UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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Systemic Theorizing: Traversing Between Constructivism and Structural Realism
No full textThis research paper looks at the constructivist theoretical framework and the systemic level of analysis in International Relations (IR). The paper examines the levels of analysis issue and the evolution of this issue in the light of the great debates in IR. The research provides a description of basic tenants of constructivism, a description of the varieties of constructivist theorizing and a brief account of how the different varieties compare to each other. The research paper then focuses on Alexander Wendt and examines Wendt’s constructivist theoretical framework and particularly how he sees analysis at the systemic level. The issue of structure and agency figures in the debate on levels of analysis and the paper examines this facet of systemic theorizing. The research paper compares how Wendt’s systemic analysis is a departure from the structural realism of Kenneth Waltz. Waltz’s theory was and remains an influential theory of IR and by comparing these two important theories a better understanding is obtained not only of systemic theorizing in the constructivist theoretical framework but also aspects of the systemic level of analysis in IR in general
An Exploratory Study of the Factors that Promote, or Impede Sustainable EcoTourism Development in Saiful Muluk National Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
No full textDuring the last two decades tourism is considered as the building block of country overall growth. Pakistan tourism ranking among the world is at the lowest level. Despite the fact that Pakistan is considered as one of the top countries among the rest of the world for ecotourism and also other farms of tourism the overall purpose of this research study was to identify factors that impede and promote sustainable ecotourism development in Saiful Muluk National Park of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The main objectives of this study were to explore factors impeding sustainable tourism development in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and to identify factors promoting sustainable tourism development in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Being qualitative in nature, data was collected by conducting in-depth interviews with key stakeholders (Wildlife Staff, Local business community and Tourists) of Saiful National Park. Thematic analysis was conducted to analyze data through NVivo software. The key findings in respect of impeding factors were identified as inadequate infrastructure, unbalanced power structure and communication gap among the key stakeholders while promoting factors includes uniqueness of the site, scenic beauty, precious wildlife species and hospitable local community culture
A Comparative Framing Analysis of the Red Mosque Incident in the Coverage of Local Right Wing and Western Print Media (June – Aug 2007)
No full textThe purpose of this research is to analyze how a crucial incident of Pakistan’s recent political history - the Red Mosque military operation of 2007 has been reported and narrated by selected Western and Local Right wing newspapers. How these media forums framed the news stories about the Red Mosque incident in their respective contexts. This study explains the news framing trends using framing analysis of Western and Pakistani Local Right wing media. At the first phase, Framing Analysis elucidates the language of the news stories of two factions through framing forms/tools which are based on rhetoric sense. Then, at second phase, comparative analysis technique elaborates the major frames of two newspapers. The study finds how various frames used by Pakistani Local Right wing media (The Daily Islam, The Daily Jasarat & The Takbeer Weekly) and selected Western media (The Guardian, The Washington Post & The Economist) to describe the story of the Red Mosque incident in 2007
Political Awareness in Educational Policies of Pakistan: A Historical Review
No full textThis article furnishes a historical review to trace out the reflection of Politicalawareness in the national educational policies of Pakistan. Policies are designed by the government for the welfare of the state taking into account the each and every aspect that leads to progress and prosperity of the country. Educational policies are devised to fulfill the political, social and economic needs of a nation. This study is, therefore, historical in nature with qualitative design. Government documents were used as primary, and authentic books as secondary sources to find out the reflection of political knowledge in the educational policies of Pakistan. This study showed that no attention has been given on incorporating political knowledge in national educational policies of Pakistan to enhance the level of political awareness. This study, therefore, recommends that various aspects of political development in the society should be emphasized in the educational policies and consequently the basic political knowledge be incorporated in the school curricula
Interpreting the Cause and Effect of Populism Narrative in US Elections’ 2016
No full textThe rise of populism is quite noticeable through President Donald Trump‟s victory in US‟ Election 2016. Herein, Populism emerged on the political landscape of America and was wisely demonstrated by Donald Trump, which acted as a stimulus for his election campaign and consequential win. The basic aim of this paper is to see how President Donald Trump opted for a populist rhetoric i.e. dealing with policy disparity and conforming to public aspirations which formed grounds for his success. A descriptive and analytical method has been devised upon to explore the cause and effect of populism on US Elections' 2016. In this regard, a comparison of the two leading Election candidates is drawn - Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton i.e. their style and rhetoric, the slogans used by them along with their viewpoint on various issues. Hence, signifying that President Donald Trump‟s victory as a US‟ policy guard is an acceptance to the fact that populism is a prevalent phenomenon in Americanpolitics today
