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Effect of Berry Heterogeneity and Different Rootstocks on the Berry Characteristics of the Papazkarası cv.
No full textBir proje değildirDeneme Kırklareli ili Pınarhisar ilçesinde İrem Çamlıca Bağcılık ve Şarapçılık Ltd. Şti. bağında yürütülmüştür. Bitkisel materyal olarak on yaşında olan; Papazkarası/1103P, Papazkarası/110R ve Papazkarası/420A aşı kombinasyonu omcaları seçilmiştir. Çalışmada farklı anaçlara aşılı Papazkarası üzüm çeşidi salkımlarından alınan tanelerin özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Diğer amaç ise tane heterojenitesinin tane özelliklerini nasıl etkilediğinin ortaya konmasıdır. Bu amaçla, hasat edilen salkımlardan alınan taneler boyutlarına göre sınıflanmıştır; ≤12 mm (B2); 12,01-14,00 mm (B3); 14,01-16,00 mm (B4); 16,01-18,00 mm (B5) ve ≥18 mm (B6). Ayrıca Kontrol (B1) boyut grubu toplam tane sayısının tane boyutlarına dağıtılmasıyla oluşturulmuştur. Tane özelliklerini ortaya koymak için; tane eni-boyu, tane yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, 100 tane ağırlığı, tane hacmi ve 100 tane hacmi kriterleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca; tane özkütlesi, % kuru ağırlık, TKA/TH, şeker konsantrasyonu, tanede şeker miktarı, 1g tanede şeker miktarı ile verim belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, düşük vigora sahip 420A anacının tane özellikleri açısından şaraplık çeşitlerde istenilen en düşük değerlere sahip olduğu; öte yandan tane özkütlesi, % kuru ağırlık ve TKA/TH değerlerinin de yüksek olması sebebiyle öne çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Tane boyutları açısından da en yüksek tane sayısının 12,01 mm ile 18,00 mm arasında yer alan boyut gruplarında olduğu saptanmıştır. Üzüm kalitesi açısından bu boyutlar arasındaki taneler, yüksek kaliteli olmamakla birlikte şarap üretimi için idealdir. Öte yandan B2 (≤12,00 mm) ve B6 (≥18,00 mm) boyut gruplarında istenilen tane sayısına erişilememiştir.The trial was conducted in the vineyard of İrem Çamlıca Bağcılık ve Şarapçılık Ltd. Şti. in the Pınarhisar district of Kırklareli province. As plant material, ten-year-old grapevines of the Papazkarası/1103P, Papazkarası/110R, and Papazkarası/420A graft combinations were selected. The study determined the characteristics of berries taken from the clusters of the Papazkarası cv. grafted onto different rootstocks. Another aim was to reveal how berry heterogeneity affects berry characteristics. For this purpose, the berries taken from the harvested clusters were classified according to their size: ≤12 mm (B2); 12.01-14.00 mm (B3); 14.01-16.00 mm (B4); 16.01-18.00 mm (B5); and ≥18 mm (B6). Additionally, the Control (B1) size group was formed by distributing the total number of berries according to their sizes. To determine berry characteristics, berry width-length, fresh-dry berry weight, 100-berry weight, berry volume (BV), and 100-berry volume criteria were examined. Furthermore, berry skin area (BSA), berry density, % dry weight, BSA/BV, sugar concentration, sugar content in the berry, and sugar content per g of berry, along with yield, were determined. As a result, it was found that the 420A rootstock, with low vigor, had the lowest values desired in wine grape varieties in terms of berry characteristics; on the other hand, it stood out due to its high berry density, % dry weight, and BSA/BV values. In terms of berry size, the highest number of berries was found in the size groups between 12.01 mm and 18.00 mm. Although the berries in these size groups are not of the highest quality, they are ideal for wine production. On the other hand, the desired number of berries could not be reached in the B2 (≤12.00 mm) and B6 (≥18.00 mm) size groups
Evaluation of key fuel properties of three generation biodiesel fuels: an experimental investigation of feedstock type
No full textTransportation sector is one of the most important causes of environmental problems such as global warming and acid rain. To reduce transportation's negative impacts on the environment, it should be made carbon neutral. Although electrification has been very popular in recent years, internal combustion engines will continue to dominate transportation for a long time. Biodiesel can be produced from varios feedstocks and is classified into three generation according to its feedstock origin. However, the fuel properties of biodiesel fuels of different generations vary significantly depending on feedstock. Biodiesel fuels' physico-chemical fuel properties greatly influence the engine characteristics and exhaust emissions. In this experimental study, 13 