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Enhancing Lignite Flotation Via Ultrasound: The Potential of Waste Motor Oil as an Eco-Friendly Collector
No full textWaste motor oil (WMO) is considered one of the major pollutants in the automotive sector that poses significant risks to both environmental and human health. The present study investigated the potential application of WMO as a collector in the flotation of low-grade coal, supported by an ultrasonic pretreatment process. The results of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses revealed that waste motor oil (WMO) contains adsorbed hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing compounds on the surface of coal. When waste motor oil (WMO) was employed as a collector in coal flotation without any ultrasonic pretreatment, a clean coal recovery of 76.03% and an ash content of 13.21% were achieved at a dosage of 10 kg/t. These results indicate a significant performance improvement as compared to the conventional collector, diesel oil. Furthermore, the application of ultrasonic pretreatment prior to the use of WMO was found to enhance the process efficiency even further, reducing the ash content to 11.23% and increasing the clean coal recovery to 86.09%. Finally, ultrasonic treatment resulted in higher contact angle values for both WMO and diesel oil collectors, thereby further enhancing surface hydrophobicity. This effect was consistent with the observed improvements in combustible recovery and ash reduction. Taken together, the results of the present study indicate that WMO can be considered a sustainable alternative collector from both economic and environmental perspectives
Comparison of Different Interpolation Methods on the Estimation of Mean Gravity Anomaly
No full textIn gravimetric geoid determination, free-air gravity anomaly is used as input data. Therefore, gravity measurements taken on the physical Earth's surface are reduced to mean sea level and referred to free-air gravity anomalies. After the reduction, free-air gravity anomalies should be interpolated to grid centres for geoid determination studies. However, since free-air gravity anomalies contain topographic effects, they create an undulating surface and are not suitable for interpolation. To eliminate topographic effects, the Bouguer plate effect is removed from the free-air gravity anomalies, resulting in Bouguer gravity anomalies. After this step, Bouguer anomalies can be interpolated to grid centre. A review of the literature shows that there are several options for the interpolation process. In this study, it was aimed to determine the most accurate approach by using different interpolation methods to see the effects of the interpolation process. The state of Colorado, USA, was selected as the study area. The minimum, maximum and average topography in the study area are 1306 m, 4372 m and 2469 m, respectively. Thus, the KTH method providing successful results in mountainous regions, was chosen as the geoid determination method. The numerical results demonstrates that the inverse distance weighting method supplies the most accurate geoid model. In addition, the inverse distance weighting geoid model was used as a reference in the study and the geoid models obtained from other interpolation methods were compared. The comparisons showed that there were significant differences between the interpolation methods in high-altitude regions
Comparative Study of Heat Treatment Routes for Enhancing High-Temperature Wear Resistance of EBM-Processed Inconel 718
No full textAdditive manufacturing of nickel-based superalloys such as Inconel 718 via electron beam melting (EBM) has gained increasing attention for aerospace applications; however, challenges related to surface hardness and hightemperature wear resistance remain, highlighting the need for systematic post-processing strategies. In this study, the effects of several post-processing heat treatments-solutionizing, solutionizing + aging, boronizing, and boronizing + aging-on the microstructure and high temperature wear behavior applied of electron beam melting (EBM) additive-manufactured Inconel 718 were investigated. The materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness measurements, and high-temperature wear tests. The results showed that solutionizing and solutionizing + aging produced a more homogeneous structure compared to the as-built condition, while boronizing and boronizing + aging significantly increased the surface hardness, leading to a notable improvement in hightemperature wear resistance. The wear resistance followed the order: boronizing, boronizing + aging, solutionizing + aging, solutionizing, and as-built condition. The improvement in wear resistance through aging after solutionizing was attributed to the microstructural refinement involving the formation of gamma' and gamma" precipitates