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Enclitics in the German Dialects of Moravia and Silesia
No full textIm vorliegenden Beitrag werden Personalpronomina in Bezug auf ihre Realisierung in mündlicher Rede im Dialektraum Mährens und Schlesiens untersucht. Ihre Anzahl und Formen sind auf sieben Sätze (s. u.) beschränkt, die anhand von Fragebüchern zum Sprachatlas der deutschen Mundarten in Tschechien in direkter Methode erhoben wurden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass neben den volltonigen Pronomen sehr oft auch reduzierte Formen (Enklitika) vorkommen. In Folgendem werden Varianten der Enklitika ermittelt und räumlich näher bestimmt. Abschließend wird versucht festzustellen, inwieweit sich die einzelnen Teilgebiete des Untersuchungsgebiets durch spezifische Pronomenformen (Enklitika bzw. Vollformen) voneinander unterscheiden. Die starktonigen Pronomen für die 2. Pers. Plur. Nominativ (des), (eis) weisen darauf hin, dass die Iglauer, Brünner und Wischauer SI unter dem Einfluss des Bairischen stehen. Von den reduzierten Formen, die gegenüber den Vollformen eine überwältigende Mehrheit darstellen, ist die Variante für das Pronomen ihn nur für das Jauerniger Ländchen sowie den Raum entlang der westlichen Grenze Nordmährens typisch. Die enklitische Variante bα für das Pronomen wir ist mit einer Ausnahme ebenfalls nur in Nordmähren zu finden. Es zeigt sich ferner, dass der Schönhengst bezüglich der enklitischen Varianten näher zu Nordmähren als zu den südmährischen SI steht. Hiermit wird in gewissem Maße der Band V „Morphologie“ (2020) des „Atlasses der deutschen Mundarten in Tschechien“ (2014–2020) ergänzt, der die Behandlung der Personalpronomen mit Ausnahme von er und Ihnen (höfliche Form) s. S. 142–145 (ADT, Bd. V) außer Acht lässt.The present article examines the realization of personal pronouns in spoken language in the dialectal territory of Moravia and Silesia. The scope of the pronoun forms studied is limited by their occurrence in seven sentences (see below), which were explored using a direct method based on questionnaires for the Linguistic Atlas of German Dialects in the Czech Republic. It turned out that in addition to accented and unaccented forms, reduced pronoun forms (enclitics) are not infrequently used. In the following discussion, individual variants of enclitics are presented, including their territorial characteristics. The extent to which the individual sub-areas of a given dialect territory are defined by the identified pronoun forms (both unabbreviated forms and enclitics) is also examined. (des), (eis) denotes that the Jihlava, Brno and Vyškov language islands are under the influence of Bavarian dialects, from reduced forms, which are clearly predominant compared to the unreduced forms, although their considerable variability and dispersion throughout the study area make unambiguous territorial assignment difficult, the accusative of the personal genitive pronoun er is characterized by the enclitic variant in Javorník (Jauerniger Ländchen) and along the western border of northern Moravia. Also, the enclitic variant b instead of wir (1st person plural) can be attested only in North Moravia with one exception. Furthermore, it appears that the Hrebečsko region (Schönhengst) is closer to North Moravia than to the islands in South Moravia in terms of the repertoire of enclitic variants. This complements to some extent Volume V “Morphology” (2020: 142–145) of the Language Atlas (“Atlas der deutschen Mundarten in Tschechien”, 2014–2020), which does not treat personal pronouns with the exception of er and Ihnen (the polite form)
Ocena skuteczności międzynarodowych porozumień klimatycznych w ograniczaniu globalnego ocieplenia
No full textThis paper provides an in-depth evaluation of the effectiveness of international climate agreements in addressing the issue of global warming. As concern about climate change increase, global collaboration has become crucial in designing and implementing strategies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The study reviews major international agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and the subsequent Kyoto Climate Agreement, exploring their internal mechanisms, goals, and results. Drawing on empirical data, it assesses how well these agreements have performed in real life as regards limiting the global warming. The paper also discusses the challenges and obstacles in the process of implementing the agreements, such as compliance difficulties, political hurdles, and the involvement of various stakeholders. By synthesizing current research and policy insights, the paper aims to enhance public understanding of the effectiveness of these agreements and provides recommendations for improving their impact in tackling the urgent threat of climate change.Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia dogłębną ocenę skuteczności międzynarodowych porozumień klimatycznych w rozwiązywaniu problemu globalnego ocieplenia. Wraz ze wzrostem obaw dotyczących zmian klimatycznych, kluczowa staje się globalna współpraca w tworzeniu i wdrażaniu strategii mających na celu redukcję emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Artykuł przybliża najważniejsze porozumienia międzynarodowe, w tym Protokół z Kioto, Porozumienie paryskie i późniejsze Porozumienie klimatyczne z Kioto, przedstawiając ich wewnętrzne mechanizmy, cele i skutki. W oparciu o dane empiryczne, niniejszy artykuł, ocenia skuteczność powyższych porozumień w ograniczaniu globalnego ocieplenia. Omawia on również wyzwania i przeszkody stojące na drodze wdrażania uzgodnionych postanowień, takie jak dostosowanie się do wymagań, przeszkody natury politycznej i zaangażowanie różnych interesariuszy. Biorąc pod uwagę obecny stan badań oraz sytuację polityczną, artykuł przedstawia faktyczną skuteczność tych porozumień. Dodatkowo, zawiera on zalecenia mające na celu zwiększenie tej skuteczności w walce z zagrożeniami niesionymi przez zmiany klimatyczne
Operational work in penitentiary unit – part 2
No full textThe issue of operiational work carried out in penitentiary units has for years aroused considerable controversy, opposition and disputes both among representatives of the prison systemand among representatives of science. Undoubtedly, this state of affairs was influenced by the negative experiences of the prison reality of the Polish Peopless Republic and the inglorious role played therein by special units established to conduct operational activities. Due to the breadth of the topic of operational work in prison on the one hand, and the limited scope of this publication on the other. The whole thing was divided into four independent parts. The first part will present the framework, forms and methods of conducting operational work in the years 1944–1989. In the second part, I will present how the situation in this area developed after the change of the political system and in the conditio of the new socio-political situation determined by the requirements of a democratic state of law. The third part will be devoted to the analysis of currently applicable institutions that regulate the conduct of operational and reconnaissance activities in prisons and detention centers. Finally, in part four, I will assess the individual allegations presented by opponents denying the admissibility of conducting operational work in a penitentiary institution
Past alleged testimonies of autism from a historical and historical-philosophical perspective
No full textIstnieje pewna liczba świadectw historycznych, które można retrospektywnie, a więc z dużą dozą niepewności, uznać za mówiące o osobach w spektrum autyzmu. Są także takie świadectwa, które mogą być pewnym tłem dla wytworzenia się jednostki diagnostycznej autyzmu w latach 40. XX wieku. Artykuł ma na celu nadanie wybranym dawniejszym z nich (Herodota, Salimbenego de Adama z Parmy, św. Augustyna, Marcina Lutra) kontekstu historycznego i, szczególnie, historycznofilozoficznego. Oryginalnym wkładem badawczym artykułu jest zwłaszcza próba włączenia świadectwa Augustyna z jego I ks. Wyznań (w zestawieniu z innymi dziełami myśliciela) do listy opisywanych już w literaturze przedmiotu. Kontekstualizacji podlega również kategoria „kontaktu afektywnego” stworzona przez Leo Kannera, współtwórcy jednostki diagnostycznej autyzmu jako przeciwwagi dla dawniejszych, moralnie nacechowanych ujęć historycznych. Wnioski z tych kilkutorowych analiz są dwojakiego rodzaju: po pierwsze, jakie ogólne rodzaje źródeł poznania, biorąc pod uwagę samą naturę autyzmu (tak jak została ona pierwotnie zdefiniowana w psychiatrii dziecięcej), są możliwe i etycznie uzasadnione w jego badaniu oraz, po drugie, czego współcześnie można się w sensie praktycznym nauczyć (i oduczać), studiując oczyma historyka filozofii dawniejsze domniemane doniesienia o zaburzeniach neurorozwojowych.There is a number of historical testimonies that can be retrospectively, and therefore with a great deal of uncertainty, considered to be about persons on the autism spectrum. There are also testimonies that can provide some background for the creation of the diagnostic entity of autism in the 40’s of the 20th century. The paper aims to give historical and, especially, philosophical context to selected examples of such testimonies (of Herodotus, Salimbene de Adam da Parma, St. Augustine, and Martin Luther). The original research contribution of the article is, in particular, an attempt to include testimony of the Book I of Augustine’s