PT. ETFLIN Scientific Society (Sciences of Phytochemistry)
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Knowledge Level of OTC and OTC Limited Drugs Use for Self-medication in the Community of Tondo Village, Mantikulore District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Full text linkSelf-medication, the act of treating oneself without a doctor's prescription, carries inherent risks, as evidenced by the substantial 85.85% engagement in this practice among Central Sulawesi residents in 2021, according to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics. This study, conducted in Tondo Village from August to November 2021 with a sample of 386 respondents, aimed to illuminate the characteristics of those partaking in self-medication. Noteworthy findings included a majority of female respondents (52.3%), aged 26-35 (24.4%), engaged in household work (31.1%), and with a high school education background (46.4%). Common minor illnesses addressed through self-medication encompassed fever (15.54%), ulcers (7.46%), coughs (15.54%), flu (18.91%), diarrhea (2.85%), headaches (1.30%), and allergies (0.78%). Examining over-the-counter (OTC) and OTC limited medicines, prevalent choices included paracetamol for fever (33.16%), antacids for ulcers (75.70%), Komix® for coughs (28.8%), Mixagrib® for flu (36.99%), Entrostop® for diarrhea (70.00%), Ibuprofen for headaches (100%), and CTM for allergies (100%), with 61.46% procured from pharmacies or drug stores. The selection of medications often stemmed from personal or familial usage history (84.46%), and 47.15% opted for self-medication to economize on treatment costs. Encouragingly, the study found that 75.09% of respondents exhibited good knowledge regarding the use of OTC and OTC-limited drugs for self-medication, underscoring the importance of ongoing education and awareness for responsible self-medication practices in the community
Thermal Behavior of Polymers in Solid-State
Full text linkA variety of potential polymers with chemical and physical stability characteristics and abundant availability lead to the rapid application of polymers in various fields. One of the crucial things that are crucial to be discussed from such polymers is the characteristic of thermal behavior. Each type of polymer such as natural and synthetic has different thermal characteristics, including Tc, Tg, Tm, and Td which can be the determining factor of polymer selection of processing and application temperature. The thermal properties will also affect molecular interactions, physical stability in manufacturing, distribution, and storage. Therefore, in this article will appoint a study on the thermal characteristics of natural and synthetic polymers, the effect of modification on the thermal properties of polymers, efforts to increase the stability of thermal, and polymer applications in the field of pharmaceutical technology
Quality by Design: Approach to Analytical Method Validation
Full text linkA pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated by a quality policy in its management. The principles of Quality by Design (QbD) must be applied to ensure the development of pragmatic and systematic methods while managing the risks associated with analytical methods. Quality by Design (QbD) is a scientific way to develop easy and robust analytical techniques for critical analysis. Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic approach to product or method development that starts with predetermined goals and uses a science and risk management approach to achieve product and method understanding. The concept of risk management is deeply integrated into the quality assurance system to ensure pharmaceutical quality and patient safety. In the context of quality control, detecting impurities in raw materials and finished products is a major concern. Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) aims to achieve quality in measurement. The main objectives are to explain the various steps involved in developing a method using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach for the development of analytical methods and to explain the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) in the validation of analytical procedures. The advantages of applying Quality by Design (QbD) principles to analytical techniques include finding and minimizing sources of variability that could lead to poor method robustness and ensuring that the method meets the desired performance requirements over the product and method life cycle. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) strategy is increasingly being adopted as it allows an early understanding of the method and guarantees the determination of a wider set of experimental conditions
Method and Critical Aspect of Semisolid Mixing
