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Production of Organo-Modified and Amino-Functional Silicone Finishing Chemicals and Their Effects on The Handle and Color Values of Cotton Knitted Fabrics
No full textBu çalışmada organo-modifiye ve amino-fonksiyonel silikon yağları ve polar katkı maddeleri (polietilenglikol) kullanılarak silikon bitim kimyasalları üretilmiştir. Silikon emülsiyonları, birçok faktörden etkilenir. Bunlar, silikon yumuşatıcı emülsiyonları üretilirken kullanılan yağın cinsi, emülgatörlerin oranı, emülgatörlerin hidrofil-lipofil denge (HLB) değerleri, üretilen silikon emülsiyonlarının parçacık boyutları ve silikon emülsiyonlarının viskozitesidir. Uygulama sonrasında kantitatif tutum, yumuşaklık hissi, hazırlanan silikon emülsiyonlarının partikül boyut analizleri, CIELab renk ve Berger beyazlık indeksi ölçümleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak organo modifiye ve amino fonksiyonlu silikon apre kimyasallarının pamuklu örme kumaşlarda tuşe, yumuşaklık özellikleri ve renk farklılıklarına neden olduğu görülmüştür. Emülsiyonların büyük parçacık boyutu, renk koordinatlarındaki değişikliklerden hesaplanan büyük renk farkına neden olmuştur. Silikon apre kimyasalları uygulanan kumaş numunelerinin yumuşamasını (kantitatif davranışını) etkileyen ana faktör amino grup sayısıdır. pH 5.5'te daha fazla ikincil amin grubu iyonize edildiğinden daha iyi tutum ve yumuşaklık özellikleri elde edilmiştir. Silikon bitim kimyasallarının parçacık boyutu ve viskozitesi, kumaş numunelerinin tutumu üzerinde etkiye sahiptir.In this study, silicone finishing chemicals were produced using organo-modified, amino-functional silicone oils and polar additives (polyethyleneglycol). Silicone emulsions are affected by many factors. These are the type of oil used when producing silicone softener emulsions, the ratio of emulsifiers, hydrophile-lipophile balance ( HLB) values of emulsifiers, particle size of the silicone finishing chemicals produced, and viscosity of silicone emulsions. After the application, quantitative handle, soft feel, particle size analyzes of the prepared silicone finishing chemicals, CIELab color, and Berger whiteness index measurements were evaluated. As a result, organo-modified and amino-functional silicone finishing chemicals caused the handle, softness properties, and color differences in cotton knitted fabrics. The large particle size of emulsions caused the large color difference, which is calculated from the changes in color coordinates. The main factor affecting the softening (quantitative behavior) of fabric samples applied with silicone finishing chemicals is the number of amino groups. At pH 5.5, the better handle and softness properties were obtained as more secondary amine groups were ionized. The particle size and viscosity of silicone finishing chemicals have an effect on the handle of fabric samples
Weaving Bonds: Constructing a Model to Unveil the Role of Relationship Memories in Satisfaction
No full textRelationship satisfaction is closely tied to various characteristics of recollected past events within romantic relationships. However, our understanding of how distinct characteristics of these memories, individually and collectively are related to satisfaction remains limited. This study aimed to explore the associations between these characteristics and examine their role in relationship satisfaction. Participants recalled two memories from their relationships and rated the memory characteristics. The results revealed relationships between event characteristics and both rehearsal and recollection. Yet, rehearsal did not mediate the relationship between event characteristics and recollection. When relationship satisfaction was incorporated into the model, negative events marked by high emotion and personal significance, were related to increased rehearsal frequency, which in turn was associated with lower relationship satisfaction. However, personally significant negative events also enhanced recollective features, which heightened relationship satisfaction. These findings highlight the crucial role of relationship memories in relationship satisfaction, especially for the negative events
Evaluation of the Effects of HDAC Activity in Hydroxychloroquine Applied Human Primary Chondrocyte and Nucleus Pulposus Cultures
No full textAIM: To evaluate the in vitro effects of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme activity and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expressions. MATERIAL and METHODS: Primary cell cultures were prepared. Samples that did not receive any medication constituted the control group, while culture samples treated with HCQ served as the study group. The surface morphology of cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) were evaluated by Giemsa staining and inverted light microscopy. Cell viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide (MTT) analysis. The cultures were simultaneously stained with acridine orange (AO)/propidium iodide (PI) and viewed under fluorescence microscopy. HDAC enzyme activity and IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha expression were evaluated using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical methods. The alpha significance level was accepted as p<0.05. RESULTS: HCQ applied to cell cultures at the tested doses and durations showed cytotoxic effects on cell viability, proliferation, and cell or ECM morphology. It increased HDAC activity in chondrocytes and caused a proinflammatory response, indicated by an increase in TNF-alpha in the cells (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study emphasized that the cytotoxic effect of HCQ increased HDAC activity; therefore, this proinflammatory response should be taken into consideration in the clinical use of HCQ
Proprietăți ignifuge ale țesăturilor concepute pentru a fi utilizate în camuflajele militare
