combination of nitrogen sources (casein hydrolyzate, glutamine, and glycine), cytokinins (kinetin or BAP), and auxins (2,4-D or picloram) were tested on somatic embryos induction and maturation in pineapple. Results of the study revealed that EIM1 (EIM added with 3 mg.L-1 picloram, 0.05 mg.L-1BAP, 2 mg.L-1 glycine, 1000 mg.L-1glutamine, 100 mg.L-1casein hydrolyzate) and EIM5 (EIM added with 2 mg.L-1glycine, 100 mg.L-1casein hydrolyzate, 0.2 mg.L-1kinetin) media induced the highest numbers of embryogenic cells, i.e., 154 and 149 cells respectively. Further, the EIM5 medium was more embryogenic, with the most significant number of mature embryos (66 mature embryos), and allowed the observation of all embryonic maturation stages. Embryogenic cell induction in pineapple is thought to be controlled by a low NH4+/NO3- ratio in interactions with phytohormones. In the presence of 2,4-D, embryogenic cell maturation was improved by kinetin addition to the culture medium containing glycine and casein hydrolyzate
Plant RNA-binding proteins as key players in abiotic stress physiology
Get PDFAbiotic stress has a major effect on global crop production. Hence, plants have evolved and developed several response mechanisms to survive and grow under abiotic stresses. Plant cells can sense and respond to changes in different environmental stresses due to the specific modifications observed in gene expression, metabolism, and physiology. Only a few recognized sensors have been found due to the difficulty of functional redundancy in genes that code for sensor proteins. A defect in one gene causes no remarkable phenotypic changes in stress responses. Recent research has identified crucial RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) important for stimulus-specific responses. RBPs play a crucial part in plants’ growth and development, post-transcriptional gene regulation, and RNA metabolism induced during stress responses. Among the currently identified over 200 different RBPs, the majority of which are plant-specific and carry out plant-specific functions. As an essential component of plants’ adaptive process in different environmental conditions, RBPs regulate the following processes: RNA stability, RNA export, pre-mRNA splicing, polyadenylation, and chromatin modification. Plants have also developed different defense responses or molecular mechanisms to combat stress via genotypic and phenotypic expressions. With a unique understanding of RBPs in other organisms, RBPs functions in a plant are still limited. Hence, this review discusses the latest developments in RBPs function during the development and growth of plants, primarily under abiotic stress circumstances
In silico targeting enterotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus with selected flavonoids: Hope for the discovery of natural anti-mastitis agents
Get PDFStaphylococcus aureus is a facultative anaerobe and catalase-positive bacterium responsible for various skin infections and life-threatening problems, including bacteremia and pneumonia. This bacterium produces a bunch of superantigens in the blood called enterotoxin. This toxin is responsible for food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Moreover, Bovine mastitis is also associated with S. aureus. Further, S. aureus related to drug resistance makes the infection more dreadful. Now a day, various natural compounds such as phytochemicals are gaining importance as they are effective against many diseases, including S. aureus infections. The present study used molecular docking of three ligands, i.e., Kaempferol, Apigenin, and Quercetin, with enterotoxin A from S. aureus. The docking study revealed that the binding energy of ligands with receptors was -6.6 to -6.9 Kcal/mol. Kaempferol had the highest binding affinity of -6.9 Kcal/mol, suggesting it has a potential against S. aureus. Therefore, in the current research, we have tried to identify occurring compounds that might be used to develop an effective anti-S.aureus agent. The findings are encouraging and will aid researchers in creating new mastitis-fighting medications based on natural phytochemicals
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on tuberculosis management in India: A Brief Overview
Get PDFChronicles suggests that emerging and re-emerging viral infections disrupting the normal lifestyle of humankind, whether in the form of HIV, Ebola, Influenza, Nepah, or the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Such viral infections disrupt the healthcare system along with the prevention and control of epidemics and pandemics, resulting in an increased burden of such diseases in the post-pandemic period. Tuberculosis (TB) routine services are interfered with by severe lockdowns due to the new COVID-19 virus. This article tried to measure the long-term epidemiological effects of such interruptions on TB prevalence in high-burden countries. The participating facilities performed a comprehensive review based on modifications to the care of TB patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrospectively, clinical factors and household contact information were collected from a literature survey. Researchers looked at numerous strategies over the following five years to see whether they might lessen the effects on TB incidence and death. Present comprehensive literature was collected and analyzed using suitable keywords such as "COVID-19," "Pandemics," "Tuberculosis," and "India" during the current COVID-19 pandemic to investigate the influence of COVID-19 on tuberculosis management. The present article looks at the effects of the breaks in the delivery of TB care in hospital and primary care settings. Lockdown, social isolation, measures to prevent viral transmission, and public health guidelines impacted tuberculosis care. The present study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected numerous TB prevention, monitoring, and treatment programs. Still, these adverse effects are diminished by the prompt restoration of TB services and the application of particular therapies as soon as restrictions are lifted
Effects of lipoperoxidation and mitochondrial state on milk yield of dairy cows under technological stress
Get PDFEvaluation of the physiological state of cattle is crucial in creating healthy, high-performing dairy cattle herds. Technological stress is one of the most critical factors determining the biological potential of higher-yielding cows. This work aimed to assess the effect of technological stress on various oxidative parameters and mitochondrial states in dairy cows' blood, milk yield and milk composition. The study was conducted on the black-and-white breed of healthy herds. Regrouping, changing service personnel, and carrying out veterinary and sanitary manipulations were considered technological stress factors. The concentration of cortisol in the blood serum was studied by the immunological method. The concentrations of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugates (D.C.), Schiff bases (S.B.), reduced glutathione and catalase activity were measured spectrophotometrically. The mitochondrial state was estimated by laser interference microscopy. While the milk yield, protein and lipid composition of cow milk were studied using an ultrasound analyzer. The researched indicators were analyzed before and for 30 days after the effect of technological stress. Results of the study suggested that technological stress caused an increase in oxidative processes, along with a reduction of antioxidant activity of blood and milk at the initial stages of registration (1-7 days). The concentration of glutathione remained reduced for 30 days after technological stress. A decrease in mitochondrial refractoriness and disintegration accompanied these processes. The milk yield indicator decreased was not restored to the values of intact animals by 30 days after technological stress. Further, the protein and lipid composition also reduced. Thus, a decrease in the quantity and quality of milk under technological stress may be mediated by the development of oxidative stress, which the refractoriness and disintegration of mitochondria might trigger
Haberlea rhodopensis alcohol extract normalizes stress-responsive transcription of the human TP53 gene
Get PDFThe Orpheus flower Haberlea rhodopensis (Friv.) of the family Gesneriaceae can go into anabiosis for long periods in an almost entirely desiccated state. It is an endemic relict from the Balkan Peninsula. Alcohol extracts from H. rhodopensis contain many biologically active substances with potent antioxidant, antigenotoxic, radioprotective, revitalizing and antiaging capabilities. However, regulating the gene networks responsible for these activities is vastly unknown. This study explores the cellular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of H. rhodopensis extracts (HRE). HeLa cells (human cervix epithelial carcinoma, HeLa ATCC® CCL-2™) were used as a model. We examined the changes in catalase activity and TP53 mRNA level shortly after oxidative (H2O2) and ionizing radiation (IR) induced stress with and without pre-incubation with HRE extracts. The dynamics in the activity of catalase, a main cellular antioxidant enzyme, and the expression of the stress-responsive gene TP53 were investigated by UV spectrophotometric assay and RT-qPCR, respectively. Under the applied stress conditions, H2O2 treatment and gamma radiation, catalase activity increased. This was a sign of induced ROS generation. In the first hours after treatment, the two stressors led to opposite changes in the levels of TP53 gene expression, which were alleviated by pre-incubation with HRE in a concentration-dependent manner. The broad biological activities of the studied extract, taking into account our results, show that ability of HRE to reduce the effect of stress is achieved through complex molecular mechanisms aimed at preserving cellular homeostasis. Mechanisms include the normalization of antioxidant enzyme activity such as catalase and the activity of TP53, one of the genes responsive to stress, by up or down-regulation
