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Wykorzystanie metod skanowania gleby do predykcji jej zwięzłości na podstawie przewodności elektrycznej. Praca przeglądowa
No full textFactors that Influence the Liquidity–Profitability Relationship in Companies Listed on the WSE
No full textThis article examines the relationship between financial liquidity and profitability among non-financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), exploring the factors that influence this dependence, such as net working capital strategy, sales volume, and asset levels. To achieve this, companies were categorised into portfolios based on their working capital strategy, sales volume, and asset levels. Correlation and regression analyses were then conducted within each portfolio to identify variations in the liquidity-profitability relationship across these categories. The research reveals that the relationship between financial liquidity and profitability is not uniform, demonstrating that it varies significantly depending on a company's net working capital strategy, sales volume, and asset level. These observed differences across portfolios highlight the specific factors that shape this relationship. The findings support the applicability of theoretical assumptions regarding the liquidity-profitability relationship to the specific context of the surveyed non-financial companies listed on the WSE. However, the study's focus on publicly listed companies on the WSE excludes private companies, which may exhibit a different liquidity-profitability relationship
Turkisms in Ukrainian on the basis of bilingual lexicography: Part I
No full textDespite significant progress in the study of Turkisms in Russian and Polish, the Ukrainian language has yet to benefit from comprehensive and accessible research on the Turkic influences in its lexicon. This article seeks to address this gap by presenting a glossary of 280 Ukrainian words of Turkic or Turkish origin, compiled through an examination of three major bilingual dictionaries: Żelechowski (Ukrainian-German, 1886), Onacь kyj (Ukrainian-Italian, 1941), and Andrusyshen, Krett (Ukrainian-English, 1955). The glossary entry for each word provides: (1) data from these dictionaries; (2) comparative information from Russian and/or Polish where applicable; (3) the Turkic or Turkish etymon, accompanied by brief commentary where necessary; and (4) selected references. The Turkisms identified span diverse semantic fields, underscoring their significance and highlighting the need for further systematic research into their role in Ukrainian
Putting children’s welfare first in parental kidnapping and parental abduction cases
No full textChildren missing as a result of parental kidnapping are a special group of missing children. Very often services and institutions refuse to provide assistance with the search, because parental kidnapping in Poland is not a crime. Parental kidnapping is treated as a form of family internal conflict that should be resolved without involving additional services. In addition, there is a common belief that a child staying with one of their parents is safe by definition. The reality, however, often ruthlessly verifies the imagination. It all makes children vulnerable, especially in high conflicted custody cases, when they are often used as a bargaining chip. The article discusses the problem of parental kidnapping cases in Polish law with particular reference to the principle of the child’s welfare. It presents the differences between parental kidnapping and parental abduction. The latter is a crime under Article 211 of the Penal Code. The question is, whether the parent whose parental authority has not been limited, suspended or who has not been deprived of it may become the offender in regard to the criminal offence from Article 211. However, above all, taking up the subject of parental kidnapping and parental abduction cases, this is not about deciding which of the parents is right. The overriding goal is to help the child whose right to be with their parent has been unlawfully taken away, and bring about the legal regulation of the child’s relationship with both parents. In the paper the remedies and procedures against parental kidnapping and parental abduction are presented, with particular emphasis on family mediation. One of the key conclusions is that both parental kidnapping and parental abduction are always a form of the abuse of parental authority, or even more broadly – parental responsibility. Under no circumstances this ‘authority’ can be used in a way that is detrimental to the child’s welfare
Comments on the Act of 10 December 2020 on the profession of pharmacist regarding places and forms of professional activity of pharmacists
No full textWykonywanie zawodu farmaceuty w powszechnej świadomości niemal automatycznie łączone jest z apteką, zwłaszcza apteką ogólnodostępną. Dodatkowo w języku potocznym określenia „farmaceuta” i „aptekarz” traktowane są synonimicznie. Tymczasem zagadnienia związane z wykonywaniem zawodu przez farmaceutów są znacznie bardziej złożone, zarówno w zakresie samych czynności zawodowych, form, jak i miejsc, w których te działania mogą być wykonywane. W artykule podjęto krytyczną refleksję nad możliwością wykonywania przez farmaceutów niektórych działań zawodowych, także poza strukturami apteki czy hurtowni farmaceutycznej.The general public tends to associate the profession of pharmacist almost automatically with a pharmacy, especially a public one. Furthermore, in common speech, the terms ‘pharmacist’ and ‘chemist’ are used interchangeably. However, issues related to the profession of pharmacist are much more complex, both in terms of the professional activities themselves and the forms and places where these activities can be performed. The article provides a critical reflection on the potential for pharmacists to undertake specific professional activities beyond the conventional pharmacy or pharmaceutical wholesaler framework
Between Germanness and Polishness. A few places of remembrance in Upper Silesia
