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Judges in the legal system
No full textThe article is an analysis of the role of judges in the legal system, highlighting their importance in the administration of justice and the protection of citizens’ rights. It discusses key aspects of judicial independence, professional ethics and the challenges faced by the judiciary. The history of the judicial institution dates back to antiquity, when judges acted as mediators in social disputes. Today, their role is much more complex, involving the interpretation of laws, analysis of case law and the application of law in practice. An important element of judges’ work is adherence to ethical standards set forth in international and national regulations, such as the Bangalore Principles of Conduct. The article also takes into account contemporary challenges to the functioning of the judiciary, including political and social pressures, as well as the need for continuous improvement of skills. The fundamental role of judges in ensuring the rule of law and the stability of the legal system is highlighted
Relacje uczniów z rówieśnikami i z nauczycielami w kontekście używania substancji psychoaktywnych
No full textThis article examines students’ relationships with their peers and teachers at school, exploring how these connections relate to adolescents’ use of psychoactive substances. The research was conducted using a diagnostic survey and an original questionnaire, involving 396 students aged 13 to 19 from primary, secondary, engineering, and vocational schools. The results revealed a significant relationship between adolescents’ connections with their peers and teachers and their substance use. Specifically, the greater the intensity of substance use among adolescents, the weaker their relationships with teachers and peers. Conversely, stronger relationships with school staff and peers were associated with fewer symptoms of alcohol and drug dependence. Academic performance, a mediating variable, played an important role in the study. The mean academic performance scores correlated significantly with adolescents’ relationships with teachers. The findings indicate that stronger relationships with school staff were associated with higher academic achievement, whereas lower academic performance correlated with higher levels of substance use among adolescents.W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania relacji uczniów z rówieśnikami i z nauczycielami w szkole pod kątem wpływu, jaki na te relacje ma używanie substancji psychoaktywnych przez nastolatków. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem sondażu diagnostycznego oraz oryginalnego kwestionariusza. W badaniu brało udział 396 uczniów w wieku od 13 do 19 lat ze szkół podstawowych, średnich, technicznych i zawodowych. Wyniki badania ujawniły istotny związek między relacjami nastolatków z rówieśnikami i z nauczycielami a używaniem przez nich substancji psychoaktywnych. Im większa jest intensywność używania substancji psychoaktywnych wśród nastolatków, tym słabsze są ich relacje z nauczycielami i z rówieśnikami. Z kolei silniejsze relacje z personelem szkolnym i z rówieśnikami wiązały się z mniejszą liczbą objawów uzależnienia od alkoholu i narkotyków. W badaniu ważną rolę odegrała zmienna pośrednicząca, jaką są w tym wypadku osiągane wyniki w nauce. Średnie wyniki dotyczące osiągnięć w nauce korelowały istotnie z relacjami nastolatków z nauczycielami. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują, że silniejsze relacje nastolatków z personelem szkoły były powiązane z lepszymi wynikami w nauce, podczas gdy gorsze wyniki w nauce korelowały z wyższym poziomem nadużywania przez nich substancji psychoaktywnych
Elements of Ignatian Spirituality in the Documents of Ignatian Pedagogy from the Second Half of the 20th Century
No full textPedagogia ignacjańska ma swoje źródła w doświadczeniu Ignacego Loyoli (1491–1556), założyciela zakonu jezuitów. Spisał on je głównie w książeczce Ćwiczeń duchowych, skąd działalność edukacyjna zakonu zaczerpnęła istotne kategorie pedagogiczne. Pedagogika ignacjańska jest ściśle związana z działalnością zakonu, więc duchowość i religijność są w nią integralnie włączone. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie wybranych elementów duchowości ignacjańskiej obecnych w dokumentach pedagogiki ignacjańskiej drugiej połowy XX wieku. Dokonano w tym celu analizy tekstu źródłowego, jakim jest książeczka Ćwiczeń duchowych oraz analizy dokumentów pedagogiki ignacjańskiej: Charakterystyczne cechy jezuickiego wychowania oraz Pedagogika ignacjańska. Podejście praktyczne. W artykule przedstawiono główne źródła pedagogiki ignacjańskiej: doświadczenie Ignacego Loyoli i Ćwiczenia duchowe. Dokonano krótkiej charakterystyki XX-wiecznych dokumentów jezuickich odnoszących się do tej problematyki. Następnie omówiono kluczowe elementy duchowości ignacjańskiej, które znalazły się w tych dokumentach. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazują, że duchowa wizja Ignacego Loyoli jest tym, co inspiruje działalność edukacyjną prowadzoną przez zakon jezuitów i jego współpracowników. Mimo zmieniających się uwarunkowań społeczno-kulturowych, po uwzględnieniu ignacjańskiej zasady dostosowania do osób, miejsca i czasu, elementy religijne i duchowe zalecane przez Ignacego Loyolę mogą także dziś stanowić punkt odniesienia (stały element) koncepcji pedagogicznej. Ignatian pedagogy has its sources in the experience of Ignatius Loyola (1491–1556), the founder of the Jesuit order. He recorded these experiences mainly in Spiritual Exercises, from which the educational activity of the order drew important pedagogical categories. Ignatian pedagogy is closely related to the activity of the order, and therefore spirituality and religiosity are integrally included in it. The aim of the article is to indicate selected elements of Ignatian spirituality present in the documents of Ignatian pedagogy from the second half of the 20th century. For this purpose, the source text, Spiritual Exercises, is analyzed, as are two documents of Ignatian pedagogy: Characteristics of Jesuit Education and Ignatian Pedagogy: A Practical Approach. The article presents the main sources of Ignatian pedagogy: the experience of Ignatius Loyola and Spiritual Exercises. The 20th-century Jesuit documents relating to this issue are briefly characterized. Then, the key elements of Ignatian spirituality found in these documents are discussed. The analyses show that the spiritual vision of Ignatius Loyola is what inspires the educational activity of the Jesuit order and its collaborators. Despite changing sociocultural conditions, after taking into account the Ignatian principle of adaptation to people, place, and time, the religious and spiritual elements recommended by Ignatius Loyola can still serve as a point of reference (a permanent element) of the pedagogical concept today
Garden or forest? Nature’s teachings and cultivating a relationship with the world in the <i>Echez d’Amours</i> and the <i>Livre des Echez amoureux moralisés</i>
No full textHow can one follow the path of nature within a space shaped by culture? This is the question posed by the 14th-century Echecs amoureux, which describes two antagonistic vegetal spaces: on the one hand, the wild forest of Diana, which corresponds to the reasonable way of being in the world; on the other, the delectable garden of Venus, which leads along the path of sensuality. This initial boundary proves surprising. Culture (the garden) is not, as you might expect, on the side of reason, while the forest leads to it. The complexity of this relationship is confirmed in the illuminations, which combine contradictory plant elements to represent these spaces. These plays on ambiguity suggest that the forest and the garden have something in common in that they remain illusory: Diana’s primitive forest is a-topic, belonging to the past, while Venus’s beautiful garden is deceptive. The ambiguity of our relationship with plants is a way of questioning man’s place in the world. The text suggests that we cannot follow just one path or the other, but that a happy medium seems necessary. The solution that Echecs amoureux seems to propose lies in a world that combines the plant and the urban, subsumed – quite unexpectedly for a modern reader – by the urban
A plant apostrophe: Alfred Jarry’s mandrake
No full textWhat about ‘Pataphysics in the 21st century – Alfred Jarry’s philosophical and scientific concept, governed by the rules of the absurd, the principle of discovery and the derogation of rules? An excursion into the world of plants will provide an answer to this question, and a recourse to ‘Pataphysics may be useful for the explorations of the human-plant relationship. Indeed, Jarry’s work offers an eco-subliminal reading. The subject of the following article is one of Jarry’s most challenging works, namely the collection of prose and versified pieces Les Minutes de sable mémorial (1894), classified as a sketch of the principles of Ubu (a figure which, as we know, is composed in part of plants). Starting from post- and hypermodern perspectives on ‘Pataphysics – those of Baudrillard and the writing duo Deleuze and Guattari – the article examines the entry of the plant world into ‘Pataphysics and then focuses a paradigm of the human-plant relationship: the mandrake. This excursion into the mythologically charged terrain (or earth, soil) of the mandrake concludes with a close reading of certain patabotanical aspects, among which the rhizomatic (anthropomorphized) figure plays a central role
Ethical Considerations in the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Among University Students
No full textThis qualitative study investigates university students’ ethical considerations in using Artificial Intelligence (AI) for academic purposes. Based on semi-structured interviews with 23 undergraduates, it examines their awareness, attitudes, and practices. Students commonly use AI to support academic tasks but recognize ethical risks, particularly when used without critical reflection. Concerns include over-reliance on AI and reduced critical thinking. Participants emphasize the need for clear institutional policies to guide responsible use. The findings aim to inform the development of ethical guidelines and educational strategies that foster integrity and promote thoughtful engagement with AI in higher education
Protective Factors for Improving the Psychosocial Well-being of Youths in an Academic Environment
