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Phosphatidylinositol kinases in GtoPdb v.2025.1
Get PDFPhosphatidylinositol may be phosphorylated at either 3- or 4- positions on the inositol ring by PI 3-kinases or PI 4-kinases, respectively.Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinasesPhosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K, provisional nomenclature) catalyse the introduction of a phosphate into the 3-position of phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) or phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). There is evidence that PI3K can also phosphorylate serine/threonine residues on proteins. In addition to the classes described below, further serine/threonine protein kinases, including ATM (Q13315) and mTOR (P42345), have been described to phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol and have been termed PI3K-related kinases. Structurally, PI3Ks have common motifs of at least one C2, calcium-binding domain and helical domains, alongside structurally-conserved catalytic domains. wortmannin and LY 294002 are widely-used inhibitors of PI3K activities. wortmannin is irreversible and shows modest selectivity between Class I and Class II PI3K, while LY294002 is reversible and selective for Class I compared to Class II PI3K.Class I PI3Ks (EC 2.7.1.153) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and are heterodimeric, matching catalytic and regulatory subunits. Class IA PI3Ks include p110α, p110β and p110δ catalytic subunits, with predominantly p85 and p55 regulatory subunits. The single catalytic subunit that forms Class IB PI3K is p110γ. Class IA PI3Ks are more associated with receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, while the Class IB PI3K is linked more with GPCR signalling.Class II PI3Ks (EC 2.7.1.154) phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol to generate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (and possibly phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate). Three monomeric members exist, PI3K-C2α, β and β, and include Ras-binding, Phox homology and two C2 domains.The only class III PI3K isoform (EC 2.7.1.137) is a heterodimer formed of a catalytic subunit (VPS34) and regulatory subunit (VPS15).Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinasesPhosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (EC 2.7.1.67) generate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and may be divided into higher molecular weight type III and lower molecular weight type II forms
Making Visible the Expertise of Data Workers in AI-Driven Healthcare: A Call to Action
No full textData constitute a crucial resource in healthcare systems increasingly reliant on digital technologies powered by artificial intelligence (AI). However, before these technologies can be used, they need to be ‘trained’ on large datasets assembled by individuals often working from home utilising their expertise to ensure that technologies work as they are designed to. Amidst recent enthusiasm for the adoption of AI in healthcare, little attention has been paid to the expertise and plight of these data workers. As I argue in this position piece, researchers have an important role to play in analysing and bringing to public attention the expertise possessed by those who curate content needed to power AI in healthcare and the affective demands and potential harms they face in undertaking this work. I discuss recent efforts to address the working conditions of data workers in general and suggest that the International Labour Organization could help develop standards, policies and programs to protect these individuals. As I conclude, making visible the expertise of data workers in healthcare will assist to both improve their lives and increase public awareness of the fact that AI would not exist without their contributions
Health-Related Expertise in the Digital Age: Reconfigurations and Redistributions
No full textSpecial Issue "Health-Related Expertise in the Digital Age: Reconfigurations and Redistributions", guest edited by Sandra Bärnreuther, Nolwenn Bühler and Giada Danesi
Field Notes on Fluid Illness
No full textIllness is fluid. It can cross bodily boundaries, across space and time, and permeate entire families and communities. This is especially apparent in places where people have come to rely on one another in order to withstand austerity and state disregard. Here I share a creative revision of field notes from home visits with a family living with debilitating illness in rural Guatemala. Through their experience, I contemplate how vulnerability and illness are not merely hardships to be endured but can also be conditions productive of collective action, resistance, and new forms of belonging
Silence as Presence: Affective Spaces of Silence and Care
No full text‘Giving voice’ can be an empowering metaphor for the process of creating space for another’s perspective, allowing for their experience to be noted and attended to. Yet it is also a metaphor that relies on a particular form of articulation. Voice and narrative share many of the same strengths and limitations: for some, they are powerful tools of sense making and communication; but for others they can elude important forms of experience and fail to capture many of the more inchoate aspects of lived life in general. What happens in those moments when words fail, or are simply absent? In addressing this question via fieldwork in a community space in Osaka, I explore how silence can constitute an affective space of care. Shared silences are felt in their duration, the passing of time brings them about. In these contexts, silence is not merely an absence, but an index of presence
Buddhist and Shia Identity in Ladakh
Get PDFThere are many ways to define Ladakh: geographically (as an area between the Himalayas and the Karakoram), historically (as a kingdom from the 10th century until the Dogra conquest in 1834), or linguistically (as a region sharing a common language—a Tibetan dialect). However, most of these definitions have been put forward by foreigners or officials. Do the inhabitants of these areas feel that they belong to the same community? The author\u27s answer is “no.” He concludes that Shi’as in Kargil and Buddhists in Leh consider themselves to constitute separate communities. The survey draws on sociology, ethnology, and some history, extending back to 1931
The Development of an Open Access Open Research Course and Interactive Decision Tree for Researchers Across Disciplines
No full textThe development of an open access Open Research course and interactive decision tree for researchers across disciplines. Open Research encourages interdisciplinary collaboration, enabling researchers from diverse fields to interact with and build upon each other’s work, providing opportunities for underrepresented groups in academia to contribute and gain recognition, and accelerating innovation and advancements in various scientific fields. As such, it is essential for addressing global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and technological advancements.
However, the shift to Open Research faces challenges, including concerns about intellectual property, funding models, and the infrastructure required for data sharing. We have sought to mitigate some of the challenges of Open Research and promote its use in academia with the creation of an open access online course “Open Research for Researchers” and accompanying decision tree interactive that were developed with critical input from cross-disciplinary academics and open research advisors from the university library. The course introduces researchers from across disciplines and methodologies to three principles of open research (transparency, integrity, and accessibility) and why these are important. It also provides practical steps they can take to make their own research open, and to identify transparency, integrity, and accessibility in the research of others. The interactive decision tree allows researchers to apply open research practices to their own research, at any stage of a project