and carbides, which improved the strength and wear resistance. However, aging after boronizing weakened the hard boride layer due to coarsening and localized diffusion of boron into the core. Hardness played a crucial role in the effective wear mechanism: abrasive wear was prevalent in the as-built, solutionized, and solutionized + aged specimens, whereas microcracking was a significant mechanism in the boronized and boronized + aged specimens. With increased wear test temperature, oxidative wear and adhesive transfer became more pronounced, regardless of the post-processing treatment.The authors are grateful to Joakim Algardh of GE Additive, Sweden for providing the EBM-built specimens. One of the authors (SJ) would like to acknowledge the support from Swedish Governmental Agency of Innovation Systems (Vinnova) for the project Centre for Additive Man-ufacturing- Metal (CAM2) as a part of which this work was performed.Swedish Governmental Agency of Innovation Systems (Vinnova
Innovative Material Using Mechanical Steel Stitches in Shear-Deficient Reinforced Concrete Beams With Different Concrete Strengths
No full textShear damage in beams limits ductility and leads to a sudden loss of load-bearing capacity. Thus, shear strengthening is essential for maintaining structural performance. Although many conventional methods exist, they are practically restrictive due to implementation difficulties, architectural constraints, and high costs. Therefore, there is a need for strengthening techniques that are both economical and easy to implement. In this study, the results of a series of experimental studies on strengthening using mechanical steel stitches (MSS), which is an innovative method, are presented. A total of 24 beams with four different concrete compressive strengths, named R5, R10, R15, and R20, were tested, 4 of which were reference beams and 20 were reinforced with MSS. MSS spacings were chosen as a function of effective depth as d/3, d/2.5, d/2, d/1.7, and d/1.4. As a result of the four-point bending test of the reference and strengthened beams, the load-displacement relationship, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity were calculated, and their experimental behavior and failure modes were evaluated. As a result of the study, depending on the MSS spacing, as the compressive strength of the concrete increases, the effectiveness of the MSS on the shear capacity increases by up to 15%. When the yield stiffnesses were examined, a transition between 2% and 26% occurred, depending on the concrete compression strength. Thus, shear strengthening is essential for maintaining load-carrying capacity and structural performance. In the analytical calculation, it was observed that all beams strengthened with MSS contributed between 6% and 69% in the load-carrying capacity compared to the reference beams. When the damage analysis at the end of the experiment was examined, by increasing the MSS spacing, the failure mode of the beams changed from a diagonal tension failure to a splitting failure.Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu, Grant/Award Number: 122M091Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu [122M091
Analysis of the Relationships between Magnitude and Intensity in the Light of the February 6 Earthquakes: A Case Study of Hatay
No full textEarthquakes are among the most destructive natural disasters due to their unpredictable nature and multidimensional consequences. In addition to threatening the physical integrity of buildings, they also leave profound economic, social, and psychological effects on societal life. In this context, it is of great importance to scientifically analyze the fundamental parameters of earthquakes to minimize the destruction caused by seismic events. This thesis investigates the effects of the seismic motions generated by the Pazarcık (Mw: 7.7) and Elbistan (Mw: 7.6) earthquakes, which occurred on February 6, 2023, and the Yayladağı (Mw: 6.4) earthquake on February 20, 2023, specifically within the province of Hatay. In the study, relationships between parameters such as magnitude, intensity, focal depth, epicentral distance, acceleration, and earthquake duration were analyzed through empirical correlations. For this purpose, the correlations proposed by researchers such as Karnik, Shebalin, Medvedev, Gutenberg-Richter, M. İpek, A. Tabban-S. Gençoğlu, Kawasumi, Estava, Housner, and Bath were utilized. The parameters were calculated separately for each of the three major earthquakes; in addition, comparisons of epicentral distance, intensity, and focal depth were made for all the districts of Hatay. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that some correlations provided reliable and consistent results, while others showed poor compatibility due to regional conditions. The obtained average intensity values were highly consistent with AFAD and literature data. Additionally, the acceleration values calculated using the Estava correlation were found to show similarity with AFAD station records, which allowed for inferences about the regional soil structure. This study aims to contribute to the scientific infrastructure for building design and risk reduction strategies by analyzing the local effects of large earthquakes through the interrelationships between parameters.Depremler, doğası gereği öngörülemeyen ve etkileri itibarıyla çok boyutlu sonuçlar doğuran en yıkıcı doğal afetlerden biridir. Yapıların fiziksel bütünlüğünü tehdit etmenin yanı sıra, toplumsal yaşam üzerinde de derin ekonomik, sosyal ve psikolojik etkiler bırakmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, depreme bağlı oluşan yıkımın azaltılması için depremin temel parametrelerinin bilimsel olarak analiz edilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde meydana gelen Pazarcık (Mw: 7.7) ve Elbistan (Mw: 7.6) merkezli depremler ile 20 Şubat 2023 Yayladağı (Mw 6.4) merkezli depremin oluşturduğu yer hareketlerinin Hatay ili özelinde etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada büyüklük (magnitüd), şiddet, odak derinliği, episantr uzaklığı, ivme ve deprem süresi gibi parametreler arasındaki ilişkiler ampirik bağıntılar aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla, Karnik, Shebalin, Medvedev, Gutenberg-Richter, M. İpek, A. Tabban-S. Gençoğlu, Kawasumi, Estava, Housner ve Bath gibi araştırmacılara ait bağıntılar kullanılmıştır. Parametreler üç büyük deprem için ayrı ayrı hesaplanmış; ayrıca Hatay'ın tüm ilçeleri için episantr uzaklığı, şiddet ve odak derinliği karşılaştırmaları yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda bazı bağıntıların güvenilir ve tutarlı sonuçlar verdiği, bazı bağıntıların ise bölgesel koşullara bağlı olarak düşük uyum gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen ortalama şiddet değerleri, AFAD ve literatür verileriyle karşılaştırıldığında yüksek düzeyde tutarlılık göstermiştir. Ayrıca Estava bağıntısıyla hesaplanan ivme değerlerinin, AFAD istasyon kayıtlarıyla benzerlik göstermesi nedeniyle bölgedeki zemin yapısı hakkında da çıkarımlarda bulunulmuştur. Bu çalışma, büyük depremlerin yerel etkilerini parametreler arası ilişkiler yoluyla analiz ederek, yapı tasarımı ve risk azaltma stratejileri açısından bilimsel altyapıya katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır
Corrosion and Wear Performance of Electroless Ni-B Spring Steels for High-Speed Railway Applications: Effect of Post-Deposition Heat Treatment
No full textThis study investigates the effect of electroless Ni-B coatings and subsequent heat treatments on the corrosion behavior of spring steels used in high-speed railway systems. Ni-B coatings were deposited via a commercial electroless plating bath, followed by heat treatment at 250 degrees C and 400 degrees C for 1 h. Surface morphology, elemental composition, and phase structure were characterized using SEM, EDS, and XRD analyses. Vickers microhardness measurements and pin-on-disk wear tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical performance of the coatings. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by a 720-h salt spray test in accordance with EN ISO 9227. The results revealed that heat-treated Ni-B coatings exhibited improved mechanical properties, including a notable increase in surface hardness from 324 HV (uncoated) to 948 HV (400 degrees C heat-treated), and substantial reduction in wear loss. Ni-B coatings markedly enhanced corrosion resistance versus uncoated steel; however, post-deposition heat treatment reduced this benefit (HT-250 > HT-400 in corrosion). Crystalline Ni-borides and surface NiO formed upon annealing increase hardness and wear resistance, but introduced grain boundary-assisted corrosion pathways, lowering corrosion resistance. Corrosion performance was reported via time-to-full-rust and mass-loss-based corrosion rates. Time-to-full-rust improved from 1 h (uncoated) to 720 h (Ni-B), 240 h (HT-250), and 24 h (HT-400); corresponding corrosion rates decreased by similar to 6.6 x, similar to 3.1 x, and similar to 1.8 x
Preparation of Epoxy Resin-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and Investigation of Their Properties