Effect of AM fungi during salt stress on biochemical content in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
Get PDFGinger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a highly-grown spice crop; its aromatic rhizomes are commercially important due to its high importance in the diet as a spice and some medicinal values. Irrigation methods in India increase salt content in the soil. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi assist plants under salt stress. However, the vital role of mycorrhizal fungi in ginger salt tolerance has not been evaluated yet and needs to emphasize on its evaluation. The present investigation was conducted to assess the efficacy of AM fungi on ginger plants grown under different salt concentrations. In the current investigation level of Chlorophyll, nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, Proteins, Proline, reducing sugars, and total soluble carbohydrates contents have been evaluated to estimate the Growth and biochemical parameters. The study revealed that AM fungi significantly contributed to the salt stress tolerance of Ginger plants. Statistical analysis found an enormously significant correlation between growth parameters and salt tolerance. Pearson correlation coefficient has been used as testimony, resulting in a positive correlation of the use of AM fungi on ginger plant's Growth and biochemical contents
Positive impacts of integrating flaxseed meal as a potential feed supplement in livestock and poultry production: Present scientific understanding
Get PDFWhen it comes to food and fiber production, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) has been around the longest. Oil makes up over 41% of a flaxseed's total weight; of that, more than 70% is polyunsaturated. Protein, dietary fiber, α-linolenic acid (ALA), flaxseed gum, and many other beneficial compounds are abundant in flaxseed meal (FSM). There is as much as 30% crude protein in FSM. Therefore, FSM can serve as a source of excellent protein for livestock. FSM increases the efficiency and effectiveness of livestock and poultry farming. FSM can be used as an essential protein feed component in cattle and poultry farming, boosting production and profitability. Because it contains anti-nutritional ingredients such as cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, phytic acid, oxalic acid and an anti-vitamin B6 factor, the use of FSM in livestock and poultry diets is restricted. Animal nutritionists have recently shown a growing interest in reducing anti-nutritional elements and boosting FSM's nutritional value. Recently, fermented FSM has been used to feed cattle and poultry; hence its dietary benefits have not yet been fully assessed. The present article, therefore, addresses the chemical make-up, bioactive components, anti-nutritional aspects, and positive impacts of FSM in livestock and poultry production
Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Selected Tropical Reservoirs of Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria
Get PDFIn Ekiti State, southwest Nigeria, Oreochromis niloticus is significant to live. This investigation was conducted to improve its sustainable management and access the length-weight relationship and condition factor of O. niloticus across important reservoirs in Ekiti State from November 2017 to October 2019. Collected specimens were weighed to the nearest gram, while the entire lengths were measured to the closest centimetre. Log-transformed regression was used to determine the fish's growth pattern in the reservoirs. The gradient comparison was done using the T-test. The length and weight of the species in the reservoirs showed a significant association. All length-weight relationships had r2 values greater than 0.8150 and were significant at P < 0.05. In the length-weight relationship of O. niloticus, the values of the exponent b in Egbe, Ero, and Ureje reservoirs varied from 2.45 to 2.87, 3.02 to 3.20, and 2.45 to 2.82, respectively. The results of regression coefficient b obtained showed that in the combined season, male, female and combined sexes from the Ero reservoir had isometric growth patterns with growth exponent b values of 3.18, 3.20 and 3.19 respectively that were not statistically different from 3. These results contradicted the negative allometric growth pattern in the Egbe and Ureje reservoirs. The condition factor during the dry season ranged from 1.93-2.05, 2.05-2.11, and 1.93-2.03 for fish in Egbe, Ero, and Ureje reservoirs, respectively while in the rainy season, it ranged from 2.00-2.02; 2.08-2.09 and 1.96-2.01 respectively. The fish species studied in the reservoirs lived above- average life and thus indicate that the prevailing ecological conditions in the reservoirs were not beyond the forbearance range for the fish species since their condition factors were within the range considered adequate for freshwater fishes in tropical waters