UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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Determinants of Violence Against Women and Justice Delivery Mechanism in Pakistan: A Historical Perspective (1977-2014)
No full textAccording to Human Rights Watch there are estimated to be over fourteen million child brides worldwide, many of whom are traded for debt, bondage, and in contexts where polygamy and sexual activities with children go hand in hand, justified by religion or custom.(United Nation, 2013:31) There occurs a victimization of a new rising class of feminists in countries like Pakistan, where Islamist extremism from 1977 to 1988 especially targets and instances even murders or attempts to murder women who challenge their patriarchal power base. The analysis that represents these forms of violence against women and women’s struggles for justice delivery in Pakistan by using their voices and their stories, from their frame of analysis have been failed miserably
Linguistic Realization of Legitimation of Power by Zia ul Haq and Pervez Musharraf during the Afghanistan Wars
No full textThis research aims at revealing the linguistic realization of legitimation in thediscourses of Zia and Musharraf during the Afghanistan wars for the periods of 1979- 1988 and 2001-2008. The data comprises of their official discourses on Afghanistan war during their respective regimes as head of the state. Using the Nomination strategies suggested by Discourse Historical Approach by Wodak and Meyer (2001) and Van Leeuwen‟s Social Actors Representation model (2008), this study reveals the linguistic realization of legitimation through the dichotomous construction of self and Other representation. Moreover, it is argued in the study that different social actors have been constructed in their discourses through the categorization of Inclusion/Exclusion and Activation/Passivation to rationalize the perspective of self/ in-group, in order to justify their respective policies on Afghanistan issue
Conventional Asymmetries between India and Pakistan: A threat to the Deterrence Stability of South Asia
No full textThe overt nuclearization of south Asia changed the strategic dynamics of this region and deterred India and Pakistan from indulging in any major wars. However, the possibility of limited war under the nuclear overhang cannot be ruled out because of the unresolved issues including Kashmir, change in the Indian military‟s strategic thinking, massive military modernization and consistent war mongering by the Indian military and political leadership. The article argues that tactical or strategic nuclear weapons will not prevent India from any limited war, surgical strikes or any other below the nuclear threshold military operations. However, the study suggests that consolidation of „Conventional Deterrence‟ by Pakistan will increase the cost for the Indian military‟s misadventure under their limited war doctrines, sub-conventionaloperations or surgical strikes. At present, Pakistan has maintained adequate balance in some conventional capabilities including the modern MBTs, third generation ATGMs, gunship helicopters, advance Artillery Guns, armed UAVs and second-strike capability. However, there are certain areas including Long Range Air Defense, Nuclear Submarines along with SLBMs, Fifth Generation Aircraft and Spy Satellites where Pakistan military needs an improvement to establish credible conventional deterrence backed by strategic weapons to dissuade the Indian military from any undesirable action against Pakistan under CSD, proactive Military Ops, subconventional warfare or surgical strikes
National Security Strategy of Iran and North Korea
No full textIn the contemporary phase of international politics, national security strategy (NSC) is considered as a primary factor in the process of state-crafting. It addresses the key concerns; such as domestic, regional and global threats. It also focuses on the policy framework for the security of the state. In this age of uncertain geo-political environment, every nation-state has adopted a particular strategy in a certain strategic environment to minimize their strategic threats. Thus, the NSC is very important for enhancing the national security of the state. It also very helpful in maintaining the regional and global strategic balance. Contemporary formation of nation-state has defined some certain parameters for the formation of national security. These parameters are very important for achieving several particular objectives such as global strategic stability, regional hegemony and the survival of the political regime in the domestic political domain. The development of NSC has become more complex in the modern politico-strategic than the past ages. This research article finds the parameters of national security strategy which have been adopted by Iran and North Korea to maintain the strategic balance in the regional and global arena. The articleconcludes that Iran and North Korea must find an independent decision-makingsyndrome to accelerate the process of national security in the existing strategicdomain
Kashmir Cause at Its Final End: Analysis on So Claimed Indian Bilateralism Talks and Role of International Community for Peaceful Settlement
No full textPeaceful settlement of any conflict through negotiations is an ideal way of pursuing and resolving every course which is the ideal practice to be followed by the international community. However, in the context of prevailing situation, Indians are trying to avoid every course of action adopted by Pakistan unless the ongoing insurgency has bled them white, leaving them with no other option. After winning election of 2019 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian government has emanated with more aggression and revealed more violent policies against Pakistan hence leaving no chance for the negotiation of dialogue for pursuance of Kashmir issue. BJP has long history of history of opposing the article 370 and they used its revoking as election manifesto in 2019. This may not be possible in the wake of imposing external pressure by the international community. Thus presently, to fulfil the long waited commitment for Kashmiris, and to realize the importance of Kashmir issue, to save the Kashmiri nation from Indian atrocities and by putting pressure on Indians to come on a political platform, Pakistan needs to create conducive environments through diplomatic platform with added diplomatic support for Kashmiris on the international forums