different biodiesel fuels' (including three generations) some key fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, cold filter plugging point and cetane index were determined and compared with each other. The highest and the lowest kinematic viscosities were measured for Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Soybean Oil Biodiesel, respectively. Among the biodiesel fuels, only Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Waste Chicken Fat Biodiesel could not meet the viscosity specification in EN 14214. The density values of test fuels were very similar (between 875.83 kg.m-3 and 891.46 kg.m-3) and all were within the required specification range. The lowest flash point (142 °C) was measured for Algae Oil Biodiesel. It was considerably lower than other fuels. The highest flash point (184 °C) belonged to Hazelnut Oil Biodiesel. Waste Fleshing Oil Biodiesel and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel had the highest (58.80) and lowest (50.54) cetane values, respectively. However, all biodiesels met the minimum cetane value given in European biodiesel standard. The most significant differences (ranged from -10 °C and 10 °C) between the fuel properties of biodiesels of different origins were observed in CFPP. The viscosity and poor cold flow properties of waste feedstock-based biodiesels may cause critical problems in diesel engines. Nevertheless, they can be blended with other biodiesels or petro-diesel in certain amounts. Among the biodiesel fuels of different origins tested in this study, algae oil biodiesel has the best physico-chemical fuel properties and technical potential.Transportation sector is one of the most important causes of environmental problems such as global warming and acid rain. To reduce transportation's negative impacts on the environment, it should be made carbon neutral. Although electrification has been very popular in recent years, internal combustion engines will continue to dominate transportation for a long time. Biodiesel can be produced from varios feedstocks and is classified into three generation according to its feedstock origin. However, the fuel properties of biodiesel fuels of different generations vary significantly depending on feedstock. Biodiesel fuels' physico-chemical fuel properties greatly influence the engine characteristics and exhaust emissions. In this experimental study, 13 different biodiesel fuels' (including three generations) some key fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, cold filter plugging point and cetane index were determined and compared with each other. The highest and the lowest kinematic viscosities were measured for Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Soybean Oil Biodiesel, respectively. Among the biodiesel fuels, only Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Waste Chicken Fat Biodiesel could not meet the viscosity specification in EN 14214. The density values of test fuels were very similar (between 875.83 kg.m-3 and 891.46 kg.m-3) and all were within the required specification range. The lowest flash point (142 °C) was measured for Algae Oil Biodiesel. It was considerably lower than other fuels. The highest flash point (184 °C) belonged to Hazelnut Oil Biodiesel. Waste Fleshing Oil Biodiesel and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel had the highest (58.80) and lowest (50.54) cetane values, respectively. However, all biodiesels met the minimum cetane value given in European biodiesel standard. The most significant differences (ranged from -10 °C and 10 °C) between the fuel properties of biodiesels of different origins were observed in CFPP. The viscosity and poor cold flow properties of waste feedstock-based biodiesels may cause critical problems in diesel engines. Nevertheless, they can be blended with other biodiesels or petro-diesel in certain amounts. Among the biodiesel fuels of different origins tested in this study, algae oil biodiesel has the best physico-chemical fuel properties and technical potential
Role of Government and International Institutions in Fostering Social Responsibility and Environmental Harmony
No full textThe world leaders have recognized the numerous challenges in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (2030 SDGs) in the long term. The COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine war, and climate change make it difficult for countries to achieve the 2030 SDGs. Countries must cooperate globally to overcome economic and environmental crises. At this point, the United Nations (UN) and its related organizations are supporting countries in their efforts to combat economic and environmental crises in the long term. This study aims to provide a brief framework for the UN and its related organizations based on their roles and responsibilities for the 2030 SDGs. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025
