International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology
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An Analysis of Brand Preference and Market Share of Neem Based Pesticides in Kolar District, Karnataka
Get PDFNeem is a bio-chemical factory as it contains several chemical constituents that are attributable to its miracles. It is potentially a substitute for synthetic pesticide used in crop production. The present study was conducted to know the brand preference and market share of neem based pesticides. The study was conducted in Kolar district because it is one of the important fruits and vegetables growing district in the state. The results revealed that in neem oil, T. Stanes & Co. has the highest market share (35.36 %), followed by Parry’s Bio (32.04 %) and Vijaya (17.68 %). In neem cake, local neem cake has the highest market share (52.34 %) followed by Parry’s bio (22.43 %) and T. Stanes & Co. (14.02 %). Neemarin brand of Biotech International was the first preference among the farmers (30 %) followed by Nimbecidine EC brand of T. Stanes Company (23.33 %) and Neemazal of Parry’s Bio company (20.00 %). The main factors influencing farmers’ preference for various neem based pesticides were retailers influence followed by quality and price. The major problems faced by the retailers in marketing of neem based pesticides was less demand compared to synthetic pesticides followed by slow results and lack of information about the products. From this it can be concluded that there is a great scope for creating awareness among the farmers about neem based pesticides through campaigns and field demonstrations by KVKs and State Department of Agriculture. 
BIOSECURITY MEASURES NEEDED BY RURAL POULTRY FARMERS FOR EFFECTIVE DISEASE PREVENTION
Get PDFThe research was carried out in Anambra State of Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population of the study was 116 registered poultry farmers. This comprised of 51 males and 65 females. There was no sampling; the whole population was used because the population was manageable. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire which had 42 item statements. The questionnaire was structured on four-points rating scale of strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree with their nominal values of 4, 3, 2 and 1. The reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.83. The data collected were analyzed using mean with standard deviation statistics for the research questions, and hypotheses were tested using t-test statistics. Based on the analysis of the data, it was found that isolation practices, traffic control practices and good sanitation can be effectively used to prevent poultry diseases. It was recommended among others that the poultry farmers should be given workshops, seminars and conferences on application of isolation, traffic and sanitation practices for effective poultry disease prevention
Giant Mealworm (Zophobas Morio) as a “Vehicle” to Transport Healthy Nutritional Ingredients from Seaweed (Ascophyllum Nodosum) towards Fish Cultured: Amino Acids
Get PDFThis study is the first step investigating a new food chain, using Zophobas morio as a potential “vehicle” to transport amino acids (AA) from Norwegian kelp (Ascophyllum nodosum) into the insect body. Additionally, suitability of Z. morio as a dietary protein substitute for fishmeal (FM) in aquaculture feeds, was evaluated. Proximate composition (dry matter, ash, protein, fat and energy) and complete (free + hydrolysed + tryptophan) AA profiles were determined for Z. morio fed with kelp granulate or oat meal. Using principle component analysis we identified similarities and differences in essential AA between diets and Z. morio fed with these diets. AA scores were calculated to evaluate protein quality of Z. morio. Results showed a slight enrichment in several essential AA for Z. morio fed kelp granulate. Protein level of Z. morio in this study fell within the ranges of protein requirements for fish. All essential AA for fish were present in Z. morio. Based on AA scores it was concluded that methionine would be first limiting. Overall, protein levels and AA profiles showed that Z. morio fed with kelp granulate can be seen as an interesting candidate to replace FM in aquatic diets.
 
Effect of Crude Extracts of Six Plants on Vegetative Growth of Soybean (Glycine maxMerr.)