Formal and Multiple Autonomies in State-Owned Enterprises in Pakistan: An Analysis of Formal and Actual Status
No full textThis paper studies the formal and actual human resource management (HRM)autonomy, financial and policy autonomy of the state owned enterprises (SOEs) of Pakistan and points out the differences that exist between them. It identifies the reasons behind the lack of autonomy of SOEs and proposes multiplerecommendations though which this gap can be bridged. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected to carry out this study. Quantitative data was collected from 40 randomly selected SOEs using a close-ended questionnaire while 20 semistructured interviews were carried out to collect qualitative data. Descriptive statistics was used to see the number of SOEs having different levels of HRM, financial and policy autonomy. It was found that a very less number of SOEs were completely autonomous in different aspects of HRM, financial management, policy formulation and its implementation. Excessive political intervention, dependence on government for resources and poor performance of SOEs along with numerous other reasons were identified as causes behind this lack of autonomy. Multiple recommendations have also been proposed to overcome this issue
Perspectives on Afghan Refugee identity in Pakistan
No full textAfghan refugees in Pakistan are a classical example of refugee-war nexus. They have been historically conditioned by wars and internal conflicts inside Afghanistan. The conflict within Afghanistan which has historically conditioned Afghan refugees has spanned for more than four decades. This study is an attempt to contextualize history, demographics, institutes, national policy and different factors that have conditioned the identity of Pakistani Afghan refugee community. This study also attempt to explore different perspectives on the identity of Afghan refugee community inside Pakistan
India and Pakistan Strategic Influence in Afghanistan: Pros and Cons of Rivalry
No full textThe geo-strategic location of Afghanistan is one of the important factors in its destabilization in post-9/11 era as it was in the late 1970s. The society of Afghanistan is composed of distinct ethnic groups supported by neighbouring states exacerbating instability to promote their interests. The regional powers always tried to influence this state to achieve their strategic objectives. India and Pakistan are involved in different activities to promote their divergent goals in this country for many decades. They supported contrasting regimes in Afghanistan to strengthen their influence and counter their historical rivalry like in other conflicts and institutions. So, far the strategies of both the countries are successful but their goals are counterproductive in bringing normalcy to Afghanistan. This research paper aimed to highlight the strategic battle between India and Pakistan in Afghanistan. The theory applied in this research is balance and power with formation of alliances. Afghanistan formed alliance with India in post-9/11 era to outwit the influence of Pakistan. The results concluded from this study primarily entails that the directions of policies of these two rivals could be more productive if reconciliation is embraced instead of conflict
Revivalism of Silk Routes: CPEC and South Asia-Central Asia Connectivity
No full textSilk Routes remained central to the connectivity between Turkestan (Today’s Central Asia) and Hindustan (Today’s South Asia) throughout the history. Weather it was trade or military expeditions, this region remained at the hub of all such activities. Many of the rulers and invaders to Hindustan came either from Afghanistan or Turkestan. With the disintegration of former Soviet Union and emergence of independence Central Asian states, Pakistan got an opportunity to interact with these states but due to domestic, regional and international political situation, Islamabad could not draft a sound and successful policy towards the region. With the introduction of OBOR and especially CPEC, Pakistan got a golden opportunity to gain central position in South Asia-Central Asia connectivity. This article tries to explore the areas of cooperation and conflict between South Asian and Central Asian regions and the prospects for future connectivity between the two. It would try to address questions; what is the current state of relationship between Pakistan and Central Asian states? What are the impacts of Afghan instability on south Asia-central Asia connectivity in general and Pakistan-Central Asia connectivity in particular? And what are the prospects of South Asia-Central Asia connectivitythrough CPEC? Interpretive, critical and explanatory approaches would be used for this research and both Realism and Complex Interdependence theories would be applied
Role of Youth in the Promotion of Good Governance in Pakistan
No full textThis paper aims to examine the role of youth in the promotion of good governance in Pakistan. It highlights the importance of youth for Pakistan‟s development. Almost 60% of the country‟s population is young and they have the potential to bring prosperity and good governance. The development of Pakistan is in the hands of the country's energetic and talented youth. However, fewer opportunities, the dearth of proper supervision and lack of capacity to absorb true/untrue information are misguiding them. Very few of our youngsters know the technique to utilize time and positive energies excellently. This paper focuses that psychologically vulnerable youth can be an easy prey of criminals. Today, the problem of our large number of youngsters is, they are with no work and their energies are turning into destruction and crimes. In this backdrop, this study endeavors to find the answer that how we can provide the right avenues to our youngsters to excel. The societal pressures and depression are causes of drug addiction in the teenagers. Thus, systemic involvement of youth is needed to build strong Pakistan; for this youth must be cognizant of national and international changes. In this regard, parenting plays important role. Moreover, for character building, educational institutions and media are effective tools. The formation of career counseling centers to guide our youth is indispensable.Without the training of today‟s youth, we cannot expect renowned scientists,engineers and future political leaders. Overall, it is focused that training/ counseling and employment opportunities must be prioritized so that intolerance and violence in the society can be curbed