No full textThe goals of this research were to determine specific differences in university students’ self-assessments of positive mental health with regard to certain protective factors in the environment (N=239). The results of statistically significant discriminant analyses show that, when it comes to the (non)employment of students, both groups from the sample evaluate individual but different characteristics of positive mental health. Also, their partnerships were associated with positive mental health. The results can be an incentive for further research in terms of additional strengthening of support strategies at higher education institutions in order to develop protective factors
Stevens’ measurement scales in marketing research – A continuation of discussion on whether researchers can ignore the Likert scale’s limitations as an ordinal scale
No full textThis article discusses the use of Stevens’ measurement scales in marketing research, contributing to a broader discussion, underway for over 70 years, as to whether researchers can ignore the Likert scale’s limitations as an ordinal scale. The central question explored is whether the use of various statistical methods and techniques in marketing research has gone too far, limiting researchers’ horizon of thought, leading erroneous conclusions to be drawn, and diverting attention from trying to explain the non-quantitative attitudes of consumers (who are people, not machines or AIs). Stevens’ measurement scales are still widely used in data analysis across social sciences, including marketing research. Although they were revolutionary, they had certain flaws which have fueled an ongoing debate about the acceptability or permissibility of using different tests and statistical techniques at different scales and levels of measurement. The Likert scale, one of the scales most frequently used to measure customer attitudes, was intended to overcome the limitations of simple scales, having the advantage of being multi-item. However, historically, two competing views have evolved independently of each other, in the related literature and in the practice of empirical research: one emphasizing the ordinal nature of Likert scales, the other interpreting them as having interval-scale properties. This debate has significant consequences for the permissible scope of statistical analysis of empirical data. The problem discussed here is likely to become even more complex with the development of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, data science and big data, as data scientists perform computational analysis but are not often involved in data collection or deciding about how data is represented
Krótkie studium historyczne myśli ekologicznej. Recenzja książki autorstwa Robina Attfielda pt. “Environmental Thought: A Short History”
No full textThe article outlines the historical development of environmental thought from ancient to postmodern times, analyzing how humanity's relationship with nature has evolved. Initially shaped by theocentric worldviews where nature was seen as sacred and humans as stewards, environmental perception shifted drastically during the Renaissance and modern periods with the rise of materialism and mechanistic science. Thinkers like Descartes and Bacon reduced nature to mere matter, legitimizing exploitation. However, with modern biology and ecological awareness, a biocentric and ecocentric shift reemerged, recognizing interdependence among all living beings. Postmodern thinkers have begun advocating for environmental ethics and sustainability, although consumerist lifestyles continue to hinder progress. The text critiques the author's limited coverage of non-Western perspectives, particularly those from Asia and Africa, and calls for a more inclusive and chronological approach.Artykuł przedstawia historyczny rozwój myśli ekologicznej od czasów starożytnych do postmodernistycznych, analizując ewolucję relacji ludzkości z naturą. Początkowo ukształtowana przez teocentryczne światopoglądy, w których natura była postrzegana jako święta, a ludzie jako jej zarządcy, percepcja środowiska uległa drastycznej zmianie w okresie renesansu i nowożytności wraz z rozwojem materializmu i nauki mechanistycznej. Myśliciele tacy jak Kartezjusz i Bacon sprowadzili naturę do czystej materii, legitymizując jej eksploatację. Jednak wraz z rozwojem współczesnej biologii i świadomości ekologicznej, ponownie pojawiła się biocentryczna i ekocentryczna zmiana, uznająca współzależność wszystkich istot żywych. Myśliciele postmodernistyczni zaczęli orędować na rzecz etyki ekologicznej i zrównoważonego rozwoju, choć konsumpcyjny styl życia nadal hamuje postęp. Tekst krytykuje ograniczone omówienie przez autora perspektyw spoza Zachodu, zwłaszcza tych z Azji i Afryki, i apeluje o bardziej inkluzywne i chronologiczne podejście
The role of the Notch signaling pathway in rhabdomyosarcomas
No full textRhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric soft tissue cancer with poor prognosis in cases of metastasis. Different signal transduction pathways have been studied in RMS cells as to shed some light into the tumorigenesis and metastasis mechanisms of this cancer in the search for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The Notch pathway, which regulates cell survival, is widely studied in different cancers, including sarcomas and its activation has been known to induce cell motility. To this end, the present review explores the role of the Notch signaling pathway in the progression of RMS and in potential therapeutic strategies