UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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Chromatic Index and Line graphs of Neighbourly Irregular Fuzzy Chemical Graphs(GNIFC ) among s-block and p-block elements
No full textIn this paper, we have worked on fuzzy vertex coloring andfuzzy edge coloring for neighbourly irregular chemical graph GNIC andits complement graph ~GNIC: Also derived line graphs L(GNIC) of neighbourlyirregular chemical graph and line graph of complement neighbourlyirregular chemical graph (L(~GNIC)): Using fuzzy edge coloring,we have find chromatic index for »(GNIFC); irregular chromatic index»ir(GNIFC) also for »irL(GNIFC) and »irL(~GNIFC): We have giventhe required propositions with the required examples for each. And wefund strength of the »L(GNIFC) = (N;W); and the colors
Inference for the Unit-Gompertz distribution based on record data
No full textPractically record values are applied in situations concerning meteorology, hydrology, and sports events. A keen interest of a sports statistician may be to predict the future record value for a specific event. There are practical situations in which the record values from the available data are lost due to specific reasons. This need for record values stimulates us to construct the probability model that predicts the future record value and provides an estimation procedure in case of censored data. In the present study, the mechanism of sample moments of lower record values using the Type-II censoring is developed by assuming that the record characteristics follow the Unit Gompertz distribution. Utilizing this mechanism, the moments of lower record values are evaluated and tabulated for the specific values of the parameters. These tabulated values are applied to estimate the location and scale parameters of the underlying distribution by the method of ordered least squares. Furthermore, the point prediction and prediction interval for future record values are produced. Finally, the methodology is applied to real-life data to explain the procedure as well as show the effectiveness of forecasting out-of-sample data through the samplemoments of the lower record values, depending on the characteristicparameters of the Unit Gompertz distribution
صغیر ملال كے تراجم كا عمومی رجحان
No full textThis article presents an investigation into the translations of Sagheer Malal, a prominent novelist, short story writer, poet, and translator. With the understanding that translations serve as a catalyst for future creative writing, this study aims to identify the major discussions and topics that form the foundation of Malal's translations. This study focuses on the translations of 36 short stories from 23 distinct short story writers of the 20th century. Through a comprehensive analysis of Malal's translations, the research highlights several recurrent themes that emerge as prominent factors in his selection process. These factors include explorations of death and mortality, profound existential questioning, inquiries into the purpose and meaning of life, reflections on the challenges and dilemmas of existence, struggles encountered both internally and influenced by societal norms, and the intricacies and complexities of love and its inherent problems
Natural Catastrophes and Role of Pakistani Mass Media
No full textIt is largely considered that mass media has an important role in mitigating theeffects of natural catastrophes. This paper reviews the current knowledgeabout the role of media in the wake of natural calamities and hazards. It alsodiscusses the role of Pakistani mass media during catastrophic situations.Although Pakistan is prone to natural calamities and has very vibrant medialandscape, it has been observed that regrettably Pakistani media doesn’t playsubstantial role in disaster risk management. The role is particularly absent inthe pre-disaster period. It is said that in Pakistan media can be very helpful incrisis management if it functions aptly. It is suggested that Pakistani mediaorganizations, disaster management officials and policymakers shouldestablish a liaison with each other to alleviate the devastating impact ofnatural calamities. Besides, there is a dire need for some code of conduct formedia coverage of natural hazards
Interrelationship between Foreign Aid, Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Econometric Analysis N
No full textThe present study analyzes the relationship between foreign aid andeconomic growth taking into account the process of fiscal decentralization inPakistan. The main objective of the present study is to observe the role offoreign aid in increasing economic growth considering federal structure ofPakistan. The study uses time series data for the period 1980-2014 andemploys 3SLS econometric technique for estimating the model. The results ofthe study indicate that foreign aid and fiscal decentralization have positiveimpact on economic growth of Pakistan. Furthermore economic growth andfiscal decentralization both exert positive impact on foreign aid. The results ofthe study show that economic growth has negative relation with fiscaldecentralization and foreign aid has positive effect on fiscal decentralization.The study finds bidirectional causality between: economic growth and foreignaid, economic growth and fiscal decentralization and between foreign aid andfiscal decentralization
The Role of Political Development in the Development and Expansion of National Security