Assessing the effects of strigolactone on the drought tolerance of underutilised tomato landraces in farmer conditions
No full textUnderutilised landraces of major crops are an untapped source of resilience in the face of climate change, and may be an important resource for biodiversity. Strigolactones are phytohormones with a positive effect on tomato performance under drought. Thus, in our work, underutilised and stress-resilient tomato cultivars selected during previous EU projects were tested for water deficit stress responses after being mock treated or treated with the strigolactone analogue GR24. The experiment was performed during the 2023 spring/summer vegetation period in farm settings under a high tunnel using a randomised block experimental design. Plants of three tomato landraces (T27, T43, T271) were divided into two blocks each (I-II), two stress levels (stressed-unstressed), and hormone treatments (treated-untreated). Plants were spray-treated at the start of flowering with a 5-µM solution of the strigolactone analogue GR24, while stress was administered by halving irrigation times starting with blossoming and ending with the first harvest. Stomatal conductance (mmol m-2 s-1), commercial yield plant-1 (g), number of fruits, single fruit weight (g fruit-1), total acidity (mg L-1), Brix (%), and firmness (kg) were all measured in the study. Each cultivar had a different stomatal conductance response: for T27, it went down under stress conditions; for T271, it went up; and for T43, it stood stable. Regarding the commercial fruit yield, T271 demonstrated the most stable performance under stress conditions. The total number of fruits plant-1 did not show a significant variation in any cultivar, except for T271, where the number of fruits in treated plants under unstressed conditions was significantly lower than in all other cases. No other measured parameters had statistically significant differences upon GR24 treatment and across all conditions, except for acidity. Nonetheless, stressed and GR24-treated plants showed a consistent trend towards higher stomatal conductance and commercial yield when compared to stressed and untreated; regarding fruits, they were more numerous, firmer, with higher total acidity content, and Brix than untreated plants under stress conditions. This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme through the project: Realising Dynamic Value Chains for Underutilised Crops” (RADIANT). Grant agreement No. 101000622. © 2025 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020, (101000622
Vergi Usul Kanunu ve TMS 29 Yüksek Enflasyonlu Ekonomilerde Finansal Raporlama Standardı Kapsamında Enflasyon Muhasebesinin Özkaynaklar Üzerindeki Etkisi: BİST İmalat Sektöründe Bir Araştırma
Full text linkIn a hyperinflationary economy, the amounts of items reported by entities in the financial statements are not stated at fair value, unless they are expressed at current price levels, and lose their ability to provide useful financial information. In Turkey, to eliminate these negative effects of inflation, inflation adjustments are made under tax laws and regulations of the Public Oversight Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority. However, the periods, indices, and practices used in both regulations are different. This creates differences in the financial statement items, retained earnings, and profit/loss for the period. The study aims to determine the effect of the difference between the amounts of capital adjustment, capital reserves, and profit reserves on retained earnings and shareholders' equity in the reporting to be made as a result of inflation accounting applications according to Tax Procedure Law (TPL) and Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS) 29. The 2023 financial statements and footnotes of 115 companies operating in the Istanbul Stock Exchange (BIST) manufacturing industry were analyzed by document analysis to measure the impact and significance of differences in application. The assessment revealed notable differences in equity fund items due to inflation adjustments under both regulatory frameworks. The Capital Markets Board's (CMB) bulletin 2024/14 states that these differences will be transferred to the Retained Earnings account in the inflation adjustment of the entities subject to CMB according to TAS 29. The