International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology
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Efficacy of Some Essential Oils against Post-Harvest Fungal Diseases of Kiwifruits
Get PDFA study on evaluation of essential oils of plant species (Litsea cubeba, Piper mullesua andPogostemon cablin) was carried out for their antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi viz.Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium expansum followingPoisoned food technique method. Different concentration of oil such as 125ppm, 250ppm, 500ppm,1000ppm and 5000ppm were taken to evaluate the effect. There was 100% inhibition in the growth ofphytopathogenic fungi at 5000 and 1000ppm concentration by essential oil of Litsea cubeba andPogostemon cablin. The decrease in colony diameter or growth of fungus was corresponding to theconcentration of oil. In comparison essential oil of P. mullesua was reported less effective againstphytopathogenic fungi. Minimum inhibitory concentration for oil of Litsea cubeba and P. cablin wasfound 500ppm. At higher concentration essential oil of both species were reported fungicidal in nature.Results depict that Litsea cubeba and P. cablin essential oil may be used as botanical pesticides tocontrol post-harvest fungal pathogens after further investigations
MICRO-CONTROLLER BASED AUTOIRRIGATION AND PEST DETECTION USING IMAGE PROCESSING
Get PDFTraditional wisdom relating to agriculture dates back around 12,000 years when the first plantswere domesticated by humans. This system has since been evolving through accumulated experiences indealing with situations and problems, and has been recorded and challenged down the generations. Theintegration of indigenous knowledge structure with scientific knowledge structure is vital to makeagriculture sustainable. The significance of IT and automation in agriculture is increasing rapidly. IT havebrought to the fore, new ways of doing things. There is realization that IT should be integrated with field ofagriculture to be effectively used as a facilitating tool to boost its impact on the lives of farmers. AlthoughIndia is the second largest irrigated country of the world after China, only one-third of the cropped area isunder irrigation. Extensive care needs to be taken to oversee the ill effects of over irrigation. Abundantamount of crops gets affected due to excess amount of moisture present in the soil. The major challenge inagriculture is early pest detection. Detection of pests in the paddy fields is a major challenge in the field ofagriculture, farmer relies on a combination of experience, visual inspection and he has to performperiodical surveys over a widespread plantation which is a time consuming activity and therefore effectivemeasures should be developed to fight the infestation while minimizing the use of pesticides. This studyrefers to a collaboration of automation and electronics to suggest an auto irrigation system inclusive of apest detector. The technique of image analysis is extensively applied to agriculture science to providemaximum protection to crops which can ultimately lead to better crop management and production. Thisstudy extends the implementation of different image processing techniques to detect and extract pests byestablishing an automated detection and monitoring in order to minimize human efforts and errors
SEASONAL INFLUENCE ON THE OCCURRENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF BLAST OF FINGER MILLET (ELEUSINE CORACANA (L.) GAERTN.) UNDER FIELD CONDITION
Get PDFBlast (Pyricularia grisea) is one of the most destructive diseases of finger millet. In thisinvestigation, an attempt was made to know the seasonal influence (Kharif and Rabi) responsible for high andlow blast disease development in the cropping period of finger millet and to get higher yields with sustainabledisease management practices. The integrated approach (fungicides and biocontrol agents) is the novel idea tomanage crop diseases as it involves minimum fungicidal load in nature. Field experiments conducted in twodifferent seasons (Kharif and Rabi 2014) revealed that the lowest blast disease incidence was recorded in the rabiseason crop. Among the different treatments tested, seed treatment with combination of Pseudomonasfluorescens @10g/kg and Trichoderma viride @4g/kg and foliar application of new fungicide moleculeTricyclazole +Mancozeb @2g/lit at maximum tillering and heading phase (T10 ) recorded minimum leaf blast andneck blast incidence ( PDI 8.8%& 0.33% ) with the maximum grain yield of 3741 kg/ha
Effect of Long-Term Integrated Plant Nutrition System (IPNS) in Rice-Wheat Sequence on Soil Biological Health
Get PDFRice - wheat is the predominant cropping system especially in the mid hills zone of the state. The systemis over-exploitative of the natural resources and consequently leads to degradation in soil health and fertility.Assessment and regular monitoring of soil health is essential for sustainability and minimal environmentaldegradation. Soil quality consists of physical, chemical and biological components and their interaction with oneanother. The biological component of soil has been largely ignored so far, though is an important aspect tomanage sustainable agriculture, soil health and ecosystem. Numerous studies have been carried out on soilphysical and chemical aspects. But in depth analysis of the soil biological health has rarely done. Therefore, thepresent study was carried out in a long-term experiment on IPNS in rice – wheat cropping system during 2013-14at the Bhadiarkhar farm of the university. Twelve treatment combinations viz. T1 - Control (No fertilizer, nomanure), T2 - 50% NPK to both rice