No full textThe first half of the 20th century, constitutes an interesting and eventful period in the history of Upper Silesia, where places of remembrance, institutions and locations are directly linked to historical events and personalities. Examples include the arrival of the Inter-Allied Administrative and Plebiscite Commission in Upper Silesia (with its chairman, General Henri Louis Édouard Le Rond, together with his deputies, the representative of England – Colonel Sir Harold Franz Passawer Percival, and the representative of Italy – General Alberto De Marinis Stendardo di Ricigliano), Silesian uprisings and the plebiscite, Wojciech Korfanty, the battle for Saint Anne’s Mountain and finally the attack on the radio station and radio tower in Gleiwitz
Rules for the application of enforcement measures in administrative enforcement from money receivables
No full textTematem niniejszego artykułu jest wprowadzenie do tematu egzekucji administracyjnej z wierzytelności pieniężnych i wybranych zasad jej stosowania w opinii autora niniejszego artykułu. Przedstawiono tematykę związaną z zastosowaniem środków egzekucyjnych z wierzytelności pieniężnych w oparciu o wybrane zasady stosowania środków egzekucyjnych w egzekucji administracyjnej.The topic of this article is an introduction to the topic of administrative enforcement of monetary receivables and selected principles of its application in the opinion of the author of this article. It presents the methodology related to the use of enforcement measures for monetary receivables based on selected principles of using enforcement measures in administrative enforcement
The Legal Development of Land Tenure in the United States: History, Politics, and Economic Power
No full textLand ownership in the United States is a fundamental economic, social, and legal development issue. This study examines the development of American land ownership from the colonial period to the present day, influenced by legal precedents and state policy. Through legal analysis, the impact of the Discovery Doctrine and Johnson v. M’Intosh decisions on Aboriginal land ownership is discussed, the role of the Homestead Act in the process of land democratization and its subsequent stage in the context of the mechanism of corporate land ownership. The study also analyzes the importance of the social function of land and the state’s role in managing land ownership. International comparative analysis contributes to a better understanding of the features of the American land ownership model and its contemporary problems
Legal Cultures and Strategies for Implementing Artificial Intelligence Regulations. Case Studies of the United States, People’s Republic of China and European Union
No full textThe dynamic development of new technologies, primarily manifested in the rapid and uncontrolled improvement of artificial intelligence models, needs a discussion on the advisability of framing it within regulatory boundaries. Despite widespread interest and clear signalling of the need to control the development of artificial intelligence, a unified approach to the direction of legislative development in this area has not yet been established. Legislative bodies of countries worldwide, particularly those at the forefront of innovation, international organizations, and the creators and providers of modern technological solutions themselves present different attitudes and legislative strategies. The authors express the conviction that the current course of legislative work is dependent not only on objectively occurring factors, including the difficult-to-normatively-capture explosive technological progress, but in fact stems from the cultural characteristics shaping a given legal culture. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze law-making activities in countries/areas dominating the technological market, conditioned by different legal cultures, and to indicate the influence of legal culture on the shape of regulations governing artificial intelligence
Hyperpositivism as a Safety Valve in a Post-Communist Legal System: the Case of Poland
No full textThe present paper suggests that hyperpositivism, considered a metanormative legal survival of the Communist rule in the Polish legal system, might serve as a safety valve preventing activities by public authorities that could destabilise the system. Hyperpositivism may entail a mental (even if only imaginary) barrier that stops those applying law from departing too far from the lexical meaning of a legal text. While the dangers of extreme formalism (or “ultra-formalism”) in the application of law, characteristic of hyperpositivism, are well-known, it might be the case that in a post-Communist system that has not matured yet after the transition to democracy, this feature of the system is a necessary element that keeps a precarious homeostasis in it. Its hasty removal – without other checks being established – may lead to chaos. The present paper indicates that recent months have seen some more abrupt cracks in the barrier of hyperpositivism, which are motivated rather instrumentally by the willingness to remove the legal changes made by the previous government and, allegedly, to restore the rule of law in Poland. In this process, non-formalist readings of legal texts have led some public authorities to ignore the decisions or even the existence of others. This seems to be destabilising the state in a geopolitical situation where stabilisation and consolidation should be sought instead. Without engaging in the ongoing political dispute, the paper, using the case study and dogmatic methods and drawing on a review of selected legal theoretical and comparative law literature, analyses two examples of such activities, including the outright questioning of the so-called “neo-judges” and the removal and appointments of the National Prosecutor’s office holders in 2024. In both situations, a more formalist reading of positive law would prevent dangerous consequences these situations are likely to produce for the legal system, the state and its citizens