financial statements of manufacturing entities within the scope of the study, presented under TAS 29, indicate that the ratio of differences recorded under Retained Earnings or Losses to the total shareholders' equity is, on average, 16%. In light of the differing coefficients of the two indices used for inflation adjustment under TPL and TAS 29, it is recommended that the same index be employed to reduce differences and the associated workload for practitioners.Yüksek enflasyonlu bir ekonomide, işletmelerin açıkladıkları finansal tablolardaki kalemlere ilişkin tutarlar, cari fiyat seviyelerinden ifade edilmedikçe gerçeğe uygun değeriyle raporlanmamakta ve faydalı finansal bilgi sunma özelliğini kaybetmektedirler. Enflasyonun bu olumsuz etkisini gidermek amacıyla Türkiye’de, vergi yasalarına ve Kamu Gözetimi Muhasebe ve Denetim Standartları Kurumu düzenlemelerine göre enflasyon düzeltmesi yapılmaktadır. Ancak her iki düzenlemede, düzeltmenin yapılacağı dönemler, kullanılan endeksler ve uygulamalar farklıdır. Bu da finansal tablo kalemlerinin tutarı, geçmiş yıllar kârları/zararları ile dönem kârı/zararında farklılık oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada Vergi Usul Kanunu (VUK) ve Türkiye Muhasebe Standardı (TMS) 29’a göre yapılan enflasyon düzeltmesi sonucunda sermaye düzeltmesi, sermaye yedekleri ve kâr yedekleri kalemlerinin tutarlarında oluşan farkın, geçmiş yıllar kârları/zararları ve özkaynaklar üzerindeki etkisini tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Borsa İstanbul (BİST) imalat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren 115 işletmenin 2023 yılı finansal tablo ve dipnotları doküman analizi ile incelenerek, uygulama farklılıklarının etkisini ve önemini ölçmek amacıyla oransal analiz yapılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmede, özkaynak fon kalemlerinde her iki düzenlemeye göre enflasyon düzeltmesi sonucunda dikkat çekici farklar oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu’nun (SPK) 2024/14 sayılı bülteninde oluşan bu farkların SPK’ya tabi işletmelerin TMS 29’a göre yapacakları enflasyon düzeltmesinde Geçmiş Yıllar Kârları/Zararları hesabına aktarılacağı belirtilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında yer alan imalat işletmelerin, TMS 29’a göre sunulan finansal tablolarında Geçmiş Yıllar Kârları/Zararlarında takip edilen farklar tutarının, özkaynaklar toplamına oranının ortalama %16 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Enflasyon düzeltmesinde VUK ve TMS 29’a göre kullanılan iki farklı endeksin katsayıları dikkate alındığında, meydana gelen farkları ve uygulayıcıların iş yükünü azaltabilmek için enflasyon düzeltmesi uygulamalarında aynı endeksinin kullanılması önerilmektedir
Amino Acid Metabolism and Immune Dysfunction in Urea Cycle Disorders: T and B Cell Perspectives
Full text linkUrea cycle disorders (UCDs) are a group of genetic metabolic conditions characterized by enzyme deficiencies responsible for detoxifying ammonia. Hyperammonemia, the accumulation of intermediate metabolites, and a deficiency of essential amino acids-due to a protein-restrictive diet and the use of ammonia scavengers-can increase the risk of infections, particularly during metabolic crises. While the underlying mechanisms of immune suppression are still being fully elucidated, hyperammonemia may impair the function of immune cells, particularly T cells and macrophages, inhibiting the proliferation of T cells and cytokine production. Arginine, which is essential for T-cell activation and function, may also be limited in these patients, and its depletion can increase their vulnerability to infections. Twenty-four UCD patients and 31 healthy donors were recruited for the study. Peripheral lymphocyte subset analysis, intracellular protein and cytokine staining, and proliferation assays were performed by flow cytometry. Amino acid levels were measured using the HPLC method. The UCD patients exhibited low lymphocyte-proliferation capacity in both proximal and distal defects in response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and anti-CD2, anti-CD3, and anti-CD28 (CD-mix), which was lower than healthy controls. Proximal-UCD patients exhibited a significantly higher response for IFN-gamma compared to both distal-UCD patients and healthy controls. The different amino acids in the culture medium were changed significantly in the groups. This study highlights significant immune dysfunctions in UCD patients, particularly impaired T-cell proliferation and altered amino acid metabolism. Proximal UCD patients exhibited a higher IFN-gamma response, indicating a potential for hyperinflammation. Despite this, infection rates did not significantly differ between proximal UCD and distal UCD patients, although distal UCD patients had higher hospitalization rates. Amino acid analysis revealed distinct metabolic disruptions, emphasizing the complex interplay between metabolism and immune function. These findings suggest that UCDs cause profound immune alterations, necessitating further research to develop targeted therapeutic strategies.Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa [TOA-2021-35251]This study was funded by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa. Project number TOA-2021-35251
