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Improving Forest Detection Using Machine Learning and Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Southeastern Serbia
Get PDFVegetation plays an active role in ecosystem dynamics, and monitoring its patterns and changes is vital for effective environmental resource management. This study explores the possibility of machine learning techniques and remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of forest detection. The research focuses on the southeastern part of the Republic of Serbia as a case study area, using Sentinel-2 multispectral bands. The study employs publicly accessible satellite data and incorporates different vegetation indices to improve classification accuracy. The main objective is to examine the practicability of expanding the input parameters for forest detection using a machine learning approach. The classification process is performed by employing support vector machines (SVM) algorithm and utilising the SVM module in the scikit-learn package. The results demonstrate that including vegetation indices alongside the multispectral bands significantly improves the accuracy of vegetation detection. A comprehensive assessment reveals an overall classification accuracy of up to 99.01% when the selected vegetation indices (MCARI, RENDVI, NDI45, GNDVI, NDII) are combined with the Sentinel-2 bands. This research highlights the potential of machine learning and remote sensing in forest detection and monitoring. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating vegetation indices to enhance classification accuracy using the Python programming language. The study’s outcomes provide valuable insights for environmental resource management and decision-making processes, particularly in regions with diverse forest ecosystems
Comparative analysis of the vegetation of the municipality of Krupanj for the period before and after the flood of 2014 using the vegetation indexes SAVI and EVI
Get PDFОд природних непогода које погађају друштво поплаве заузимају значајно место по свом утицају и величини штете коју наносе. Сагледавања обима поплава и штете коју наносе земљином покривачу могуће је извршити употребом даљинске детекције и географских информационих система. У раду је извршена анализа природе и обима промена земљишног покривача на подручју општине Крупањ пре и после поплава 2014. године, анализом сателитских снимака Landsat 7 ETM+.Уредници: Дејан Стојковић, Далибор Петровић, Срђан Дими
Primena GIS-a i daljinske detekcije u monitoringu vegetacijskog pokrivača na teritoriji grada Bijeljina
No full textSavremene pojave i procesi na Zemljinoj površini intenzivirali su promene u vegetacijskom pokrivaču. Prekomerna transformacija šumskog zemljišta u poljoprivredno ili građevinsko zemljište jedan je od faktora nastanka različitih tipova prirodnih nepogoda (erozija zemljišta, bujićne poplave, klizišta) čime se ugrožava životna sredina. U ovom radu analizirano je stanje vegetacije na teritoriji grada Bijeljina tokom 2018. i 2023 godine. Kombinacijom satelitskih podataka (misija Sentinel-2) i geografskih informacionih sistema (GIS), metodom Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dobijeni su rezultati na osnovu kojih je izvšena komparativna analiza. Tokom 2018. godine, šume su obuhvatale 37,2% ukupne površine Grada, dok je udeo teritorije pod oranicama i livadama bio 57,3%. Dobijeni rezultati za 2023. godinu ukazuju da su se površine pod šumama smanjile i danas pokrivaju 27,1% teritorije, dok se procenat oranica i livada povećao na 62,5%. Dobijeni podaci mogu biti od koristi jedinici lokalne samouprave i službama za upravljanje vanrednim situacijama u cilju prevencije prirodnih nepogoda i donošenja mera pošumljavanja na lokacijama na kojima je proces aforestacije neophodan
FPGA Implementation of Expert System for Medical Diagnosis of Disc Hernia Diagnosis Based on Bayes Theorem
No full textThe aim of this research is to create a medical expert system based on Bayes theorem to diagnose level of disc hernia based on real foot force measurement signals obtained using sensors and implement the whole system on field programable gate array (FPGA). We have created a database of attributes based on recorded foot force values of 33 patients pre-diagnosed with herniated disc on levels L4/L5 or L5/S1 on the left or right side. The results obtained by software (Matlab) and hardware (FPGA simulation) are matching well, achieving high accuracy, which shows that VHDL implementation of Naïve Bayes theorem for disc hernia diagnostics is adequate. The output on FPGA is easy to understand for any user, as it is implemented as four-bit output where the position of bit value 1 indicates the level of disc herniation. The system is able to distinguish between the healthy subjects and subjects with disc herniation and is able to detect if improvement in stability is present after surgery or physical therapy. Our proposed measurement platform can be coupled with FPGA to create a portable and not expensive tool for real time signal acquisition, processing and decision support system in disc hernia diagnosis and post-surgical recovery
D4.1 - Report on Western Balkans Just Green Transition Conceptualisation
Get PDFThe Western Balkans region is significantly impacted by climate change and pollution. Over the past decades, warming has accelerated, and throughout the 21st century, it is projected to be higher than the world average (Alfthan, B et.al, 2015). The observed changes in precipitation over the last few decades are less clear, but almost all climate models agree that the region's countries will experience a significant decrease in precipitation by the twenty-first century, accompanied by an increase in drought conditions and, thus, water availability.
