UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
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South China Sea Dispute: China’s Role and Proposed Solutions
No full textSouth China Sea (SCS) is a part of Pacific Ocean and is the most strategic andimportant waterway in the world containing large deposits of hydrocarbons and fossil oil. Due to its unquestioned importance it has become bone of contention among many East Asian nations and China regarding its sovereignty and control of the territory. Two Islands Parcel and Spratly in the SCS are the flashpoints of the dispute because countries like, Philippine, China, Vietnam, Brunei and Malaysia are claiming their rights over some parts or sovereignty over all the above mentioned Islands. Primary concern of the dispute lies in U shaped nine- dashed demarcation line by China in the SCS. A decision of international court of Arbitration in “Philippines v. china arbitration case” showed that China U-shaped nine dash line demarcation is uneven with UNCLOS 1982. This verdict has been rejected by China on the grounds that it has no binding forces because China controls 90% area of the SCS through nine dashed line by having historical claim of the sea and this line was drawn in 1946 by the help of USA prior to the 1982 UNCLOS. China wants to solve the dispute bilaterally without any third party interference while due to the importance of the region many other actors are getting involved in to the dispute. A permanent and lasting solution of the dispute is a dire need of the time to solve the complex issue
An Analysis of European Union Policy towards Syrian Refugees
No full textIn 2015, millions of refugees, mostly Syrians, knocked the door of Europe for protection against war and violence in their home countries. The number of refugees that entered Europe in 2015 made only 0.2 percent of total Europe’s population, considerably low number than other refugee hosting countries. In fact, for a continent as wealthy as Europe, the influx of refugees could be easily managed but European Union was unable to bring a common policy to cope with it. European Union already divided by the Eurozone crisis experienced further divisions due to refugee influx. The polarization in European politics and society reached the highest point since the Second World War. The failure of Social Democracy and center politics in solving the crisis created space for either right wing or left-wing populist parties that won many seats in both European and national parliaments, while in some countries even managed to make governments
Impact of Political Liberalism on Public Sector Organizations: A Case Study of NADRA, Lahore
No full textPublic sector organizations have been accused of being inefficient in most parts of the world in the recent past. This paper is specially focused on the influence of political liberalism on efficiency of public sector (a case of NADRA). A qualitative research methodology is adopted for the collection of data. Results of the study show that though after adoption of reforms under the rubric of political liberalism the efficiency of NADRA apparently increased in short run, it proved costly (inefficient) in the long run when employees left their job due to job insecurity and low wage-rates and organization had to bear costs in hiring and training processes
Geo-Strategic Prospects of Gwadar Port: An Analysis of Protecting Sea Lanes of Indian Ocean
No full textThe development of deep sea port, with all its associated projects, favorablyinfluences the geo strategic prospects of Pakistan. The Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOC) connects the whole world and facilitates international trade. In peace times, these maritime routes function as key commercial trade routes and during war these routes turn out to be as strategic lines of communication between war zones. The prevailing strategic ambiguity in the surrounding regions has made the geo-politics of the Indian Ocean more dynamic and intricate among energy importing states as they are going through a critical security and political situation. Changing political dynamics of surrounding regions like prevailing security situation in the Persian Gulf,Iran-US tension over nuclear issue, conflict in Afghanistan, Indo-Pak differentregional interests, China’s unprecedented economic growth and the US strategictactics have made the geopolitics of Indian Ocean more dynamic and complicated. In this background, Sea lines used for global trade and energy transportation in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea are critical for littoral states due to their cumulative geo-economic and geo-political impact on the world political scenario. This research paper intends to establish that sea transportation acts as a catalyst for economic development of a Pakistan and geo-strategic significance of Gwadar port serves as n indispensable factor to give strategic depth to the Navy for surveillance activities to ensure maritime defense and safe flow of oil from the Persian Gulf to Chins via CPEC
Political Culture and Voting Behavior; A Case Study of Parsi Community in Pakistan
No full textParsi community of Pakistan is known for great contribution in the public welfareworks, literature, industry and philanthropy. Moreover Parsis are considered one of the most hardworking and peaceful communities of Pakistan. However, the population of Parsi community in Pakistan is declining rapidly due to the migration of Parsis from Pakistan to Western countries. The following paper investigates how Parsi community perceives the political and security scenario of Pakistan. This research paper will also investigate whether Parsi community has adequate political rights or not and how are they contributing and participating in the political process in Pakistan. This research paper will also inquire if Parsi community has any political grievances in Pakistan. All these questions will be answered by studying the political culture and voting behavior of Parsi community in Pakistan. Survey method of research was used to conduct the research and data was collected through a structured questionnaire. The results show that the Parsis are patriot Pakistani people but have reservations regarding the constitutional provisions on minority rights and seek a reform in the system and better law and order situation