and wheat, T3 - 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T4 - 75% NPK toboth rice and wheat, T5 - 100% NPK to both rice and wheat, T6 - 50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100%NPK to wheat, T7 - 75% NPK + 25% N (FYM) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat, T8 - 50% NPK + 50% N (wheat cutstraw) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T9 - 75% NPK + 25% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat,T10 - 50% NPK + 50% N (green manure) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat, T11 - 75% NPK + 25% N (greenmanure) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat and T12 -Farmers’ Practice (40% NPK and FYM 5 t/ha to both thecrops) were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. The application of organics viz FYM,wheat straw and green manure and chemical fertilizers increased the number of heterotrophic bacteria, fungi,actinomycetes, and nitrogen fixing bacteria significantly over the control. A definite build up of organic carbonand thereby microbial biomass carbon over its initial value of 0.6% was observed in all the treatments. Thehighest increase in organic carbon content over control and initial status was observed under T6 where 50% Nwas substituted through FYM during kharif followed by 100% NPK through fertilizers in rabi. The highestmicrobial biomass carbon was found under T8 where 50% N was substituted through wheat cut straw duringkharif followed by 100% NPK through fertilizers in wheat. Both dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities werestimulated by the application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers over control. Organic fertilizers weremore effective than inorganic fertilizers in increasing the microbial activity. Among the organic sources, FYMand wheat straw were superior to green manure. Microbial index of the soil increased with increase in the levelof fertilization. The effect was more pronounced with organics than with inorganics. T6 where 50% NPK throughfertilizers and 50% N through FYM to rice and 100% NPK through fertilizers to wheat was applied had highestmicrobial index of soil. This was followed by T8 (50% NPK through fertilizers and 50% N through wheat straw torice and 100% NPK through fertilizers to wheat)
Host Plant Resistance Against Leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) and Shoot and Fruit Borer (Earias spp.) in Okra: A Review
No full textHost plant resistance against leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) and shoot and fruit borer(Earias spp.) in Okra reveals that the insect pests especially leafhopper and shoot and fruit borer causedsignificant losses in Okra yield. Collection, conservation and evaluation of Okra germplasms showed thatresistant, moderately resistant and tolerant genotypes identified and some of them were released as varieties andpracticed by the farmers to get higher yields with low incidence of major pests. Trichomes with high density,long and perpendicular to leaf surface showed negative correlation to leaf hopper incidence. Okra genotypesresistant to leafhopper contain more total chlorophyll, xanthophylls, carotene, tannins and silica. High reducingsugar, non reducing sugars, proteins, free amino acids mixture and pH have positive correlation with hopperincidence. High oxalic acid acts as feeding deterrent. Accumulation of total carbohydrates and wider sugarnitrogen ratio were responsible for non-preference to leafhopper. High and long trichomes on the fruit, hinderthe ovipositiion on fruits but high density of hair on leaves facilitate more egg lying. Red coloured, thin andhard fruits with short calyx, less calyx diameter and thin shoot were found tolerant to borer attack. High tannin,total phenol, anthocyanin and silica contents were negatively correlated whereas high moisture, total sugars,reducing and non reducing sugars, proteins and free amino acids were positively correlated with borerinfestation in okra genotypes .High Fibre and ash content in fruits were significantly negatively correlated withthe infestation of E. vittella
Partial Characterization and Leaf Bioassay of Toxins of Fusarium udum Butler
Get PDFWilt caused by Fusarium udum Butler, is the major constraint to pigeonpeaproduction worldwide, which can cause yield losses up to 100% in susceptible cultivars,These toxic metabolites also known is one of the weapons used by pathogen inducingdisease condition in susceptible host plants. Many pathogens are known to produce toxinsboth in vitro and in vivo and these toxins have been implicated in the symptomdevelopment on the host tissues. In the present research, we have isolated and partiallycharacterized the Fusarium udum toxin. The efficacy of the toxins were further testedusing detached leaf bioassay. The LCMS analysis of crude and methanolic fractionrevealed more than 20 peaks among which seven known mycotoxins were detected on thebasis of m/z ratio. The analysis of mycotoxin in present investigation revealed FusrenonX(FX), T2toxin (T2), HT2toxin (HT2), Zearalenon (ZON), Tricothecen-T-2-Diacetoxyscipenol (DAS), .3-Acetyldeoxy-nivalenol (ADON). Detached leaf bioassayresults exhibit that necrotic symptoms was increased upon increasing the concentration ofthe toxin in both crude and menthanolic fraction of the toxins appeared at all theconcentration but the severe necrotic lesion was noticed in methanolic fraction of toxins.The maximum lesion of 5.13 mm2 was observed in 200 µl of methanolic fraction of toxin.The identified phytotoxins may prove to be useful tool for screening pigeonpea at earlierstages
EDTA Enhanced Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soil by Maize (Zea mays L.)