In the absence of adequate adaptation measures, key risks for the region arising from these hazards are manifested to a vast extent and include economic and livelihood losses, increased mortality and morbidity, decreased public safety, impaired ecosystem functioning and the loss of species, and decreased energy security due to water scarcity. Many of these impacts are not only future issues but also present-day concerns.
While the Just Green Transition concept and approaches are embraced at a global level, the process towards this transition in the WBs is progressing at a very slow pace and little is done in regard to societal preparedness for JGT. The “transition” itself signals epochal change, and at the same time unfolds uncertain futures for the affected economies. In this context, the WB countries have long been in the loop of the post-socialism transition, what Smith et al. (2005) call a ‘purposive transition’, characterised by a deliberate goal pursued as of the outset of transformation, with an explicit set of societal expectations and drawing heavily on external resources, aid and political orientation.
Confronting this, the green transition is equally purposive (Geels, 2011) for the Western Balkans, considering its embeddedness within the EU green agenda, the EU integration process, and the structural and technical weaknesses in the region which inhibit it from producing bottom-up niches of change. Petrov (2014) characterises the post-socialist purposive transition as ‘teleological’ for the CEE, with the regime change appearing as “purposeful, preordained, and therefore predictable, virtually unstoppable, and impelled by a future goal”, which serves as the “defined end of the transition process” (p.30).
The contextual territorial factors, should be accounted for in the respective local and regional strategies. Carothers (2002, p.8) would call the latter “the underlying conditions … the economic level, political history, institutional legacies, ethnic make-up, sociocultural traditions, or other ‘structural’ features”, all of which are equally relevant and important in defining how this new transition would evolve within the Western Balkans region. These underlying factors correspond with the sociotechnical landscape in which regimes are set and change (transition), and count for the spatial structure of cities, economic growth and social factors, normative values and environmental problems, as well as potential disasters and political dynamics. In the Western Balkans, the underlying conditions, coupled with the fatigue from a stagnating process of EU integration, conflicting narratives, dominant-power politics, corrupted institutions, and huge territorial disparities, have produced an agony of ‘never-ending transition’, which suggests that resistance to change may be notably present for the green transitions as well.
On a policy level, to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 the EU adopted a new growth strategy, called The European Green Deal, (COM (2019) 640 final), which among others requires amending and creating transformative regulations, directives and decisions focused on eight main elements. The EGD has laid forward a Green Agenda for the Western Balkans (GAWB), not only in terms of fulfilling the acquis conditions but also as an emergent need for societies to interact and cooperate in view of climate changes. Yet, Western Balkan countries still fall behind the EU in fighting, mitigating and adapting to climate change, lacking at the same time a holistic approach for transforming all relevant policies (national and regional) into climate-sensitive. A lack of general knowledge and awareness persists in the region, there are no studies on the impact of the limited JGT practices so far as well; and to date, no ex-ante assessment on the effects of future interventions is undertaken.
On a methodological note, this document makes its first attempt in unravelling key theoretical concepts related to Just Green Transition, while provides at a same time a summary of Green Transition efforts in the WB to date, in the frame of the EU Green Deal and defines common key elements for the just and inclusive Green Transition of the WB. Additionally, it builds on two methodological processes undertaken in the frame of GreenFORCE: i) the mapping of policies and current initiatives in the WBs and ii) The co-design processes bringing together the discussion of various stakeholders on JGT in the region.
