UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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Transformation of Leadership Styles in Pakistan due to CPEC
No full textThe research is based on the likely transformational effect on leadership styles due to China Pakistan Economic Corridor. In order to conduct this research, we have initially identified four leadership styles that are prevalent in China and then studied their effect on Pakistan. The leadership styles are Paternalistic, Transformational, Confucian and Visionary. Some cultural dimensions have been identified which relate to these leadership style and then research was conducted in Pakistan to check whether they exist here or not. A mixed methodology has been used for the study i.e. quantitative and qualitative to obtain suitable results. The study is cross sectional over a single time period. Regression analysis has been carried out to test the hypothesis. This research concluded that due to some cultural dimensions being similar in both Pakistan and China, they will not have a visible impact on the leadership styles whereas some will
Role of Social Media in Political Campaigns in Pakistan: A Case Study of 2018 Elections
No full textThis study analyzes the two social networks: Facebook and Twitter and explores the role of social networks in political campaigns during general elections in Pakistan which were held on 25th of July, 2018. Through social media, all main parties focused to campaign with the use of social media and traditional campaigns. During the elections campaign, political parties had tried to get more coverage in news and advertisements for changing the mind of the voters. This research adopted a qualitative approach with the help of secondary sources. Notably Facebook and Twitter played an important role in 2018 elections. People used internet and observed campaign on regular basis. Social media showed first-class competitors or party aspects, not just a favorable part. By analyzing the data, it was revealed that mostly Facebook users were inclined towards PML-N; while, majority Twitter users were found more inclined towards PTI
Role of Educational Institutions in Countering Extremist Narratives in Pakistan
No full textThe educational institutions have a multilayered relationship with extremism and can be very effective mechanism to counter extremism and in building counter extremist narratives. Nonetheless, this relationship has not been positively utilized nor the extremist exploitation of students in particular, has been systematically countered by the respective governments. Moreover, the problematic syllabus and regressive educational system facilitates extremist elements in recruiting new members and in dissemination of their narrative. While these educational institutions also have been soft targets for extremists. There is need to counter the extremist narrative through effective dissemination of national perspective of peaceful coexistence and tolerance towards diversity, while targeting emotional and logical appeal of the masses
State and Social Movements in Iran: Phases of Contentious Activism
No full textSocial movements are considered by sociologists as agents of social change. They are not isolated entities but an outcome of prevailing circumstances and at, the same time, result from continuity with the historical roots. Moreover, the mobility of contemporary movements can only be shown in comparison with previous kind of collective actions. Two revolutionary movements within onecentury (Constitutional Revolution 1905-06 and Islamic Revolution1979), and eight years’ IranIraq war (1981-89) and globalization have significantly contributed to the evolution of distinctive nature of contemporary Iranian society. This makes it an interesting subject for research in general, and particularly the case of social movements and their transformation. The paper aims to give an overview of Iranian social movements from the constitutional movement to the recent Green movement of 2009. The intention is to find out, first, whether there was any continuity in social movements during this period; secondly, to investigate the differences of the recent Green movement from the previous social movements of modern-day Iran. An overview of social structure, the state-society relationship, causes of mobilization and the outcomes of each movement will be studied. Moreover, the complex relation between state and social movements that emerged overall will also be examined. The Touraine/Melucci model has been applied in Iranian milieu
Food Security: Understanding Pakistan’s National Security Concerns
No full textFood security has established as a concern of national security in terms of statedevelopment and progress.. Food security exists when all people, at all times, havephysical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Concerns of food security and economic development act together reinforcing one another in the practice of development. A country which is not able to generate the required food and lacks resources and affordability of buying food from the international marketplace meeting the gap of supply and demand is not a state that is sufficient in food sovereignty. Food Security therefore is essential for national security
Pakistan’s Internal Security Paradox: Challenges & Implications