Get PDFA pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of EDTA compound on cadmiumuptake by maize variety DHM-11.This study points out that EDTA compound provided feasibleconditions for plants to take metals from soil. Application of EDTA showed highest metals uptakeby maize. EDTA increased uptakes of Cd 3-4 times as compared to control. EDTA was found agood chelating compound. Hence, supplementing soil with a synthetic chelating agent such asethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is an efficient method to enhance cadmium uptake byplants for facilitating phytoremediation with carefully monitoring
Ethnobotanical and Nutritional Evaluation of Some Edible Fruit Plants of Southern Odisha, India
Get PDFThe present paper reports the ethnobotanical use of 110 edible fruit plant species under 83 genera and 47families, of which 103 species belong to dicots, 6 species to monocots and one species to gymnosperm. Out ofthese species, 100 species were wild, 10 species that were wild as well as cultivated. The edible fruit plantsconstitute 15 herbs, 42 shrubs, 3 climbers and 50 tree species. It also reports the nutrient value of edible fruits of22 plants of Southern Odisha, India. Most of these fruits of these plants are used by the tribal/rural people at thetime of food scarcity. Analysis of nutritive values such as crude protein, total sugar, total lipid, vitamin B1 andvitamin C content of the selected fruits revealed that fruits of Semecarpus anacardium showed highest crudeprotein (3.2%) and vitamin B1 content (0.0024 mg g-1) while fruits of Phoenix sylvestris showed the highest totalsugar content (33.9%). Fruits of Flacourtia indica showed the highest total lipid content (0.075 mg g-1) whilefruits of Phyllanthus emblica exhibited the highest vitamin C content (5.16 mg g-1). Some of these fruits may beuseful as food and medicine that are required in small quantities to cure some of the diseases the tribal and ruralpoor suffer from
Nutrient Management through Organics in Pea - Buckwheat Cropping System under Dry Temperate Conditions of North Western Himalayas
Get PDFIn the dry temperate region, growing of a single crop in a year is a common feature of cropping.The shrinking of per capita land availability further warrants temporal and spatial intensification ofcropping. Therefore, pea-buckwheat has been evolved as one of the potential cropping sequences in thetemperate region. The present study focuses on organic nutrient management in peas and subsequentresidual activity on common buckwheat. Vermicompost at 3.0 and 4.5 t/ha, FYM 20 t/ha, Vermicompost 1.50t/ha + FYM 10 t/ha and vermicompost 3.0 t/ha + FYM 3.0 t/ha were compared to recommended applicationof NPK (20:60:30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O in peas only) and control (no fertilizer). In buckwheat, only theresiduals of the treatments were studied. During the first year, inorganic nutrient management treatmentresulted in significantly higher pods/plant, seeds/pod, green pea yield, pea equivalent yield, gross and netreturns and B:C over the organic nutrient management treatments. However, in the second year, organicnutrient management treatments gave higher yield of peas, pea equivalent yield and gross returns over theorganics. Organic nutrient management treatments involving vermicompost in general were superior toinorganics in influencing branches/plant, seeds/plant and seed yield of buckwheat during both the years.Vermicompost 4.5 t/ha was comparable to vermicompost 1.5 t/ha + FYM 10 t/ha and vermicompost 3.0 t/ha +FYM 10 t/ha for the yield attributes and yield of peas and buckwheat, green pea equivalent yield, gross andnet returns and B:C
Evaluation of Combinations of Herbicides to Manage Mixed Weed Flora in Wheat
Get PDFSixteen weed control treatments viz. pinoxaden (40 g ha-1), isoproturon (1250 g ha-1) alone,isoproturon + pinoxaden (1000 + 40 g ha-1), isoproturon + pinoxaden (750 + 30 g ha-1), isoproturon +2,4-D (1000 + 500 g ha-1), isoproturon + metsulfuron-methyl (1000 + 4 g ha-1), pinoxaden + 2,4-D (40+ 1000 g ha-1), pinoxaden + metsulfuron-methyl (40 + 4 g ha-1), isoproturon fb pinoxaden (1000 fb 40g ha-1), isoproturon fb pinoxaden (750 fb 30 g ha-1), pinoxaden fb isoproturon (40 fb 1000 g ha-1),pinoxaden fb isoproturon (30 fb 750 g ha-1), pinoxaden fb 2,4-D (40 fb 1000 g ha-1), pinoxaden fbmetsulfuron-methyl (40 fb 4 g ha-1), hand weeding (30 & 60 DAS) and weedy check were evaluated forthe control of mixed weed flora in wheat at Palampur. Soil of the test site was silty clay loam in texture,acidic in reaction, medium in available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium status.Avenaludoviciana and Phalaris minor were the major weeds constituting 35 and 25.1 per cent,respectively, of total weed flora at 90 DAS. The broad-leaf weeds (Anagallis arvensis, Vicia sativa andCoronopus didymus) as a whole constituted 28.6 per cent of total weed flora. Results of the studyrevealed that pinoxaden fb metsulfuron methyl (40 fb 4 g ha-1) and pinoxaden + metsulfuron methyl(40 + 4 g ha-1) were superir to hand weeding and resulted in significantly lower population of Avenaludoviciana, Phalaris minor, Lolium temulentum, Anagallis arvensis, Vicia sativa and Coronopusdidymus. Sequential application of pinoxaden fb metsulfuron methyl (40 fb 4 g ha-1) resulted insignificantly higher grain yield, net returns (47489 ` ha-1) and net returns per rupee invested (1.97).However, pinoxaden + metsulfuron methyl (40 + 4 g ha-1) was comparable to pinoxaden fbmetsulfuron methyl (40 fb 4 g ha-1) in increasing the grain yield of wheat