To deepen the discussion and further the efforts towards the conceptualisation of JGT in WBs, a research case study approach is presented and introduced in the document. The need for these (5) JGT research cases, as proposed in the specific chapter fie below, stems directly from one of the specific objectives of GreenFORCE, which focuses on generating knowledge through carrying out exploratory and comparative research on JGT processes, policies, costs and impacts, and their relation to the spatial and regional setting in the WB.
The research is an empirical effort in terms of observing the interrelation between just green transition and place specificity, with a particular focus in the Western Balkans as countries and as a region. The selection of cases (presented in detail below) does not intend to achieve full comparison between each other, rather aims to identify common elements at the regional level and list key aspects that could be used to formulate policy recommendations for each of the sectors addressed by the cases. Therefore, while no one unique research question could be formulated for all of the cases, all of them would seek to respond in varying degrees and through different sectorial and country perspectives to a set of questions which we identified based on the theoretical conceptualization.
In this way, we hope not only to bring salient answers on the potential future impacts of green transitions in the Western Balkans societies but also shed light on the regime-landscape interaction and how such an interaction can vary depending on its spatiality.
Finally, the research efforts aimed at identifying the endogenous potential for just green transition in the Western Balkan and contextual factors that define the related prospects and trajectories of innovation (Maassen, 2017), ensuring social justice
Application of the Flash Flood Potential Index in Torrential Floods Risk Assessment (FFPI): A case study of Svilajnac Municipality
Get PDFThis paper analyses areas at risk of torrential floods in the municipality of Svilajnac. Flash floods are very important from the aspect of environmental protection and disaster management, considering that they can have serious consequences. Damage caused by floods results in the destruction of homes and infrastructure, as well as the displacement of people and loss of agricultural land, alteration of ecosystems and landscapes. For the purposes of this analysis data about geological structure, terrain slope, land cover and bare soil index were processed in the GIS environment. Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) was used to calculate the predisposition for flash flood occurrence in the study area. The obtained results indicate a high vulnerability to flash flood occurrence and they are classified into five vulnerability classes
Urban restructuring and the location dynamics of P-KIBS in postsocialist Belgrade
No full textProfessional knowledge-intensive business services (P-KIBS) have emerged as one of the core elements of economic recovery and urban restructuring of many large cities during the postsocialist transition in Europe. However, studies about intrametropolitan patterns of P-KIBS in postsocialist cities are largely neglected. Against this backdrop, the aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of P-KIBS intraurban spatial patterns within a postsocialist urban environment by analyzing the location dynamics of P-KIBS in Belgrade. The research methodology includes using a micro-geographic dataset for the period 2011–2019 and distance-based methods, which are becoming increasingly popular in urban geography. The study demonstrates that in Belgrade, P-KIBS are spatially highly concentrated and centralized, with a strong center-periphery gradient as well as pronounced intraurban functional specialization and intrasectoral differences. In the observed period, the spatial reorganization of P-KIBS was characterized by spatially limited decentralization, reflected in the progressive dissolution of the traditional monocentric model and the creation of a centralized duocentric model through the emergence of a secondary CBD in New Belgrade. In particular, the research highlights the influence of the complex process of postsocialist urban restructuring in the shaping of the urban geography of P-KIBS
Contribution to the study of climate change in Serbia using continentality, oceanity, and aridity indices