Investigation of dynamic impact behavior of bighorn sheep horn
No full textThe horn of the bighorn sheep is composed of keratin-based biological material that has a tubule-lamella structure, which gives it anisotropic hardening properties under impact loading. This paper aims to investigate the energy dissipation mechanisms inherent in bighorn sheep horns by developing a numerical material model that accounts for the horn's anisotropic features and strain-rate effects. To this end, a transversely isotropic constitutive model, which includes both anisotropic hardening and strain-rate effects, was formulated to accurately predict the mechanical behavior of bighorn sheep horns. Material characterization was conducted through uniaxial compression tests that were conducted under quasi-static and dynamic conditions. The developed constitutive model was implemented into LS-Dyna via a user-defined material subroutine and was validated against empirical data. The validated numerical model was used to investigate the horn's mechanical responses under dynamic loading conditions. The paper focused on impact energy dissipation mechanisms, including energy absorption and transition, stress distribution, and displacement wave propagation. The insights gained from this paper are expected to significantly contribute to the development of novel artificial materials with enhanced energy absorption and impact mitigation properties
Kaotik bir dünyada parçalanmış benlikler: Don DeLillo'nun White Noise ve Thomas Pynchon'un The Crying of Lot 49 adlı romanlarında postmodern kimliklerin keşfi
No full textBu tez, Don DeLillo'nun White Noise (1985) ve Thomas Pynchon'ın The Crying of Lot 49 (1966) adlı postmodernist romanlarında, kaotik dünyanın parçalanmış kimliklerini incelemektir. Bu çalışma, çağdaş insanın parçalanmış kimliğini, teknoloji, medya ve tüketimin hakim olduğu postmodern dönem bağlamında, postmodern kimlik teorileri ve postmodern edebiyattaki anlatı teknikleri ışığında incelemektedir. White Noise (1985) adlı romanda, medya doygunluğu ve teknolojinin yarattığı hipergerçeklik ve buna bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan parçalanmış kimlik kavramı bağlamında analiz edilmektedir. Romandaki söz konusu parçalanmış kimlikleri, toplum ve teknoloji tarafından yaratılan normlar şekillendirmektedir. Bu kimlikler, var olan kaotik dünyada hayatta kalmaya çalışırken, bir yandan da gerçek benliklerini aramaktadır. The Crying of Lot 49 (1966) adlı romanda ise, ana karakter çıktığı kendini tanıma yolculuğunda tanıştığı parçalanmış dünya ve kimlik metaforlarına odaklanarak incelenmektedir. Ana karakterin, dünyanın imgeler ve metaforlar tarafından yönetildiğini fark ettiğinde, iç ve dış dünyasını keşfetme çabası artmakta ve kendini paranoya içinde bulmaktadır. Böylece, romanın analizi, medya ve teknolojinin yönettiği dünyada ortaya çıkan benliklere ve imgelere odaklanmaktadır. Genel olarak, bu tez, postmodern kahramanların kimlik arayışı çabalarına, kaygılarına, tutumlarına ışık tutmaktadır.This thesis examines the fragmented identities in the chaotic world of two postmodernist novels, White Noise (1985) by Don DeLillo and The Crying of Lot 49 (1966) by Thomas Pynchon. The fragmented identity of the contemporary man is examined in the context of the postmodern era dominated by technology, media and consumption, in the light of postmodern identity theories and narrative techniques in postmodern literature. The novel White Noise (1985) is analyzed in the context of media saturation, the hyperreality created by technology, and the resulting effect on the fragmented identity. The fragmented identities in the novel are shaped by the norms created by society and technology. While these identities try to survive in a chaotic world, they also search for their true selves. Moreover, in this study the novel The Crying of Lot 49 (1966) through the fragmented world and metaphors that the main character encounters on his journey to self-discovery will be examined. The main character realizes that images and metaphors govern the world and finds herself in paranoia as her efforts to discover her inner and outer world increase. As such, this study examines the fragmented selves and images created in a world governed by media and technology. Overall, this thesis sheds light on the anxieties and attitudes of postmodern protagonists in their search for identity
