Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
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Effect of stress during exam time on immunity - A Survey based study
Get PDFRecent research indicates an escalating prevalence of stress among students during exam time. Our study aims to explore the correlation between stress induced by exams, its impact on immunity, and the varying effects of stress levels on students' health outcomes. A random online questionnaire survey involving 252 students across three educational levels, school, undergraduate, and postgraduate, have been conducted in this study. This study assessed stress levels, related symptoms experienced during exams, and stress-related health outcomes. The data were analyzed using Venn diagrams and statistically interpreted with Pearson correlation analysis and one-tailed ANOVA. The results revealed that across all three educational levels, females experience higher stress levels than males during exam periods. Additionally, females facing similar stress levels were found to be more susceptible to health issues than their male counterparts. Increased stress levels were correlated with higher incidences of weakness and digestive problems. These findings are consistent with previous research indicating that females are significantly more affected by stress than males and that stress is associated with adverse health outcomes. Our study underscores the need for further investigation into stress and immune response dynamics. Future research could explore blood biomarkers to understand these relationships better
Investigating the antimicrobial activity of neem and clove extract on biofilm-producing oral microflora
Get PDFPeriodontal disease, a serious gum infection, is reported to be widespread in the Indian population. A heterogeneous microbial population, predominantly consisting of gram-negative anaerobes such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Porphyromonas intermedia, is associated with periodontal plaque formation. This condition may be worsened by the invasion of soft tissues by different species of Candida. Natural products like clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) are very popular and easily available in the Indian climate and have great potential in preventing periodontitis. Azadirachta indica (Neem) exhibits versatile modes of action, including reported antimicrobial effects against several species associated with periodontal disease. Therefore, this study aims to detect the antimicrobial and antifungal effects of Neem and clove on oral biofilm both before and after biofilm formation. Results of the study revealed that both neem and clove crude extracts and their different dilution showed a significant reduction in the growth of fungal strains (Candida sp.) isolated from oral samples from people with poor hygiene and the biofilm produced by them
Unleashing the future: Exploring the transformative prospects of artificial intelligence in veterinary science
Get PDFArtificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative paradigm, promising revolutionary advancements in animal healthcare. Leveraging AI's unparalleled capacity for rapid data analysis significantly enhances diagnostic precision and speed, thereby facilitating informed decision-making by veterinarians. Predictive medicine powered by AI not only anticipates disease outbreaks but also enables tracking zoonotic diseases and predicting individual health risks for animals. AI helps to generate personalized treatment plans by analyzing genetic, environmental, and historical data. Remote monitoring and telemedicine, empowered by AI, overcome geographical constraints and offer continuous care, enabling veterinarians to track vital signs and intervene promptly. However, as AI becomes integral to veterinary practice, ethical considerations surrounding data privacy, transparency, and responsible AI use are crucial. This review explores the scope of AI in enhancing research and drug development, highlighting its ability to improve the discovery process and contribute to novel therapeutic interventions. It emphasizes the necessity of maintaining a delicate balance between AI-driven automation and the expertise of veterinary professionals. As the veterinary community moves toward embracing the transformative potential of AI, this comprehensive examination provides valuable insights into the current scenario. It discusses the challenges, opportunities, implications, and ethical considerations that shape the future of AI in veterinary science
Highlighting the Importance of Matrix Metalloproteinase 1, 8, and 9 Expression during the Progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Get PDFTuberculosis (TB) is one of the major threats to public health; annually it kills more than 1.5 million people around the globe. Tuberculosis is caused by an intracellular pathogen named Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This Mtb enters the lung through the respiratory passage by inhalation in healthy individuals. Infection of this disease starts from the settlement of Mtb to the lung alveoli of the host from the external bacilli air droplets. After settlement, the multiplication of Mtb results in the induction of innate immunity through the alveolar macrophages. Compared to other infectious diseases, tuberculosis infection was transmitted rapidly by the infected aerosols released from infected persons to healthy persons through the air. After infection, disease development results in the formation of drug-resistance TB (DR-TB) with four subcategories, i.e. Single-drug resistant TB (SDR-TB), multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB), extensive drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), and total-drug resistant TB (TDR-TB). As a result, this DR-TB may act as a major source of TB death due to spontaneous antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This AMR makes the anti-TB drugs ineffective. In the current scenario, researchers are trying to find the drug target to decrease tuberculosis progression instead of drug resistance. The present review reports that the outcome of research studies showed that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) may act as a suitable target for treating Mtb infection with the help of specific proteinase inhibitors. Recent reports have shown the specific role of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 8, and 9 in the disease progression and its role in normal homeostasis mechanism with the help of specific animal models/In vitro models
Principal component analysis of morpho-floral traits in Oryza sativa × Oryza longistaminata advanced backcross lines of rice
Get PDFHybrid rice technology substantially improves the food security of South Asian countries where rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food. Several traits contribute to hybrid seed production efficiency, among which stigma exsertion is crucial for enhancing production by facilitating out-crossing pollination. This study evaluated the variation patterns and relative impact of 12 morpho-floral traits on overall variability in advanced backcross lines derived from crosses CRMS 32B cv. Oryza sativa and Oryza longistaminata. For this study, 290 BC4F2 lines were grown during Kharif 2019 in 3 replications using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on all traits, and the findings revealed 11 principal components (PCs). Out of 11 PCs, the first five displayed eigenvalues exceeding 1, collectively explaining 78.78% of the total variability. PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5 contributed 26.36%, 19.94%, 14.22%, 9.81%, and 8.44% of the variation, with eigenvalues of 3.16, 2.39, 1.71, 1.18 and 1.01, respectively. PC1 was predominantly associated with yield-related traits such as panicle length, plant height, grain yield per plant, grains per panicle, and effective tillers per plant. On the other hand, PC2 was mainly associated with outcrossing-related floral traits such as total stigma exsertion percentage, dual stigma exsertion percentage, and single stigma exsertion percentage. However, PC3 and PC4 were associated with both floral and yield-related traits, i.e., days to 50% flowering (DF), days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), effective tillers per plant (ETPP), spikelet fertility percentage (SFP), grain yield per plant (GYPP) and grains per panicle (GPP). Therefore, PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 were major contributors to rice hybrid seed production
Potential Nitrogen Fixing Rhizobia Isolated from Some Wild Legumes of Nagaland Based on RAPD with Nif-directed Primer and Their Biochemical Activities
Get PDFWild legumes are widely dispersed and can survive in challenging environments as bacteria dwell in their nodules and help each other. Although Nagaland is home to many wild legume varieties, research on the microbial diversity that goes along with them is still in its infancy. This work aimed to characterize several wild legume root nodules and distinguish possible rhizobial isolates using RAPD and nif-directed RPO1 primer. Nodule bacteria were isolated in Yeast extract culture media. Based on their colony morphology, 150 isolates were selected for performing RAPD with nif-directed RPO1 primer. Eighty-four isolates were bonded with RPO1 primer, and a few biochemical tests were conducted on RPO1-positive isolates. Activities that promoted plant development were also investigated for these isolates. Of all the isolates, 18 exhibited phosphate solubilization capacity, while 38 isolates were found to produce IAA. This study entails a large variety of rhizobia in the nodules, which were able to promote growth. Hence, these isolates promise to be bio-fertilizers that could improve agricultural operations
HPLC based Phytochemicals Analysis of Phyllanthus emblica (Indian Gooseberry/Amla): A mini Review
Get PDFHigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical tool extensively used for the scientific analysis of components in a mixture. Several reports attribute its high analytical potential to bioactive components from different medicinal plants. Hepatic disorders, which have been a major threat to public health for decades, affect cells, tissues, structure, or liver function. The damage caused by this can be triggered by biological causes, autoimmune diseases, excessive alcohol consumption, or the action of different compounds, for instance, few medicines. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. is a therapeutic plant that has been used to treat liver disorders in Asia for many decades now. It is mentioned in the Ayurvedic scriptures for its medicinal value. This review focuses on the intricacies of HPLC-based extraction and analysis of medicinally important phytochemicals, notably for hepatic disorders from the P. emblica plant. This will be useful for future phytochemical analysts working with medicinal plants
Antibiotic-Induced Changes in Efflux Transporter Expression: A Key Factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Resistance