No full textHybrid composites have become increasingly important in terms of both economic and environmental compatibility. In this study, the potential use of cherry stone shell (CPSh) and chicken eggshell (ChESh) as a novel hybrid filler blend was evaluated for the first time. The use of CSS and ES offers the potential to reduce the cost of composites while increasing their biobased content. The lignocellulosic CSS was chemically modified with a 5% NaOH solution to enhance the filler–matrix interfacial interaction. In the epoxy resin (ER) matrix, both organic (NaOH-treated CPSh) and inorganic (ES) hybrid fillers were incorporated together. The morphological characteristics, water absorption behavior, thermal stability, and mechanical performance of the hybrid composites were thoroughly investigated. In terms of tensile strength, compared to neat ER, hybrid fillers prepared by mixing NaOH-treated CPSh and ChESh at a ratio of 1:1 and 1:3 showed increases of 17.98% and 14.27%, respectively. In contrast, composites containing untreated CPSh and ChESh exhibited increases in tensile strength of 5.73% and 7.3%, respectively. Additionally, the thermal stability of the composites under various aging conditions (seawater and hydrothermal environments) was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). At the same time, their dynamic mechanical behavior was evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Hydrothermal aging was identified as the most influential condition affecting the composite properties. Finally, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine the statistical significance of different hybrid filler ratios on the mechanical properties of the composites.Hibrit kompozitler günümüzde hem ekonomik hem de çevresel açıdan artan bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada kiraz çekirdeği kabuğu (KÇK) ve tavuk yumurtası kabuğu (YK) gibi doğal atıkların, ilk kez yeni bir hibrit dolgu karışımı olarak kullanım potansiyeli değerlendirilmiştir. KÇK ve YK kullanımı, kompozitlerin maliyetini düşürmenin yanı sıra biyobazlı içeriği artırma potansiyeli sunmaktadır. Lignoselülozik yapıdaki KÇK, dolgu-matris arayüz etkileşimini iyileştirmek amacıyla %5'lik NaOH çözeltisi ile kimyasal olarak modifiye edilmiştir. Epoksi reçine (ER) matris içerisinde, hem organik (NaOH ile işlenmiş KÇK) hem de inorganik (YK) hibrit dolgular birlikte kullanılmıştır. Hibrit kompozitlerin morfolojik özellikleri, su emilimi davranışları, termal dayanımı ve mekanik performansı kapsamlı şekilde incelenmiştir. Çekme dayanımı açısından, saf ER'ye kıyasla alkali ile işlenmiş KÇK (NaOH-KÇK) ve YK'nin 1:1 ve 1:3 oranlarında karıştırıldığı hibrit dolgular, sırasıyla %17,98 ve %14,27 oranında artış sağlamıştır. Buna karşılık, ham KÇK ve YK içeren kompozitlerde bu artış sırasıyla %5,73 ve %7,3 olarak gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, deniz suyu ve hidrotermal ortamlar gibi farklı yaşlanma koşullarında kompozitlerin termal kararlılığı termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) ile, dinamik-mekanik davranışları ise dinamik mekanik analiz (DMA) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Hidrotermal yaşlanma, kompozitlerin özelliklerini en fazla etkileyen koşul olarak belirlenmiştir. Son olarak, hibrit dolgu oranlarının mekanik özellikler üzerindeki etkisini istatistiksel olarak belirlemek amacıyla varyans analizi (ANOVA) uygulanmıştır
Kurumsal İç Değerlendirme Raporları Ne Anlatıyor? Tam Akredite Üniversitelerin İçerik Analizi
No full textYükseköğretimde kalite güvencesi, kurumların rekabet gücünü artırmasının yanı sıra öğrenci, akademisyen ve toplum nezdinde güven yaratması açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de yükseköğretim Kalite Kurulu tarafından 2025 yılı Şubat ayına kadar tam akreditasyon almış 19 devlet Üniversitesinin Kurumsal İç Değerlendirme Raporlarını içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelemektedir. Araştırmada, Üniversitelerin kalite güvencesi sistemlerine ilişkin güçlü yönleri, ortak uygulamaları ve gelişime açık alanları belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bulgular, kalite yönetimi süreçlerinde eylem planı, paydaş katılımı ve stratejik planlamanın yaygınlaştığını; ancak süreç belgeleri, ISO standartları, dijitalleşme ve toplumsal katkı faaliyetlerinin izlenmesinde kurumlar arası farklılıkların sürdüğünü göstermektedir. Özellikle liderlik, yönetişim ve öğrenci destek mekanizmalarının kalite süreçlerine entegrasyonu açısından örnek uygulamalara rastlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, tam akreditasyon sürecinin kalite kültürünün kurumsallaşmasına katkı sunduğu; ancak bu sürecin sürdürülebilirliği için daha kapsayıcı, dijital ve paydaş odaklı yaklaşımlara ihtiyaç duyulduğu belirlenmiştir
Yeri Değiştirilen Kırsal Yerleşmelerin Mimari Açıdan Analizi: Dedemli Köyü Örneği