Get PDFBoosting production by applying natural products derived from readily available plant sources to increase vegetative growth of soybean could help ensure food sovereignty, security and affordability of this important source of dietary protein. A preliminary trial using crude extracts from six potential growth stimulating sources suggested while treatment with C. asiatica, M.esculenta (cassava) and G. linearis leaf extract increased soybean plant height and leaf area, A.scholaris stem bark, G.mangostana pericarp and Zea mays silk reduced growth. Promising crude extracts from the first trial were retested at five dilute concentrationson14-day old soybean plants using nested design with four replications. Analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (p ≤ 0.05) showed that crude extracts of cassava leaves, C.asiatica and G. linearis increased plant height, while only C. asiatica increased leaf area. The highest plant height and widest leaf area were obtained by applying 25mg/l crude extract of C. asiatica.  
Evaluation Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Some Seedlings Date Palm Fruits (Maghal) in the North Delta Egypt
Get PDFEgypt ranked as the first production country of dates, dates trees cultivation is wide and important fruits in Egypt which provide a food source for population and animal, date palm trees described as very heterozygous led to non- true to type fruits by seeds production, many fruits seedlings trees cultivated in most areas that have good characteristics, it may be related to the nearest cultivar find in this area, thus the main object of this work to evaluate some physical and chemical attributes of these seedlings fruits cultivations. The present results proved that, the major tested fruit characteristics included fruit weight, length, diameter, length/diameter, volume and seed weight and length additionally fruit chemical contents of the evaluated seedling palm tree numbered 4,6,7 and 9 showed insignificant variance among comparing cultivar Amhat cv., on the other hand as evident from obtained results the evaluated seedling palm tree Masoud* and Neil Omraa* clarified not statistical differs between Zaghloul cv as comparing cultivar for major physical and chemical measurements. Clustering dendrogram exhibited strongly relationship between evaluated seedling palm trees and comparisons according to their fruit physical and chemical characteristics. consequently, these seedling palms are considered as desired palm trees for producing soft dates cultivars as well as all of these seedling trees needs to importance enhancing of cultivation practice to increasing quality and production fruits for consumers.  
In Vitro Conservation and Germination of Encapsulated Somatic Embryos of "Barhi" Date Palm
Get PDFSynthetic seeds technique is a tool for mass propagation of elite plant species with high commercial value. Somatic embryos (1.5 mm in length) of date palm cv. Barhi were used in two experiments, the first experiment was designed to study the effect of sodium alginate concentrations at 4%, 5% and 6% and Abscisic acid concentration at 0.0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.0 mg l−1 on conservation and germination of encapsulated somatic embryos of date palm cv. Barhi after four months. The second experiment aims to get the highest germination percentage and growth vigor of synthetic seeds which conserved for a period of four months at the same condition of the best treatment from the previous experiment, it has been used three combinations of plant growth regulator as follows: I- (0.1 mg l−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) + 0.05 mg l−1 6benzylaminopurine(BA)), II- (0.1 mg l−1 NAA + 0.02 mg l−1 BA + 0.03 mg l−1 Kinetin (Kin)) and III- (0.1 mg l−1 NAA + 0.02 mg l−1 BA + 0.03 mg l−1 Kin + 0.5 mg l−1 Gibberellic acid). The results showed that, the best treatment which gave the highest percentage of synthetic seeds germination (71.6%) and a maximum degree of embryos growth (= 4) was 5% of sodium alginate +1.5 mg l−1 Abscisic acid. While in the second experiment, the best result of percentage of conversion (80.1%) and (80.6%) were achieved at using of second and third treatments combinations respectively. 
Meteorological Drought Assessment for Chittar Sub-Basin of Thamiravaruni River in Tamil Nadu Using Geographical Information System
Get PDFDrought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate and occurs in all climatic regimes and is usually characterized in terms of its spatial extension, intensity and duration. Drought causes economic, environmental and social impacts. Within a short period of time, the amount of moisture in soils begin to decrease which then leads to decrease in flow of rivers, water levels in lakes, reservoirs and wells after several weeks or months. As the economy of our country is often gripped with the gamble of monsoons, studies regarding drought become inevitable. Drought is caused due to deficiency of water that depends on rainfall, which falls in uneven pattern across the country. Hence, an attempt is made in the present study to analyse rainfall status and assess the drought severity of Chittar sub-basin in meteorological aspect using Geographical Information System (GIS). GIS provides tools to incorporate spatial and temporal variations of water resources data. The assessment of drought severity in the meteorological context was carried out by India Meteorological Department (IMD) method. Meteorological drought risk index for each rainfall station the sub-basin was calculated by frequency analysis. Spatial interpolation of meteorological drought risk index was mapped in Arc view GIS 3.2a software. The meteorological drought risk maps help the administrators and planners to plan various alternative measures to overcome the drought and its impacts.  
