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Wektory wpływu orzeczeń ETPCz na kształtowanie krajowego modelu wdrażania i ochrony praw człowieka
No full textThe appearance of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) was an important and evolutionary step forward on the way to the establishment of human rights and freedoms in Europe. This event was a fateful historical fact that testified the desire of the European community to crea.te a single space within which the idea of human rights and freedoms became the basis for the formation of a supranational model of protection. In addition, the adoption of the Convention was a revolutionary step, since at the time of its development, an individual person had never before been a subject of international law. It was also not possible to exercise rights outside the territory of a separate state. The ECtHR became the guarantor of the inviolability of accepted universal norms, and the activity of this institution became the basis for the formation of a national model for the implementation and protection of human rights, including environmental rights.
Court practice shows that the number of cases related to violations of environmental human rights is gradually increasing. It can be predicted that in the future, in the absence of effective measures at the national level to ensure favourable conditions for the formation of an optimal model for the implementation and protection of environmental human rights, the number of such cases will increase. In general, the ECtHR considers the state itself as an entity directly obliged to ensure regulatory and legal regulation of the protection of environmental human rights. Therefore, in order to adopt effective legislation in the field of protection of environmental human rights, states should focus on the practice of the ECHR in this field.Powstanie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka (ETPCz) było ważnym i ewolucyjnym krokiem na drodze do ustanowienia praw i wolności człowieka w Europie. Wydarzenie to było znaczącym faktem historycznym, który świadczył o dążeniu społeczności europejskiej do stworzenia jednolitej przestrzeni, w ramach której idea praw i wolności człowieka stała się podstawą do stworzenia ponadnarodowego modelu ochrony. Ponadto przyjęcie Konwencji było krokiem rewolucyjnym, ponieważ w czasie jej opracowywania pojedynczy człowiek nigdy wcześniej nie był podmiotem prawa międzynarodowego. Nie było również możliwe korzystanie z praw poza terytorium odrębnego państwa. Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka stał się gwarantem nienaruszalności przyjętych uniwersalnych norm, a działalność tej instytucji stała się podstawą do ukształtowania krajowego modelu realizacji i ochrony praw człowieka, w tym praw środowiskowych.
Praktyka sądowa pokazuje, że liczba spraw związanych z naruszeniami środowiskowych praw człowieka stopniowo rośnie. Można przewidywać, że w przyszłości, wobec braku skutecznych działań na poziomie krajowym w celu zapewnienia korzystnych warunków dla ukształtowania optymalnego modelu wdrażania i ochrony środowiskowych praw człowieka, liczba takich spraw będzie rosła. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, ETPCz uznaje samo państwo za podmiot bezpośrednio zobowiązany do zapewnienia regulacyjnej i prawnej regulacji ochrony środowiskowych praw człowieka. Dlatego też, w celu przyjęcia skutecznego ustawodawstwa w dziedzinie ochrony środowiskowych praw człowieka, państwa powinny skupić się na praktyce ETPCz w tej dziedzinie
New Challenges for Crossing the Schengen Border – Right to Asylum During Polish-Belarus Border Crisis
No full textArtificially created wave of irregular migrants at the Polish-Belarus is considered as one of the greatest challenges for EU member states, in this case Poland, in terms of border management (as part of Integrated Border Management), national and EU security and finally fundamental human rights and safety of migrants that are attempting to cross the border in a illegal manner. The article analyzes the legal issues that have appeared during the practice of returning irregular migrants, who declare the intent to apply for international protection in Poland (practice of so-called pushbacks)
Execution of Custodial Sentence in the Light of International Law Standards Based on Polish Legal Solutions and Selected Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights
No full textCustodial sentence is a means of state response to a criminal act. From this perspective, it seems important to reflect on the essence of freedom, since it is freedom, next to life, that constitutes the highest value for every human being. International instruments introduce an extensive catalogue of rights and recommendations that can be applied directly or indirectly to a person deprived of his or her liberty. They constitute the implementation of the principle of the convicted person’s dignity. The relevance of these instruments in practice, however, depends on their implementation into national law, and on the existence of control mechanisms that would allow, in a manner accessible to everyone, to enforce the effectiveness of international instruments on individuals. In the modern world, we can speak of universal and regional systems for the protection of human rights, which include the United Nations System and the Council of Europe and European Union Systems. This article will present selected inter-state regulations that relate to the execution of custodial sentences and examples of solutions introduced into the Polish legal system on the basis of these regulations. The article will also point out selected judgements of the European Court of Human Rights, issued mainly in cases against Poland, and of the Polish Supreme Court and the Constitutional Tribunal, and introduce the issue of the National Preventive Mechanism
Compliance with the Priority Rule of the Non-Application Procedure and Limiting the Principle of Equal Access to Public Information