No full textRural settlements are settlements based on meeting users' needs for their daily functions, integrated with nature, in harmony with the topographic and climatic data of the geography in which they are located, where traditional, cultural and accumulations and values are kept alive and maintained. These settlements are examined under two main headings, rural mountain and rural lowland settlements, depending on the natural data and land form. Especially in recent years, rural settlements have been included in forced relocation processes for various reasons such as natural disasters, infrastructure deficiencies, and dam projects. Dam projects, which are listed among the reasons for displacement, directly affect, threaten and necessarily subject rural settlements to the displacement process due to their large-scale structures and planning in rural areas in particular. Therefore, although the displacement of rural settlements due to the construction of dams is a prominent problem, especially in recent years, it is a process that should be addressed in a multifaceted manner and carefully studied. In this study, it is aimed to examine the rural settlements that have been relocated due to the construction of dams in detail from an architectural point of view, both at the settlement scale and at the housing scale, and to analyze the satisfaction of users who have experienced this relocation process directly. Within this framework, the concept of rural settlements, the formation of rural settlements in Anatolia, rural architecture and relocated rural settlements were first explained together with case studies found in the literature. In the literature review, it was found that the relocated rural settlements were mainly considered at the settlement scale, and this limitation was not sufficient for a detailed architectural analysis, so it was determined that architectural analyses were provided at both the settlement scale and the housing scale and a study addressing the situation of users in this process was missing in the literature. With this thesis study, it is aimed to eliminate the deficiency seen in the literature and to put forward a qualified research that will shed light on future studies. In this context, the process of moving to the Dedemli Neighborhood, which is planned as a rural lowland settlement in Meram, one of the central districts of Konya, due to the construction of the Bozkır Dam of Dedemli Village, a rural mountain settlement connected to the Hadim district of the city of Konya, has been analyzed in terms of settlement and housing scales from an architectural point of view. Roads and boundaries, parcel-structure-road relations, common space uses, function, number of floors, occupancy-gap and green space analyses were carried out at the settlement scale. On the housing scale, architectural documentation of sample houses selected from old and new settlements was prepared, identity cards were created, building typologies, facade layout and characters, construction system and materials were examined. In the continuation of these studies and analyses, comparative analyses were performed on the old and new settlement areas using the Space Syntax Method. At the last stage of the study, the satisfaction surveys of the users who experienced both settlements directly were carried out and analyzed with the SPSS program. With the examinations and analyses carried out, it has been concluded that a planned rural lowland settlement has more readable, stronger connections and an integrated system compared to an organic rural mountain settlement. On the housing scale, it has been found that the old residential buildings are more integrated and accessible, while the connectivity is higher in the new residential buildings, the spatial interaction is stronger and more readable. In addition, it has been seen that users are negatively affected by the relocation process, and the user satisfaction levels in the old settlement are quite high compared to the new settlement. As a result, it is recommended that the old settlement identity, character, user profile, and expectations be considered in detail when selecting the location of the rural settlements planned to be relocated and that this process be continued with a user-participatory approach integrated with expert opinions.Kırsal yerleşmeler, kullanıcıların gündelik işlevlerine yönelik gereksinimlerini karşılamaya dayalı, doğayla bütünleşik, bulunduğu coğrafyanın topografik ve iklimsel verileri ile uyum içerisinde olan, geleneksel, kültürel ve deneyimsel birikimlerin ve değerlerin yaşatıldığı ve sürdürüldüğü yerleşimlerdir. Bu yerleşmeler, doğal veriler ve arazi formuna bağlı olarak kırsal dağ ve kırsal ova yerleşmeleri olmak üzere iki ana başlıkta incelenmektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda kırsal yerleşmeler doğal afetler, altyapı yetersizlikleri ve baraj projeleri gibi çeşitli nedenlerle zorunlu yer değiştirme süreçlerine dahil edilmektedir. Yer değiştirme nedenleri arasında gösterilen baraj projeleri, geniş ölçekli yapıları ve özellikle kırsal bölgelerde planlanmalarından dolayı kırsal yerleşmeleri doğrudan etkilemekte, tehdit etmekte ve yer değiştirme sürecine zorunlu olarak tabi tutmaktadır. Dolayısıyla baraj yapımı nedeni ile kırsal yerleşmelerin yer değiştirmesi özellikle son yıllarda öne çıkan bir problem olmakla birlikte, çok yönlü olarak ele alınması ve titizlikle incelenmesi gereken bir süreçtir. Bu çalışmada baraj yapımı nedeniyle yeri değiştirilen kırsal yerleşmelerin