US Foreign Policy towards India in Post 9/11 Era: Implications for South Asian Security
No full textThe strategic balance of the South Asia is maintained through two basic factors; first, Nuclear Deterrence which includes nuclear doctrines, missile development and nuclear weapons. Second important feature is “role of major powers”. It is obvious fact that strategic stability of South Asia is maintained through the US involvement especially after nuclearization hence, balance of power. Even if we discuss the case of Pakistan it is obvious that most of the Pakistan‟s defense related equipment are either produced by the US or obtained through its financial and political assistance. In this discussion if we ignore the role of China then it will be negligence at our part but facts are never denied and we must know that America has major contributions in strengthening the Pakistan defense mechanism. In this scenario US tilt towards India will put sever impacts on Pakistan militarily and ultimately will lead the whole South Asian region towards the imbalance of power. Because convergence of US interests with India will ultimately lead US to prefer India on political, defense and economic fronts vis-a-vis other states of the region and its side effects will have far reachingimplications for regional security
Path Dependency and Implementation of Administrative Reforms: Case of Civil Services of Pakistan
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure and characteristics of the civil services in Pakistan and determine the extent of application of path dependency principles to the civil services in Pakistan. The paper also aims to discuss the factors that have led to the path dependency in civil services of Pakistan. More specifically, this study will try to identify the set of initial conditions that triggered the events that led to path dependency in civil services of Pakistan and debate on the nature of the mechanisms that have kept the civil services of Pakistan on the same track, making it path dependent. Also in the context of path dependency, what have been the critical junctures in the path dependent model of civil services of Pakistan? This paper also explores the various attempts of reforming civil service since the creation of Pakistan and argues that path dependency has acted as a barrier to the civil service reforms in Pakistan. The study also proposes a theoretical model for conducting empirical research on the implementation of civil service reforms in Pakistan
Political Dynamics of Biraderi Politics An Empirical Analysis of District Toba Tek Singh
No full textThe political behaviours of individuals towards the process of democratization ofPunjab depend on the basic institutions of the society, i.e. family lineage, caste, clan and biraderies, etc. Being foremost institutions for political socialization of the individual, these have great impact on his/her political behaviour influencinghis/her choice to elect a representative in electoral politics. Thus the individual does not fully enjoy his/her rational choice indeed. The aim of the study is to probe through applying the theory of rational choice, what are the political dynamics that strengthen and weaken the emancipating power of the individuals? To what extent these dynamics are significant predictors of biraderism in the process of democratization. For this empirical, descriptive and analytical research District Toba Tek Singh is selected for a case study with a minimum respondent 220 for the set of questionnaire scale PDBPQ* has made
Foucauldian Panopticon: A Model for U.S. Cyber Surveillance
No full textUnlike the conventional means of surveillance in the past, cyber surveillance hasbecome a great security tactic due to being technologically advanced, ungoverned and holistic in scope. In context of contemporary international relations, China, Russia, Iran and North Korea are using the components of information warfare to serve their strategic interests. The internationally competitive trends of information technology and surveillance make U.S. more concerned about its national security and defeating the information warfare threat. Being a global leader, U.S. is constantly developing its cyber capabilities to contain the rise of China.On account of persistent threat perception of cyber intrusions from China, U.S. has been using cyber surveillance as a counter measure. U.S has integrated its cyber capabilities with military operations in the form of aerial, land and naval surveillance to ensure its national security. The present research aims to explore that how cyber surveillance has become an indispensable component of U.S. defense strategy? Michel Foucault’s surveillance theory has been used as a foundation of the study to analyze the implication of surveillance and power in context of U.S. defense policy. The study used qualitative content analysis and furthermore, directed approach has been used. The research is mainly bifold; initially it endeavors to analyze U.S. national strategies within the timeframe of 2015-2020 and subsequently discussesU.S. cyber surveillance capabilities, using the lens of Foucauldian panopticon
Security Dilemma in South Asia
No full textIndia and Pakistan are situated on the fault zone within South Asia. They haveinherited all the traits that can contribute in security turmoil. Their domesticconflicts and historical differences paved the way for continuous security threats in the region. Their adverse relations and tense environment have been analyzed through the established theoretical approaches in order to understand the hostile relational attitude of both states. The study is providing a theoretical framework to comprehend the rationale and motivations behind their undesirable relations since their independence