Get PDFThe aim of the study is to present some specific climatic conditions on the territory of the Republic of Serbia based on the analysis of four climate indices, which can help in understanding contemporary climate changes. Temperature and precipitation data from 31 meteorological stations for the period 1951–2010 were used. The relative homogeneity of the data series was done using the MASH v3.02 method. The indices used are: Johansson Continentality Index, Kerner Oceanity Index, De Martonne Aridity Index, and Pinna Combinative Index. Geospatial analysis of the distribution of the values of the four mentioned indices was done using the QGIS package 2.8.1. The results of the research show that the continentality effect is present in most of Serbia, while oceanity is observed locally, mainly in the western and southwestern parts of the country. The further analysis showed that there is no dry and semi–dry Mediterranean climate in Serbia. Considering that it is dry in the warmest part of the year (July–September), when the need for water is increased, which is clearly shown by the Walter climate diagram, as well as the fact that an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation during the vegetation period were observed in the second 30–year period (1981–2010), it can be concluded that in Serbia there is a tendency towards arid climate. The results presented in this paper can help decision makers to plan certain climate change adaptation measures
Директни и индиректни ефекти демографских структура на стопу партиципације у радној снази
Get PDFНа стопу економске активности радно способног становништва старост и образовање двојако делују: преко специфичних стопа активности (директни или бихевиорални ефекти) и посредством нумеричке расподеле становништва (индиректни или композитни ефекти). Природа везе између активности, старења и образовања становништва је добро описана у демографској литератури, али је непознато у којој мери на ниво економске активности становништва утичу директна и индиректна компонента старења и образовања, да ли се однос компоненти мења током времена, и може ли се на основу доприноса ове две компоненте прецизније одредити потенцијал за проширење обима радне снаге. У раду се анализира период 2002–2021. година, када су вредности стопе активности у Србији флуктуирале, па је било интересантно истражити који су ефекти снажније деловали током две деценије дивергентних трендова опште стопе (опадање током 2002–2011. и раст од 2011. до 2021. године). Претпоставља се да су на ниво економске активности становништва јаче деловали бихевиорални него композитни ефекти. Анализа је ослоњена на податке
„Анкете о радној снази”, а за квантификацију доприноса директне и индиректне компоненте употребљен је у демографији често коришћен метод декомпозиције општих стопа. Резултати су показали да општа стопа активности становништва кореспондира са кретањем учешћа примарног радног контингента (25–55 година), и да је током читавог истраживаног периода структурна компонента била слабије изражена у односу на бихевиоралну, посебно у контингенту женског становништва. Са аспекта образовања добијени су слични резултати: на кретање нивоа економске активности становништва снажније су деловале промене специфичних стопа према нивоу образовања, него промена образовног састава становништва
Vizuelizacija prostornih podataka od značaja za razvoj turizma u zaštićenim područjima
Get PDFEfikasno planiranje i upravljanje zaštićenim i turističkim područjima
zahteva uspostavljanje strategija, kojim bi se osigurala kompromisna rešenja između
razvoja turizma, zaštite prirodnih i kulturnih vrednosti područja i interesa lokalne
zajednice. Društveni i ekonomski trendovi dinamičnog su karaktera i utiču na planiranje
turizma u zaštićenim područjima. Rast interesovanja za održivi turizam utiče na aktivnosti
usmerene ka što kvalitetnijem korišćenju prirodnih i kulturnih dobara. Napredak u
globalnim komunikacijama i informacionim tehnologijama omogućava pristup ogromnoj
količini informacija o zaštićenim područjima i turističkim atraktivnostima. Korišćenjem
GIS tehnologije omogućava se dobijanje digitalnih karata različite tematike, sa brojnim
informacijama o lokacijama i distribuciji prirodnih i kulturnih vrednosti zaštićenog područja.
Vizuelizacija geopodataka, objedinjenih iz različitih izvora i formata, u cilju prikaza
potencijala i perspektiva turističkog razvoja, omogućava bolje razumevanje i interpretiranje
vrednosti zaštićenog područja. Korišćenjem karata vizuelno se olakšava proces proučavanja
određenog prostora. Kartom se prezentuju različiti sadržaji turističke ponude. Vizuelno
se grafičkim izrazima daje jasan i očigledan prikaz informacija: o lokaciji i karakteristikama
objekata, njihovom razmeštaju i prostornim vezama. U radu je analiziran značaj turističkih
karata na primeru turističkih destinacija opštine Valjevo, koja raspolaže kompleksom
prirodnih i kulturnih dobara kao značajnim turističkim potencijalom. Pored značaja za
korisnike turističkih usluga (lokacije turističkih objekata, atraktivnosti turističkih destinacija,
izbor i planiranje putovanja, orijentacija, kretanja i aktivnosti u geografskom prostoru), veliki
značaj imaju karte namenjene planiranju i regulisanju razvoja turističkih aktivnosti.Urednici: Dejan Filipović, Velimir Šećerov, Dejan S. Đorđevi