Confessions (among other works of other authors) to the list of those already described in the secondary literature on autism. The category of affective contact, coined by Leo Kanner, co-creator of the diagnostic unit of autism is also contextualized, as a counterweight to earlier, morally charged historical approaches. The conclusions from these multi-track analyses are of two types: firstly, what general sources of knowledge, given the nature of autism itself (as it was originally defined in child psychiatry), are possible and ethically justified in the study, and, secondly, what, through the eyes of a historian of philosophy, can be learned (and unlearned) in a practical sense today by studying past alleged reports of neurodevelopmental disorders
Shared Agency in Complex Settings
No full textThe paper begins by identifying two opposing approaches to (shared) agency — the standard model and the dynamical model. Despite differences between them, both models essentially converge upon the belief that shared agency entails direct mutual influence between agents, in the form of either mutual control or mutual responsiveness, respectively. This assumption becomes problematic when applied to interdisciplinary practices, like interdisciplinary research, which involve role specialization and thus do not lend themselves to an explanation in terms of direct mutual influence. In response to this difficulty, the paper advances a third approach — referred to here as the regulatory model (e.g., Schore, 2000)—which explains shared agency in terms of loose coupling (Gruber, Bödeker, 2005) understood as a pattern of cyclical organization of action in the course of which different positions (perspectives, agendas) are first differentiated during the exploratory phase and then integrated, giving rise to a dialogical from of self-organization
Chasing Returns of Open-End Investment Funds Using Recurrent Neural Networks. A Long-Term Study
No full textThe primary motivation of this study is to empower individual investors with a data-driven strategy for finding long-term investment returns by leveraging recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to forecast fund performance and construct dynamic portfolios. Specifically, we use RNN to forecast the returns of open-end investment funds and build a portfolio of top-performing funds based on these forecasts. Using a sample of 71 equity, fixed income, hybrid and money market funds in the Polish market from 2005 to 2022, we train the network over five years to generate annual logarithmic return forecasts for each fund. These forecasts underpin a straightforward long-term investment strategy: at the end of each forecasted year, funds with positive returns are added to the portfolio. In subsequent years, the portfolio is adjusted by retaining or adding high-performing funds and removing underperforming ones. Our findings reveal that this strategy delivers higher returns than passive investing or traditional regression-based models, making it a viable long-term option for individual investors aiming to secure their retirement. By showcasing its superiority over conventional methods, the study offers a practical and adaptable solution for achieving financial security in dynamic market environments
Digital subpixel algorithm for small pixel photon counting devices
No full textHybrid pixel detectors are segmented devices widely used for photon detection. They consist of a sensor and readout electronics bonded together. Due to their hybrid structure, sensors of different materials can be used to register a wide range of photon energies. Moreover, the devices working in a single photon counting (SPC) mode allow registering each incoming photon separately, providing noiseless imaging. The spatial resolution of the detectors and photon count rate registered per unit area can be improved by reducing pixel size. However, small-pixel devices suffer from charge sharing. The charge sharing between pixels can be observed if the charge cloud generated in the photon-sensor event spreads due to diffusion and repulsion. Several anti-charge-sharing algorithms exist and some have been successfully implemented inside the ASICs readout. Even though they allow the allocation of the event to the proper pixel and reconstruction of the total photon energy, the detector resolution is limited by the readout channel area which must be large enough to fit the complex mixed-mode functionality. The article presents the simulations of an alternative solution which can improve both spatial resolution and high-count-rate performance. In the authors’ approach, charge sharing is regarded as a positive effect which can be used to estimate the photon interaction position with subpixel resolution. The algorithm is evaluated to improve detection efficiency and required pixel area for implementation in deep submicron technologies