No full textThis research was conducted aimed at examining the role of political development in the development and expansion of national security. The present study is a research one in terms of objective. The research method is descriptive, since library studies and interviews with knowledgeable individuals have been used to prove the objective of the research. Data collection was done using articles, dissertations and interviews with individuals and political experts. In this research, comparison with past research and rational reasoning were used to answer the research questions. The results of the research showed that political development has a strong correlation with national security, since political development increases the citizens' political understanding, accountability, strengthens the sense of control of citizens towards the political system and their obligations to the government; therefore, the greater the degree of political development of individuals, the national security rate will also increase
Role of Military in Politics and Federal Dilemma in Pakistan: 1999-2008
No full textThe challenges of federalism in Pakistan are multidimensional in nature and largely associated with various dynamics of politics. Lack of democratic practices, political instability, low political culture and type of government exercising its control at the federal level are those factors which considerably affect the federal politics in Pakistan. The repeated dissolutions of the National Assembly and the consequent fall of provincial assemblies during the decade of the1990s also stressed the federal notion in Pakistan. The problems of federalism in Pakistan were further augmented by the arrival of a military administration in power on October 12, 1999.Even though, a constitutional government was established as a result of the general election of 2002but it did not diminish the centralization and authoritarian trends as the center of political power was still a military man. This paper expounds that under Musharraf regime, prime intent of devising policies was to secure legitimacy of his rule and federal issues were not dealt with federal and political means. This research expounds that type of regime is relevant to federal practices in Pakistan and military led regimes in Pakistan are less responsive to federal challenges and ethnic demands as under their conception of unity in command, federal consensus and bargain are less pertinent. This led to decline the role of elected legislatures and federal institutions as the federal notion of the state was largely hampered. This study aims to address the issue that how military intervention into politics augmented the federal problems in Pakistan and to what extent typeof regime is relevant to federal practices in Pakistan
Securitization of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan after 9/11
Get PDFAfghan refugee-warrior community which was considered as Pakistan’s strategic asset during the decade of 1990’s was later on transformed in the form of a strategic threat as a consequence of Pakistan’s proactive participation in Afghan war against terrorism after 9/11. This study is an attempt to analyze the causes, effects and implications of securitization of Afghan refugees inside Pakistan after 9/11
Discourses on Islam and Muslims in Australia
No full textThis study attempts to present a summary of the research conducted on representation of Islam and Muslims in Australian media particularly and in Western media generally. The research aims to present a review on the findings along with theoretical and methodological approaches employed in different studies to analyze the discourses being generated by the news media regarding Islam and Muslims. Drawing on various approaches and methodologies like Fairclough’s Intertextuality, Foucault’s approach of power and knowledge, Said’s Orientalism, critical discourse analysis, and Van Dijk’s ideological square, earlier research provides an evidence of frequent production of discourses regarding Islam and Muslims as inferior, terrorism, threat, exotic, and as negative Other
Financial Federalism in Pakistan: Implications for Centre-Province Relations
No full textThis paper explores the development in financial federalism of Pakistan throughexecution of NFC Awards. Improvement and mutual consensus in fiscal matters are not only vital for the overall economic wellbeing of a federation but also for its integration. An overview of federal governments in the world provided economically stronger center with comparatively less resourceful units. Pakistan like other federations of the world has gone through many ups and downs but still matters are to be settled. Wide economic differences in provinces have made collection and sharing of revenue complicated. Efforts in the NFC Awards are not revolutionary but a slow change to remove vertical and horizontal imbalances has been observed. Eighteenth amendment has helped provinces to obtain the revenue from local sources as well for devisable pool. Delay in next NFC Award points out that Fiscal federalism still needs interprovincial coordination and more efforts for exploration of local resources. A national political debate along with economic realities is needed to regulate the process of NFC Awards. Pakistan can consider Canadian fiscal federalism to improve some issues highlighted in NFC debates. Execution of a just and acceptable Award will improve fiscal federalism as well as political federalism of Pakistan