mimari açıdan hem yerleşim ölçeğinde hem de konut ölçeğinde detaylı olarak incelenmesi ve bu taşınma sürecini doğrudan deneyimleyen kullanıcıların memnuniyet analizlerinin yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede ilk olarak kırsal yerleşmeler kavramı, Anadolu'da kırsal yerleşmelerin oluşumu, kırsal mimari ve yeri değiştirilen kırsal yerleşmeler literatürde bulunan örnek çalışmalarla birlikte açıklanmıştır. Yapılan literatür taramasında yeri değiştirilen kırsal yerleşmelerin ağırlıklı olarak yerleşme ölçeğinde ele alındığı görülmüş, bu sınırlamanın ise detaylı bir mimari analiz için yeterli olmadığı, dolayısıyla hem yerleşme ölçeğinde hem de konut ölçeğinde mimari analizlerin sağlandığı ve kullanıcıların da bu süreçteki durumlarını ele alan bir çalışmanın literatürde eksik olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu tez çalışması ile literatürde görülen eksikliğin giderilmesi, gelecek çalışmalara ışık tutacak nitelikli bir araştırma ortaya koyulması hedeflenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Konya kenti Hadim ilçesine bağlı kırsal dağ yerleşmesi olan Dedemli Köyü'nün Bozkır Baraj'ı yapımı nedeniyle Konya kenti merkez ilçelerinden biri olan Meram'da kırsal bir ova yerleşmesi olarak planlanan Dedemli Mahallesi'ne taşınma süreci, mimari açıdan yerleşme ve konut ölçeklerinde analiz edilmiştir. Yerleşme ölçeğinde yollar ve sınırlar, parsel-yapı-yol ilişkileri, ortak mekân kullanımları, işlev, kat sayısı, doluluk-boşluk ve yeşil alan analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Konut ölçeğinde ise eski ve yeni yerleşmelerden seçilen örnek konutların rölöveleri alınmış, kimlik kartları oluşturulmuş, yapı tipolojileri, cephe düzen ve karakterleri, yapım sistemi ve malzemeleri incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme ve analizlerin devamında Space Syntax/Mekansal Dizim yöntemi kullanılarak eski ve yeni yerleşme alanı üzerinden karşılaştırmalı analizler yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın son aşamasında ise iki yerleşmeyi de doğrudan deneyimleyen kullanıcıların memnuniyet anketleri gerçekleştirilerek SPSS programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler ve analizler ile planlı bir kırsal ova yerleşmesinin organik yapıdaki bir kırsal dağ yerleşmesine kıyasla daha okunabilir, güçlü bağlantılara sahip ve bütünleşik bir sisteme sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Konut ölçeğinde ise eski yerleşme konutlarının daha bütünleşik ve erişilebilir olduğu, yeni yerleşme konutlarında ise bağlantılılığın daha yüksek, mekânsal etkileşimin daha güçlü ve daha okunabilir olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yer değiştirme sürecinden kullanıcıların olumsuz etkilendiği, eski yerleşmedeki kullanıcı memnuniyet düzeylerinin yeni yerleşmeye kıyasla oldukça yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak taşınması planlanan kırsal yerleşmelerin yer seçiminde eski yerleşme kimliğinin, karakterinin, kullanıcı profil ve beklentilerinin detaylı olarak ele alınması ve bu sürecin uzman görüşlerle entegre edilen kullanıcı katılımlı bir yaklaşım ile sürdürülmesi önerilmektedir
Effect of Stirrup Spacing and Recycled Steel Wires on the Shear and Energy Dissipation of Pultruded GFRP Hybrid Beams
No full textThe contribution of Recycled Steel Wires (RSW) to the shear strength and behavior of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (P-GFRP) hybrid composite beams with reinforced concrete infill, denoted as P-GFRP beams, was investigated experimentally and analytically in the current study. A total of six specimens with varying RSW ratio and stirrup spacing of the reinforced concrete (RC) core and a fixed shear span-to-beam depth ratio were tested to failure. The addition of RSW to concrete was established to have greater contribution to the beam strength with increasing stirrup spacing, that is, decreasing transverse reinforcement ratio. The contribution of RSW to energy dissipation capacity was found to be more pronounced in the elastic range of beam response as compared to the inelastic range. The theoretical calculations indicated that the RC core prevented the P-GFRP encasement from complete failure due to shear-induced material rupture at the initial stages of loading. By maintaining their integrity, the reinforced concrete-filled box beams (RCFB) were able to resist loading until complete failure associated with flexure-induced material rupture and web compression buckling. A strut-and-tie model providing accurate strength estimates for P-GFRP beams was also proposed.The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The study was supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation as part of the World-Class Research Center program, Advanced Digital Technologies (contract No. 075-15-2022-312 dated 20/04/2022).Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation [075-15-2022-312