Get PDFListed by WHO as an antibiotic-resistant priority pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A.) is a serious threat in nosocomial infections. Its high antibiotic resistance is attributed to major mechanisms that can be categorized into intrinsic, acquired, and adaptive resistance. This study tests the ability of three commonly used antibiotics to inhibit new biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilm growth, as well as investigate changes in the expression levels of selected genes coding for multidrug efflux pumps in P.A. planktonic cells and biofilms before and after treatment with antibiotics to provide a conceptual estimate of the activity of the efflux transporters that work to extrude antibiotics leading to a reduction in their effectiveness. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted with Ofloxacin (OFLX), Tobramycin (TOB), and Ceftazidime (CAZ) to determine Mean Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Mean Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using microtiter plate-based biofilm assay and spectrophotometric quantification. Extraction of total RNA was performed from planktonic cultures, inhibition phase, and eradication phase P.A. biofilms. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was utilized to analyze the changes in expression of the mexAB, mexXY, and oprM genes. Three (3) antibiotics that have proven to show less resistance are OFLX, TOB, and CAZ when tested against overnight cultures of P.A. strain PA01. Results showed that OFLX is best for bactericidal properties, which is also supported by the viability assay data obtained from Propidium Iodide staining. Our study showed that the PAO1 strain is susceptible to OFLX for both inhibition and eradication of mature biofilms. TOB was most effective at higher concentrations in the eradication phase
Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties of Biogas Slurry as an Organic Fertilizer for Sustainable Agriculture
Get PDFChemical fertilizers have been extensively used for growing crops and controlling plant diseases, but they pose potential hazards to the environment, soil health, plants, and people. The current world situation highlights the need to implement eco-friendly agricultural practices for sustainable crop production. Using environmentally friendly manure, such as biogas slurry, can help reduce the negative effects of chemical fertilizers. Biogas slurry is an efficient waste material and organic fertilizer, making it an ideal supplement for sustainable crop production and waste management. An experiment was conducted at IARI, New Delhi, to explore the nutrient potential of biogas slurry. The main objective of this study was to assess biogas slurry's physico-chemical characteristics and nutrient contents. Samples of biogas slurry were collected in three replications and analyzed using standard methods for macro and micronutrients. The data revealed that biogas slurry has a pH of 7.2-8.5, EC of 1.06 to 1.12 dS/m, and organic carbon content of 41.7 to 45.8%. In terms of fertility, it contains significant amounts of nitrogen (1.98-2.17%), phosphorus (0.97 to 1.15%), and potassium (1.98 to 2.17%). Additionally, biogas slurry contains micronutrients such as Zn (0.023-0.027 ppm), Cu (0.005-0.009 ppm), Fe (0.32-0.38 ppm), and Mn (0.089-0.094 ppm). Statistical analysis using ANOVA and Post Hoc tests indicated that the mean data values among all three replications do not differ significantly. Therefore, it can be concluded that the nutritive value of biogas slurry is sufficient to reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers in agriculture. It represents an optimal long-term organic remedy for developing fertile soil, ensuring enduring agricultural productivity, and mitigating the negative environmental impacts associated with waste management
The underlying factors of occurrence of Mucormycosis in post-COVID-19 patients – A meta-analysis of case histories
Get PDFMucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. It usually affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with uncontrolled diabetes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, iatrogenic immunosuppression, and hematological malignancies, as well as individuals who have had organ transplants. The type of mucormycosis a person suffers from is often determined by their underlying conditions. The most common types are rhino-cerebral mucormycosis, pulmonary mucormycosis, cutaneous mucormycosis, cerebral mucormycosis, gastrointestinal mucormycosis, and disseminated mucormycosis. The incidence of mucormycosis has been increasing over the years, with an overall mortality rate of 54%. Recent cases have shown a correlation between COVID-19 and mucormycosis. Using anti-inflammatory drugs to combat the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19 can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections like mucormycosis. Underlying health conditions further exacerbate the condition. This study reviewing 198 cases of mucormycosis and conducting a meta-analysis found that post-COVID-19 patients most commonly developed rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis, followed by pulmonary and gastrointestinal mucormycosis. The study also identified diabetes as the most common underlying factor contributing to the development of mucormycosis in post-COVID-19 patients, followed by hypertension and obesity. The study also examined the influence of age, affected organs, and the use of certain drugs on the development of mucormycosis. Age was found to be a significant factor in the infection. This meta-analysis is one of the first to compare post-COVID mucormycosis cases with those from the pre-COVID era. The hope is that this study and analysis will help identify the determinants of mucormycosis in post-COVID patients and aid the scientific community in finding a solution to this problem