No full textPakistan is grisly facing the challenge of religious extremism, ethno-nationalistviolence and jihadi culture for the last many decades. These threats are the outcomes of flawed policies adopted by the state apparatus to achieve settled foreign policy objectives. The streamlining of political Islam with external security challenges gave rise to many sectarian and militant organizations which have now become security challenge for law enforcing institutions. The current research explores the factors responsible for the political violence in Pakistan in the recent past and the linkages between the religious political parties, ethnic groups and Islamist militants groups. Apart from this, it is deeply focused that how internal security developments and external security challenges are interlinked with each other. Arguably, the militant organizations and sectarian outfits can be useful to the some extant but the argument is that in the long run it would be deadly embrace for Pakistan. The management of security governance is no doubt is a challenging task for the security manager ofPakistan, it is therefore, argued in the paper that obstacle interposes in the way of internal security governance should reform with revisiting its revisionist policies towards its eastern and western fronts
Musharraf on Trial: A Preliminary Critique of the Law of High Treason
No full textThe normative relationship between a coup d’état and high treason has hardly ever been thoroughly debated in Pakistan. Now that Musharraf’s trial of high treason is underway, it seems to be an opportune time for such a debate. The Supreme Court is expected to take the lead role in the unfolding of the debate.Already in the Sindh Bar Association (2009) the court has played part of the role by making some preliminary comments. One of the major comments was that Musharraf’s purported coup of 2007 had resulted in violation the independence of judiciary—a principle that the court declared was part of the basic structure of the constitution and (hence) inviolable. The court further observed that a coup that violated an inviolable constitutional principle justified invocation of the law of high treason. Apparently it was a more narrowed-down approach to interpreting the high treason article in the constitution. However, did it reflect the historical and theoretical context of the law of high treason was the question that the court did not address? Accordingly, the aim of this essay is to place the law of high treason in its historical and theoretical backdrop and to note the subtle transformation that the normative relationship between a coup d’etat and high treason has recently undergone
Relevance of Violence with Social Well Being of Working Adolescents in Pakistan
No full textViolence permeates human life with its multidimensional consequences for the victims. Social significance of violence for children and adolescents has been a focus of both the sociologists and social psychologists. This is because of the very sensitive and crucial phase of adolescence where most of the trajectories and pathways shape human behavior along with socio-psychological and biological development. The present study explores the relevance of workplace violence with social well being of the 350 Pakistani adolescents working in 82 auto repair workshops. Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2) was used to measure intensity of violence whereas; social well being (SWB) was measured within five dimensions of Keyes’ (1998) model of social well being. Findings of the study revealed that violence against adolescents was highly correlated with their social well being. The demographic variables were also found to influence the correlation between violence against adolescents and their social well being
Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline: Cost-Benefit Analysis
No full textIran-Pakistan (IP) Gas Pipeline is considered a controversial project in Pakistan. A large number of professionals believe that IP Gas Pipeline is an energy lifeline for Pakistan. In their view, due to common borders with Iran, financially andgeographically it is the most viable option for this country. They argue that the project will be sustainable in terms of sufficient gas reserves of Iran, the overall cost of project is appropriate and price of gas is also reasonable. However, some other experts have totally different views and in the prevailing geopolitical and economic implications with regard to US and UN sanctions on Iran, they consider that this project is not feasible. In order to understand pros and cons ofIP Gas Pipeline, this paper is an effort to critically evaluate the suitability of this project. It also attempts to explore possible answers to some important questions. For instance, what are the other available options for Pakistan to meet its energy requirements? Why Pakistan has opted for IP Gas pipeline inspite of US opposition? What would be the implications of US and UN sanctions on Iran? Is the cost-benefits analysis of the project in favour of Pakistan? What political and diplomatic measures should Pakistan undertake to counter negativeimplications of opting for IP Gas Pipeline
South Asian Security Compulsions: A Historical Analysis of IndiaPakistan Relations
No full textThe region of South Asia has always been highly important in the global politics because of its sensitive geographical location. India and Pakistan are two major countries of this region, which came into being as a result of the division of Sub-Continent in the year of 1947. Both India and Pakistan have remained unable to have cordial relationship with each other due to various issues. The relationship between India and Pakistan has been marked by suspicion, hatred and distrust. Tense and hostile situation has been existing between India and Pakistan since 1947, which has resulted in three wars and various crises between them. In May 1998, both India and Pakistan had tested their nuclear devices and the region of South Asia became a nuclear flashpoint. Although India and Pakistan are two traditional rival states but both have also experienced such occasions when they became successful to hold peace talks and conclude various agreements to resolve different issues. But this situation has not been long lasting and suspensions in the peace process further enhanced suspicion and mistrust on both sides. The objective of this paper is to analyze various issues between India and Pakistan in historical perspective and highlight those efforts which have been made by the policy makers of both states to lessen the tension