Full text linkSemisolid preparations are widely used to deliver drugs through the skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, urethral membrane, and outer ear lining. They can prevent the first-pass metabolism, reduce side effects, provide immediate local effects, and increase patient compliance. However, an improper manufacturing process will produce a system with bad characteristics, one of which is the mixing process. Several conditions that need to be considered, such as vacuum, temperature, humidity, pressure, stirring speed, stirring time, shear stress, the volume of the mixture, and type of impeller, can affect the consistency, size, and dispersion of particle size, homogeneity, porosity, reactivity, and other characteristics that affect the quality of the semisolid system. Therefore, this article discusses the critical aspects of semisolid mixing, the types, principles, and specifications of several mixer tools and impellers, and how they affect the characteristics of semisolid systems. This review concludes that each type of semisolid preparation requires an impeller and mixer with the specifications and mixing conditions that suit the needs in maintaining the stability and quality of the semisolid system
Antibiotic Use in Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Gangrene at Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda Hospital
Full text linkGangrene is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus. Along with the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), the prevalence of gangrene and necrosis manifestations such as ulcers and infections will ascend. The selection of appropriate antibiotics is critical in infection therapy. Inappropriate use of antibiotics will result in antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this research aims to overview demographic, clinical characteristics, antibiotic use profiles, and antibiotic-related problems for DM patients with gangrene at the Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda Hospital. The study was retrospective research and was conducted in July-December 2021. Twenty-one patients met the inclusion criteria, and demographic data showed that most patients were men 57% (n=11), and most age was 39-59 years (57%, n=12). The longest period of suffering from gangrene was 6-10 years (14%, n=3). The most common length of hospitalization was 8-14 days, as reported by 52 percent (n=11) of patients, and the most common duration of antibiotic use was ten days, as reported by 86 percent (n=18) of patients. A single-used antibiotic was ceftriaxone (19%, n=4) patients. The most used antibiotic combination was ceftriaxone and metronidazole (81%, n=17). Fourteen patients used antibiotics appropriately in dosage, route, and frequency. Four patients were unsuitable for the benefit of antibiotics in terms of antibiotic type, and three patients were unsuitable for antibiotic use in terms of duration of administration
Evaluation of Mixed Intravenous Preparation in Patients at the Hospital "X" Samarinda's Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
Full text linkMixing intravenous preparation, especially in patients' intensive care unit (ICU) at the hospital, requires special attention on their higher medication errors, such as nosocomial infection and incompatibility drugs. The personnel, facilities, infrastructure, and mixing process must be carefully considered when preparing sterile mixtures. This study aims to calculate the percentage of suitability for the mixing process for intravenous preparations based on the Basic Guidelines for Dispensing Sterile Preparations, Guidelines for Injectable and Cytostatic Drugs in 2009, and the Handbook of Injectable Drugs Edition 16th for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients at the hospital “X” Samarinda. The research is descriptive research using sheets of observational data collection. The research subjects are mixing facilities, infrastructure, and procedures. We found as many as 215 processes of mixing intravenous preparations in the ICU, showing that nurses carried out 100% of compounding, 100% of the infrastructure did not have a clean room, LAF, and pass box, 53% carried out the mixing process according to procedures, and physical quality tests. Drug preparations follow the Handbook of Injectable Drugs Edition 16th. The preparations produced are clear and free of foreign particles
Pharmacophore Modeling and Molecular Docking of Flavonoid Derivatives in Abelmoschus manihot Against Human Estrogen Receptor Alpha of Breast Cancer
Full text linkTamoxifen is the most commonly used anti-estrogen adjuvant therapy for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. However, it is associated with an increased risk of some serious side effects, such as uterine cancer, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. The flavonoid compounds in the leaves of A. manihot inhibited the growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells at a CTC50 concentration of 185.06 μg/ml. Therefore, this study aims to examine the molecular interactions and pharmacophore modeling based on the interaction of 4-OHT with human ER, followed by the molecular docking of the flavonoid derivatives with human ERα. The molecular docking simulations and 3D structure-based pharmacophore models were used to identify the molecular interactions of flavonoid derivatives in A. manihot on estrogen receptors (ERα) (PDB ID: 3ERT). The results showed that the binding energies of the flavonoid derivatives in isorhamnetin and isoquercitrin were -8.68 kcal/mol and -8.75 kcal/mol, respectively. This compound also interacted with Arg394 and Glu353 important amino acid residues in the ERα-binding pocket. Meanwhile, the pharmacophore fit scores of isorhamnetin and isoquercitrin were 82.36% and 84.91%, respectively. The flavonoid derivatives in A. manihot had pharmacophore fit resulting from the 4-OHT complex with ER, and therefore they had potential as ERα antagonists. Out of the 10 flavonoid derivatives, isorhamnetin and isoquercitrin showed the best docking scores and could be used as candidates for new anti-breast cancer drugs with antagonistic activity against ERα