Determinants of Sustainable Food Purchasing Behaviour in the Context of the Aging Population in Poland
No full textMany countries are currently facing the challenges of demographic aging and the transition to sustainable development. Under these conditions, promoting a sustainable model of food consumption among the elderly appears to be a desirable direction for policy intervention. The aim of the study is to measure sustainable food purchasing behaviour among consumers 55+ and to identify its determinants. Our study revealed, based on the results of a survey carried out among 401 Poles aged 55+, that the food purchasing behaviour of silver consumers is sustainable. It manifests in the strongest way in buying food in appropriate quantities and packing food in its own packaging. We used correlation and regression analyses to examine the presence of relationships between food purchasing behaviour and its predictors. Factors influencing the choices of consumers aged 55+ include personal and social norms, as well as perceived environmental awareness. Research results have enabled us to propose a conceptual framework for enhancing sustainable food consumption among silver customers
Anticancer potential of plant polyphenols in interaction with DNA repair
No full textLiczne badania przedkliniczne dokumentują udział fitochemikaliów w zwiększaniu napraw DNA i stabilizacji genomu. Z drugiej strony udokumentowano udział znanych fitochemikaliów, jak berberyna, resweratrol, sulforafan, kurkumina i innych, w mechanizmach uwrażliwiania komórek przedrakowych i nowotworowych na środki chemioterapeutyczne niszczące DNA i prowadzące do tzw. śmiertelności syntetycznej transformowanych komórek. Szczególnie interesujący okazał się mechanizm uwrażliwiania poprzez inhibicję napraw DNA i/lub powodowanie uszkodzeń DNA w stransformowanych komórkach. Fitochemikalia jako naturalne środki chemiosensybilizujące mogą zająć istotne miejsce, wspomagając zasadnicze leczenie onkologiczne.Numerous preclinical studies document the involvement of phytochemicals in increasing DNA repair and genome stabilization. On the other hand, the participation of known phytochemicals, such as berberine, resveratrol, sulforaphane, curcumin and others, has been documented in the mechanisms of sensitization of pre-cancerous and cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents that destroy DNA and lead to the so-called "synthetic lethality" of transformed cells. The mechanism of sensitization through inhibition of DNA repair and/or causing DNA damage in pre-cancerous and cancer cells has proven to be particularly interesting. Phytochemicals as natural chemosensitizing agents can find an important place, supporting the main oncological treatment
Impact of Lupin Inclusion on the Rheological and Qualitative Characteristics, and Sensory Acceptability of Baked Rolls
No full textLupin represents a high-protein and high-fibre non-traditional raw material that can improve the nutritional value of baked goods. This study investigated the effect of the incorporation of lupin flour on the rheological characteristics of wheat dough as well as qualitative characteristics, sensory acceptability and nutritional value of baked rolls. The rheological properties of blended flours enriched with various weight proportions of lupin flour (5–25%) were analysed via Mixolab. Compared with the control sample (wheat flour), lupin flour increased water absorption from 55.00% to 68.05% and decreased dough stability from 9.32 to 6.86 min. Qualitative assessment of baked rolls revealed a significant reduction in volume (from 252.50 mL to 123.75 mL) and specific volume (from 285.19 mL/100 g to 142.30 mL/100 g) with increasing lupin addition to flour blends. Instrumental color analysis revealed darker, more yellow hue with L* values decreasing from 74.94 to 69.95. Nutritional analysis demonstrated higher protein (19.14g/100 g) and total dietary fibre contents (13.24 g/100 g) in the rolls from the blend enriched with 25% lupin flour. Sensory evaluation indicated that baked goods produced from the flour blends containing up to 15% lupin maintained acceptable sensory qualities, while higher lupin levels adversely affected flavor, porosity, and overall acceptability of the rolls. Correlation analysis showed strong associations between dough stability and starch content (r=0.941) and the C2 parameter of the Mixolab (r=0.916). These results suggest that while lupin flour enhances the nutritional profile of baked rolls, optimal incorporation levels (up to 15% in the flour blend) are necessary to maintain product quality and consumer acceptance