Samimiyetin postmodernizmde yeni samimiyet akımıyla yeniden tanımlanması
Full text linkNew Sincerity akımı, 20. yüzyılda postmodernizmle ilişkilendirilen meta-referansiyelliği, kopukluğu ve alaycılığı ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlayarak post-postmodern çağda ortaya çıktı. Bu yeni akım hikâyelere yapılan samimiyet ve özgünlük gibi önemli eklemelerle yeni bir kurgu yazım stili ortaya çıkardı, New Sincerity yazarları, özbilinç ve samimi anların tehlikelerini keşfederken, kendileri ve okuyucuları arasındaki derin bağlantıyı vurgulayarak, netlik ve tutarlılığın öneminin olduğu bir dünyayı yeniden hayal etmeye çalıştılar. Bu proje, akımın önemli figürü David Foster Wallace'ın çalışmalarında samimiyetin varlığını ve kavramını inceleyerek New Sincerity akımının postmodernizm bağlamında keşfetmeyi ve sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Tez, postmodernizmin ötesine bakan yazar David Foster Wallace tarafından savunulan kültürel samimiyetin anlamındaki değişimi gösterecektir.The New Sincerity Movement emerged in the post-postmodern era, aiming to shed the meta-referentiality, detachment, and cynicism associated with postmodernism in the 20th century. This new movement introduced a distinct style of fiction characterised by essential elements such as sincerity and authenticity. Its writers sought to reimagine a world marked by clarity and coherence, emphasising a deep connection between themselves and their readers while exploring the perils of self-consciousness and intimate moments. This project aims to explore and present the New Sincerity movement within the context of postmodernism by examining the notion of sincerity's presence in the work of the influential figure David Foster Wallace. The thesis will demonstrate the shift in the meaning of cultural sincerity advocated by writer David Doster Wallace, who looked beyond postmodernism
Potential use of ZnO anchored boron industrial waste microparticles as a novel eco-friendly activator in cis-polybutadiene /natural rubber composites
No full textBoron industrial waste (BIW) is a commercially valuable raw material in many industries. The evaluation of BIW is of increasing importance because of the rapid and growing consumption of raw material resources in the world. In this study, the BIW was modified by ZnO and then the ZnO anchored boron industrial waste (ZnO_BIW) was used as an activator in the vulcanization of cis-polybutadiene/natural rubber (cis-PB/NR/ZnO_BIW) composites to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into nature in the rubber industry, as well as decrease the vulcanization time, resulting in energy saving. The composites were prepared using different loads of ZnO_BIW (1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 phr), whose optimum proportions of commercial ZnO are used in the rubber industry. BIW, ZnO_BIW and cis-PB/NR/ZnO_BIW composites were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD. The effect of the ZnO_BIW incorporation amount on the rheological, structural, and physico-mechanical properties of the cis-PB/NR/ZnO_BIW composites was assessed and the properties of the rubber composites were compared with each other. According to the results, 5 phr of ZnO_BIW has been given significantly better performance in tensile strength (15.97 N/mm2), elongation at break (742.47 %), optimum cure time (12.26 min), and cure rate index (12.47 min-1) in comparison with the other phr ratios. It was found that the new activator could be used as a curing activator and simultaneously reinforcing filler. The utilization of ZnO_BIW as an activator to produce rubber products can greatly promote rubber technology to be cost-effective and has ecological potentials.OZERBAND Conveyor Belt Industry and Trade Inc., TurkeyThe authors would like to thank OZERBAND Conveyor Belt Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey for their support to the study. The authors thank to Middle East Technical University Central Laboratory R&D Training and Measurement Center for performing Raman measurements. The author also thank to Pamukkale University and Recep Tayyip Erdogan University for FESEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD analysis