Instant Granules of Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Ethanol Extract as Antioxidants
Full text linkFree radicals in the air can trigger dangerous diseases, such as cancer and premature aging. To avoid this, antioxidant compounds are needed to donate electrons to free radicals, causing them to become more stable. A powerful antioxidant can be found in nature, including the mangosteen peel. This study aimed to find the best instant granule preparation formula from mangosteen peel extract (MPE) that can be practically consumed and the antioxidant stability during preparation. The wet granulation method was used to make instant granules, which have four formulas with varying amounts of xanthan gum as a suspending agent and maltodextrin as a solubility enhancer. The antioxidant activity was examined using the DPPH method. Based on the findings, formula 4 had the best properties with a drying shrinkage of 1.80%, a flow rate of 11.54 ± 1.56 g/s, repose's angle of 29.112 ± 0.45ᵒ, carr index of 14.043 ± 1.9%, and dispersion rate of 0.164 g/s. There is no residue in the solution. The shape and taste of this formula were most acceptable. The antioxidant activity of the extract and instant granules was not significantly different, with the IC50 of 34.64 μg/ml and 44.12 μg/ml, respectively. Based on the test result, it can be concluded that formula 4 with a concentration of xanthan gum 1% and 20% maltodextrin is a potent antioxidant supplement
Profile of Intravenous Preparation Mixing in Patients at the Regional General Hospital's Intensive Care Unit Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda
Full text linkCompatibility is one of the quality characteristics of intravenous (IV) preparations that influences the effectiveness of patient therapy in the intensive care Unit (ICU). This study aimed to determine the compatibility profile of IV medication formulations given to ICU patients. This prospective observational research was undertaken on patients in the ICU of a private hospital in Samarinda. The data on the intravenous combination of drugs were compared in this study utilizing the ASHP Injectable Drug Information literature 21st edition, Injectable drug guide, and Manual Book. Injectable Drug Mixing was published in 2009 as a resource for determining the compatibility of intravenous formulations. Using certain criteria, combinations of intravenous medicines and their solvents are classed as compatible (C), incompatible (I), and unknown (U). The ICU had 25 patients, 15 of whom were male, and 10 of them were female. There is no mixing of drug compounds containing incompatible solvents. All drugs were carried out with 100% compatible solvents. The limited information related to the compatibility and stability of these intravenous preparations encourages continuous monitoring of the patient's condition and drug levels
Impact of Preparation Method in Co-Amorphous System
Full text linkThe co-amorphous solid dispersion system is one of the methods to improve the physicochemical characteristics and stability of a drug. With the appropriate material ratio and preparation method, a co-amorphous solid dispersion system can increase the bioavailability of the drug due to an increase in solubility. In addition, the co-amorphous system will maintain its amorphous shape longer than a single compound. However, using unsuitable materials and methods for co-amorphous fabrication will precipitate them and diminish their bioavailability. As a result, exploring the fundamentals of co-amorphous manufacturing methods is essential. This article discusses the physicochemical properties and solubility of co-amorphous mixtures prepared by solvent evaporation, milling, and quenching methods. Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar literature were obtained using the keywords 'co-amorphous preparation', 'co-amorphous method', 'solvent evaporation for co-amorphous preparation', 'milling methods for co-amorphous preparation', and 'quenching method for co-amorphous preparation'. We excluded literature whose application was not in the medical field. Based on the findings, the co-amorphous preparation methods have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Solvent evaporation can only be used on a small scale. Milling techniques are laborious and time-consuming but have a large yield and less chemical destruction, while the quenching method is only intended for thermostable compounds