The Situation in the Poultry Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Get PDF Bosnia and Herzegovina have sufficient capacities for production and processing of poultry meat and it can meet the needs of the BiH population. Consumption of poultry meat is about 14 to 16 Kgs/capita/year and 180 eggs/capita/year – these quantities are relatively high and there is a growth potential. More than 90% of poultry meat producers are cooperants of one of the processing units in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Usually cooperation between processors and farmers goes like this: processors are selling to farmers’ one-day chicken and concentrate, and also providing monitoring of process, veterinary services, etc. The key issue for the poultry industry is the need to import feed ingredients and in some cases complete feed on a regular basis. Given the cost of feed often represents about 70% of total costs, any disruption in normal/traditional supply channels could increase costs significantly, or worse – completely close the flow of feed to producers. Bosnia and Herzegovina has currently around 1.4 million chickens in production. Current production is about 370 million eggs per year while needs of BiH are about 400 to 450 million eggs a year. Price of the egg is 0,18 BAM per piece. Around 70% of table egg production goes through organized cooperative systems similar like meat production. 30% of table eggs production is coming from small farms. These eggs are sold directly on farms, green markets or small markets. 
Fungi Associated with Contaminated Stored Grains and their Biological Control using Zanthoxylum rhetsa Essential Oil
Get PDFIn the present investigation antifungal activity of essential oil obtained from Zanthoxylum rhetsa was studied against some fungi contaminating stored grains. A total of 83 fungal isolates were obtained from contaminated samples collected from West Guwahati markets, India. The frequently isolated fungal species were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and fungi belonging to genera Penicillium and Mucor. Essential oil of Zanthoxylum rhetsa was obtained by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus. Antifungal efficacy of the essential oil against the isolated fungi was carried out by Agar Cup Diffusion assay. The result indicated that all the fungal species showed varying degree of antifungal activity. Amongst the fungi, Aspergillus niger showed high susceptibility toward the oil followed by Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium italicum while least antifungal activity was observed in Aspergillus flavus. The essential oil of Zanthoxylum rhetsa was characterized by GCMS analysis. The result indicated one strong peak and two minor peaks indicating the presence of bioactive metabolites. Since most of the isolated fungal genera produced aflatoxin which causes toxicity to living organisms including humans, the inhibition of these fungi genera by the essential oil of Zanthoxylum rhetsa is promising eco-friendly approach to control such contamination.  
MICROSATELLITE MARKERS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN FISHERIES
Get PDFMicrosatellites are the most popular and versatile genetic marker having various applications in population genetics, conservation biology, and evolutionary biology. They represent an abundant source of genetic markers which are highly polymorphic and dispersed evenly throughout eukaryotic genomes. Genetic variation arises between individuals leading to differentiation at the level of population, species and higher order taxonomic groups. Development of microsatellite markers has powerful ability to detect genetic variations between individuals, populations or species. Microsatellites represent ideal molecular markers as they are co-dominant in nature, highly polymorphic, easily typed, and Mendelian inherited, all properties which make them very suitable for the study of population structure and pedigree analysis. These properties make microsatellites an ideal genetic marker for conservation genetics and fisheries management These microsatellite markers combined with new statistical developments have revolutionized the analytical power, necessary to explore the genetic diversity and have become the markers of choice because of their wide range of application in population genetic, gene tagging, pedigree analysis, conservation and evolutionary biology.