Full text linkIn this study, wool/aramid blended yarns, as well as viscose FR yarns, were used to produce flame-retardant woven fabrics. Many fire retardancy standards also include tear strength, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and dimensional change of the fabrics during fire hazards. Therefore, these tests were included to study the fire retardant performances of the fabrics produced with 100% wool/aramid blended fibres and viscose FR fibres in the warp and wool/aramid blended fibres in the weft direction. As a result of the study, no statistically significant differences were found in the mechanical properties of the fabrics. In contrast, the thermal protective performance of the fabrics produced with wool/aramid blended yarns was better than the ones produced with viscose FR warp yarns. On the other hand, the vertical flame-retardant performance of fabrics produced with viscose FR yarns was better than those produced with wool/aramid blended yarns in both directions. As a result of the study, it was found that the use of viscose FR fibre, which is a more accessible and comfortable alternative to the wool/aramid blend, in the warp or weft direction will minimize fabric costs while providing similar flame-retardant performance without losing fabric mechanical properties. © 2025 Inst. Nat. Cercetare-Dezvoltare Text. Pielarie. All rights reserved
Optical Solitons and Dynamical Structures for the Zig-zag Optical Lattices in Quantum Physics
No full textThis paper investigates the widely used Zig-zag optical lattice prototype for cold bosonic atoms. This prototype generally represents nonlinear waves in plasma physics and fluid mechanics. To obtain soliton solutions, two different techniques are used, the Kumar-Malik method and the improved F-expansion approach. These solutions include periodic, kink, combo dark-bright, bright, and dark types of soliton solutions. The conducted soliton solutions show that the approach is capable of identifying a wide range of wave patterns in nonlinear partial differential equation (NLPDE) models and is also compatible, effective, and scientifically efficient. Using the Maple software, 3D, contour, density and 2D structures were created for various values of the relevant parameters in order to do numerical simulations of the outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has explored this equation to such an extent. All the solutions obtained are verified using the Maple software application, ensuring their accuracy and correctness
The effect of direct taxes on income distribution in Turkey: Income tax example
No full textGelir eşitsizliği, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde önemli bir toplumsal sorun haline gelmiştir. Vergi adaletinin sağlaması ve toplumsal dengenin koruması devletlerin temel görevlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Verginin geniş kesimlere yayılması, adil bir vergi sistem algısını güçlendirerek tahsil sürecini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde vergiye dair temel kavramlar, vergilerin özellikleri ve türleri ele alınarak Türk Vergi Sistemi incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde gelir vergisinin yapısı, türleri, unsurları ve uygulama yöntemleri detaylı şekilde incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde gelir dağılımının tanımı, önemi ve ölçüm yöntemleri ele alınarak, gelir dağılımını etkileyen faktörlerin etkileri detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir edilmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise 2000-2023 yılları arasında Türk Vergi Sistemi'nde dolaysız vergilerin özellikle gelir vergisinin, toplam vergi gelirleri içindeki yeri ve gelir dağılımına etkileri değerlendirilmiş, ekonomik göstergeler ve veriler analiz edilerek çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur.Income inequality has become an important social problem in developing countries. Ensuring tax justice and maintaining social balance has become one of the main duties of governments. Extending the tax to large segments of the population strengthens the perception of a fair tax system and facilitates the collection process. In the first part of the study, the basic concepts of taxation, characteristics and types of taxes are discussed and the Turkish Tax System is analyzed. In the second part of the study, the structure, types, elements and application methods of income tax are analyzed in detail. In the third part of the study, the definition, importance and measurement methods of income distribution are discussed and the effects of the factors affecting income distribution are analyzed in detail. In the last part of the study, the place of direct taxes, especially income tax, in total tax revenues and its effects on income distribution in the Turkish Tax System between 2000 and 2023 are evaluated, economic indicators and data are analyzed and solution suggestions are presented
A novel catalyst for the synthesis of 3-5-disubstituted isoxazole derivatives from aldoximes
No full textAn efficient new approach has been described for the synthesis of substituted isoxazole derivatives 3a-l from substituted aldoximes and diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate using NaNO2 and AlCl3 in one step in moderate to excellent yields (55-94%). The key nitrile N-oxide intermediates that are required for the synthesis of isoxazole derivatives are formed by treatment of substituted aldoxime with assisted discovery of its newer applications by successive treatment with NaNO2. The generated nitrile oxides underwent [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition of alkynes over AlCl3 as a Lewis acid. Moreover, this approach has considerably assisted in the discovery of its significant advantages. This strategy is creating a five-membered ring with an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other as either catalyst or reagent. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic methods, and a mechanism was proposed
Composition, microstructure, rheology, and meltdown behavior of commercial nondairy frozen desserts