No full textThe Act of 6 September 2001 on access to public information is overflowing with regulations creating good practices. These regulations create access principles that organise the procedure, making it more understandable and friendly for the participants. Among this catalogue of principles, the principle of equal access to public knowledge and the principle of priority of the non-application procedure find their place. Although these principles are of equal importance, they are not always compatible. This paper aims to highlight and discuss situations in which compliance with the priority rule of the non-request procedure limits the principle of equal access to public knowledge. However, this requires a prior characterisation of these rules and a definitione of their role in the access procedure
Methodological Potential of Using Debate in Educating Diplomats on Cultural Diplomacy
No full textDebate is one of the most interesting tools used in didactics because of its potential to combine the practical application of knowledge in a specific field, the activation of participants in the classes, as well as the development of their soft skills. The analysis in this article presents the Oxford debate format and how it can be implemented methodically in education of cultural diplomacy. Furthermore, an important element of the considerations in the text is the development of issues related to the methodological potential of the debate itself in the above-mentioned context
Refusal of consent to divorce on religious grounds. Analysis of case law
No full textZgodnie z dyspozycją art. 56 § 3 kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego rozwód nie jest dopuszczalny, jeśli żąda go małżonek wyłącznie winny rozkładu pożycia, chyba że drugi małżonek wyrazi zgodę na rozwód albo że odmowa jego zgody na rozwód jest w danych okolicznościach sprzeczna z zasadami współżycia społecznego. Analiza orzecznictwa pokazuje, że jedną z przyczyn odmowy stanowią względy religijne. W tym kontekście pojawia się zatem pytanie, czy powoływanie się na nie może być uwzględnione na forum cywilnym, a – w przypadku odpowiedzi pozytywnej – czy odmowa zgody na rozwód ze względów religijnych może być w danych okolicznościach uznana za sprzeczną z zasadami współżycia społecznego.According to the provisions of Article 56 § 3 of the Family and Guardianship Code, divorce is not permissible if requested by the spouse who is solely responsible for the breakdown of the marriage, unless the other spouse consents to the divorce or the refusal to consent to the divorce is contrary to the principles of social coexistence in the given circumstances. An analysis of the case law shows that religious reasons are one of the reasons for refusal. In this context, the question arises whether invoking them can be taken into account in the civil forum, and - in the case of a positive answer - whether the refusal to consent to divorce on religious grounds can be considered contrary to the principles of social coexistence in the given circumstances
Franciszek Szlachcic (1920-1990). Biografia między służbami specjalnymi a polityką [Franciszek Szlachcic (1920-1990). Biography between Special Services and Politics] by Anna Sobor-Swiderska, Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych UNIVERSITAS, Kraków 2023, pp. 541.
No full textThe Impact of Social Housing Initiatives on National and Local Security: Addressing Housing Needs in Medium-Sized and Small Municipalities
No full textThis article examines the role of Social Housing Initiatives [Polish: SIM – Społeczne Inicjatywy Mieszkaniowe] in enhancing both national and local security by addressing the housing needs of smaller municipalities. It is written by an individual with direct ties to the SIM program, responsible for building and managing them at the highest level. In Poland, Social Housing Initiatives are increasingly becoming tools for managing demographic change, stabilizing communities, and supporting local economies – factors that, in turn, contribute to the broader context of national security. This study focuses on how access to affordable housing can prevent migration from smaller regions, promoting demographic balance and economic development. In addition, it presents analyses of the potential for SIMs to reduce social exclusion and alleviate social tensions, which are often precursors to instability. Through selected case studies from Poland, this paper assesses the effectiveness of SIM systems in supporting social cohesion, economic stability, and overall security at both local and national levels. By offering a structured analysis of housing policy in smaller municipalities, SIM operations, and program implementation, this study provides insight into the potential long-term benefits of SIM programs for security, housing provision, and community stability in Poland
Pełnomocnik osoby niebędącej stroną w postępowaniu karnym
No full textW opracowaniu analizie poddano problematykę dostępu osób niebędących stroną postępowania karnego do pełnomocnika. Odniesiono się nie tylko do katalogu podmiotów uprawnionych do ustanowienia pełnomocnika, ale także do przesłanek odmowy jego dopuszczenia do udziału w czynnościach procesowych. Odrębne rozważania poświęcono kwestii postępowania w przedmiocie udziału pełnomocnika w postępowaniu. W uwagach końcowych – de lege ferenda – zaproponowano podmiotowe zróżnicowanie zakresu prawa do pełnomocnika i uzależnienie go od poziomu ochrony interesów osób niebędących stronami
Obligation to leave the premises occupied jointly with the victim as a probation measure
No full textThe subject of the article is the obligation to leave the premises occupied jointly with the aggrieved party, imposed on the accused person as a probation measure. The considerations include the evolution of this obligation, its legal nature, purpose, essence, grounds, mode of adjudication, timing, manner of execution and the effects of its violation. The aim of the article is to analyse the probation measure of the perpetrator’s obligation to leave the premises occupied jointly with the aggrieved party and to indicate the function fulfilled by this measure. The research thesis is that the obligation to leave residential premises occupied jointly with the aggrieved party as a probation measure serves mainly to protect the aggrieved, and affects the convicted person to a lesser extent. The research hypothesis is the assumption that this obligation is generally regulated correctly and requires some small normative amendments. The theoretical-legal method is used in the article, as it focuses on the analysis of theoretical aspects of this order and its normative analysis in relation to the views of representatives of the doctrine