The Sikh Struggle for Khalistan: Refocusing on the Punjabi Suba (Province) Movement in India
No full textThis study problematizes the Sikh’s demand for Khalistan, a separate country oftheir own. To begin with, they demanded a greater degree of political autonomywithin the domains of India. During the colonial period the Sikhs supported theIndian National Congress’s demand for the division of Punjab and inclusion of theEast Punjab into Bharat. But soon after the creation of Bharat(India), `the Sikhsrealized that they were betrayed and they started to vow for more autonomy.Initially, they felt that PEPSU was a step towards their aspirations but later theyfelt that they had missed the train and moved for Punjabi Province. After muchdeliberation and delaying tactics, finally the Punjab emerged on the IndianTerritory in the form that always proved a nightmare for the Sikh community
An Analysis of the Relationship Between Local and Provincial Governments in Pakistan (2001-2009)
No full textA government branched into national, provincial and local has its ownfunctions and local self-government despite having enormous effects on thecitizens has been paid very less tribute to! A local government needs to bestrengthened out if democracy is to be kept alive. Decentralization has beenopted by various countries for nation-building purposes and programs. InPakistan, military government supported devolution process and it was pioneered by Gen. Pervaiz Musharraf. It resulted into making of a new scheme of local government and this article is a peep into the making, working and results/outcomes of this process and focuses on the relationship betweenprovincial and local governments from 2001 to 2009. The devolution cannot function if local governments are not granted the power of making their owndecisions which has been mostly done by provincial governments early on. This article attempts to throw ample light not only on the relationship of the said governments but also on what levels the manipulation occurred, how did it hinder the development process and troubled the spirit of devolution?Harmonization in all concerned areas is the need of the hour
Political Economy, Concept and Rationale of Winding-up of Companies and Corporate Sector
No full textThe concept of political economy develop the relationship between the study of individuals and society, and more specifically, the relationship between citizens and state for better utilization of economic resources.There is a strong feeling that with the passage of time corporate law in the present modern political economy, will be increasingly globalize through better corporate and political culture and the same is likely to impact on world and Pakistan political economy. Perhaps one area where further efforts are required is with regard to development of a more flexible corporate rescue in Pakistan in the context of present economic and political situation. The winding up process is the legal and economic exit mechanism by which untenable or uncompetitive companies are taken off-line from the capitalist market economy just like political parties with frail political thought are eroded from the political scene. The winding up of company has an immense impact on public view with regard to economic and political aspects. The process of winding up of the companies is seen as, the companies being fiscally and economically not practicable and viable in presence of weak economic and political culture
New Threats and Challenges to Federalism: In Pakistan (A Socio-Political Scenario)
No full textPakistan is one of the 28 democratic countries across the world practicingfederalism. It has the chequered constitutional history. The unconstitutionalsteps by the political heads resulted in instability in political system causingthe state a great loss nationally and internationally. Over centralization hasresulted in largest province seceding from the federation. Though other provinces were rejuvenated, conversely they were deprived of their cultural,economic, and political rights, resulting polarization between federation andprovinces. Thus this paper will examine the history of Pakistan’s experimentswith system of state governance and will argue, why Pakistan has failed toestablish an effective federal covenant between its constitutional units? Themain challenges that have led Pakistan to what may be called a “failed state”includes firstly; inequality and insecurity. The federal structure of Pakistan isseverely threatened by provincial independence movements fueled by ethnictensions, fiscal/economic exploitation & feudalism. Secondly; linguistic movements, lawlessness, cross borders conflicts, military dictatorships, invasion of international groups and superpowers on state’s sovereignty played a vital role in deconstructing federalism. Social legitimacy of corruption, intolerance, & unequal benefits of citizenship also served as an instrument of marginalization. Thus Federalism based on realistic provincial and local autonomy must be vital component of reconstruction of State’s institutions in order to combat social and political fractures
Impacts of Globalization on Human Rights
No full textGlobalization is one of the most articulated, and experienced phenomenon which has resulted from the increasing interdependence and interpenetration of nations, communications, and flow of ideas across the borders, is one of the conspicuous dimensions of the current world. International standards and actors for the protection of human rights are ever more advanced and practically active than ever in human history. But violation and encroachment on basic human dignity continues, and the rise of international actors that generated the development of human rights globally may also be the cause of new ways and means of negation of human rights .In globalized world human rights are no more a question of national actors but more dependent on the international and global actors and institutions as multinational companies, media and others. Human rights have become a multidimensional term as it encompasses social but political and economic aspects as well