No full textThe demand for nondairy and plant-based products has increased, but there is still a need for more information about and improvement in these products, especially when it comes to frozen desserts. Similar to ice cream, which simultaneously is an emulsion, dispersion, and foam, nondairy frozen desserts also have a complex structure. As a starting point, 15 commercial nondairy frozen desserts, marketed as offering an ice cream-like experience, were purchased and evaluated for compositional, physical, structural, rheological, and meltdown properties. The correlations between the parameters of these characteristics were also studied. The parameters with the greatest variability in percentage terms for each property after melt-down were fat content ranging from 3.8% to 18.6%, surface tension from 26.4 to 45.4 mN center dot m(-1), fat destabilization from 3.6% to 94.4%, yield stress from 0.0 to 25.2 Pa, and final height from 0% to 77.3%. Interestingly, the maximum overrun found was about 82%, considered low compared to economy dairy ice creams. The fat content was the most significant parameter that influenced drip-through rate, height change rate, and final height. Additionally, yield stress was the only rheological parameter that correlated with the meltdown behavior, which affected only one of them, the induction time. Therefore, in the meltdown profile, the lag phase was driven by yield stress, while the fast-melting phase and the plateau phase were influenced by the fat content. Moreover, four samples presented uncommon drip-though curves, which were visually recorded. This study offers a baseline understanding of the compositional, structural, rheological, and melting characteristics of commercial nondairy frozen desserts available in the United States.Practical ApplicationThe compositional, microstructural, rheological, and meltdown characteristics of nondairy frozen desserts available in the US market were evaluated. The information can be used for industry research and development, understanding the challenges, and advancing knowledge regarding nondairy frozen desserts.FDC (Frozen Dessert Center)The authors thank Loren Smith and Jocelyn Kletzien for their assistance in the data collection and the analysis of ice crystals and air cells. D.O. Freire also acknowledges financial support from FDC (Frozen Dessert Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison)
Characterizing three generation biodiesel feedstocks: A statistical approach and empirical modeling of fuel properties
No full textBiodiesel fuels are classified into three generations according to their feedstock origin. Biodiesel cost and fuel properties substantially depend on the feedstock type. In this study, to characterize the biodiesel feedstocks of three generations, some critical fuel properties (kinematic viscosity, density, acid, iodine, calorific, peroxide, and saponification values) and also fatty acid compositions of 25 different biodiesel feedstocks (vegetable oils, waste animal fats, waste cooking oils and algae oil) were determined. After the characterization step, statistical studies (correlation-regression analyses) were performed and empirical formulas were developed to estimate the related fuel properties of biodiesel feedstocks from their fatty acid compositions. The investigated biodiesel feedstocks’ fuel properties and fatty acid compositions were generally very different from each other, indicating their heterogeneous nature. Overall correlation coefficients obtained for all feedstocks were quite low. Similarly, the general empirical formulas developed for 25 feedstocks did not give very accurate results (except for the fuel properties of waste animal fats). Therefore, statistical analyses were repeated specifically for vegetable oils and algae oil (9 feedstocks). As a result, higher correlation coefficients were determined. Moreover, the fuel properties were estimated much more precisely with the new empirical formulas. The mean absolute relative error obtained using new models were 0.003% for saponification value, 0.027 % for iodine value, 0.074 % for kinematic viscosity, 0.142 % for peroxide value, 4.393 % for acid value, while density and calorific value were calculated without error. The findings could be useful in further academic investigations and also in biodiesel industry for feedstock characterization and waste management. © 2025 Elsevier Lt
Performance of machine learning methods for cattle identification and recognition from retinal images
Full text linkAnimal identification is a critical issue in terms of security, traceability, and animal health, especially in large-scale livestock enterprises. Traditional methods (such as ear tags and branding) both negatively affect animal welfare and may lead to security vulnerabilities. This study aims to develop a biometric system based on retinal vascular patterns for the identification and recognition of cattle. This system aims to provide a safer and animal welfare-friendly alternative by using image processing techniques instead of traditional device-based methods. In the study, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and performance evaluation steps were applied for the biometric identification and recognition process using retinal images taken from both eyes. Techniques such as green channel extraction, contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization, morphological operations, noise filtering, and threshold determination were used in the preprocessing stage. Fuzzy C-means, K-means, and Level-set methods were applied for segmentation, and feature extraction was performed using SIFT, SURF, BRISK, FAST, and HARRIS methods. At the end of the study, the highest accuracy rate was obtained as 95.6% for identification and 87.9% for recognition. In addition, the obtained dataset was shared publicly, thus creating a reusable resource that researchers from different disciplines can use. It was concluded that this study made a significant contribution to the field of biometric-based animal identification and recognition and offered a practically usable solution in terms of animal welfare and safety.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBIdot;TAK); Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council-TUBIdot;TAK [121E349]Open access funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUB & Idot;TAK). This work was supported by the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council-TUB & Idot;TAK (Project Number: 121E349).The open access fee for this study was provided by the open access agreement between TUB & Idot;TAK and SPRINGER