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Optimizing inspection intervals through risk evaluation in aircraft structures
No full textAs aircraft fleets age, maintaining operational readiness at an affordable cost becomes increasingly challenging. This is largely due to the rise in Preventive Maintenance Task Requirements (PMTRs) outlined in the Aircraft Maintenance Program (AMP). While aging aircraft may require more frequent inspections, leveraging data from prior inspections enables the optimization of inspection intervals based on risk, ensuring cost efficiency by minimizing unnecessary downtime, while maintaining the required safety level.
The primary objective of the AMP is to ensure the airworthiness and operational readiness of an aircraft system throughout their service life. To achieve this, it is essential to establish an acceptable level of risk as a basis for determining optimal PMTR recurrence. The SMART|DT tool, developed with FAA funding, provides a robust framework for conducting risk assessments of aircraft structures using Probabilistic Damage Tolerance Analysis (PDTA), which effectively assesses and manages the risk of structural failure.
During the sustainment phase of the Swiss Air Force F/A 18 fleet, data-driven analyses within SMART|DT, and other tailored statistical tools, were performed to evaluate the risks associated with various PMTR intervals. This paper will explain the methodology applied to both Safe-Life and Damage-Tolerance structures, with real-world applications to demonstrate how inspection intervals can be optimized. By doing so, PMTR recurrence can be fine-tuned to enhance aircraft readiness and program affordability while maintaining an acceptable level of safety
Controlling for survey costs when estimating covariances between Pathak estimators in fixed-budget sequential sampling
No full textAim/purpose – This work aims to assess stochastic properties of finite population mean estimators under Pathak’s fixed-cost sequential sampling scheme by deriving their covariance and proposing its estimator. This scheme enables strict control over survey-related monetary expenditures when individual data acquisition costs differ and survey budget excesses are unacceptable. It facilitates economically efficient use of available resources. Our work is aimed at extending its applicability. Design/methodology/approach – This paper’s main theoretical result concerning the covariance of Pathak mean value estimators and the unbiasedness of its proposed estimator was derived analytically. A short simulation study supports this. Findings – The proposed estimator for the covariance between Pathak’s estimators of population averages is unbiased under the sequential fixed-cost sampling scheme, which prevents survey budget excesses when the per-unit costs of acquiring information are known in advance but not homogeneous. Research implications/limitations – Our findings facilitate accuracy assessment for complex estimators of population parameters that utilize auxiliary information under restricted-budget sequential sampling and, in particular, for ratio, product, and regression estimators. They are potentially applicable to any quantities of interest that could be expressed in terms of averages, including, among others, unemployment rates, poverty measures, inflation indices, and GDP indicators. Their application is justified if the per-unit costs of acquiring information vary. Originality/value/contribution – Our results allowed us to assess various economic variables’ distribution characteristics while controlling for randomly varying survey costs. This facilitates planning and managing sample surveys in an economically efficient way
The framing and interpretation of the basis of juvenile criminal responsibility in Polish criminal law from the perspective of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
No full textArtykuł przedstawia problematykę ujęcia i wykładni podstawy odpowiedzialności karnej nieletniego w polskim prawie karnym z perspektywy Konwencji o prawach dziecka. Rozważanie tej problematyki na dwóch poziomach (stanowienia oraz stosowania prawa) doprowadziło do dwojakiego rodzaju wniosków: pierwszego, że ujęcie tej podstawy jest zgodne ze wskazaną konwencją, oraz drugiego, że niektóre sposoby wykładni tego ujęcia konwencję tę naruszają.The article presents the problem of recognizing and interpreting the basis for the criminal liability of minors in Polish criminal law from the perspective of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Considering this issue on two levels (law-making and law application) led to two conclusions: first, that the inclusion of this basis is by the indicated convention, and second, that some ways of interpreting this inclusion violate the convention
Czy wraz ze wzrostem liczby cięć cesarskich w Polsce maleje liczba okołoporodowych urazów narządu ruchu? Zaskakująca analiza materiału ośrodka III stopnia referencyjności w dziedzinie położnictwa i ginekologii w latach 2017-2023
No full textAim. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and type of perinatal injuries with a special emphasis on musculoskeletal injuries in a university hospital with the highest III reference level in obstetrics and gynecology located in the eastern part of Poland in 2017–2023.
Material and methods. In the studied hospital, 15.248 deliveries took place in 2017–2023, of which 4.492 were natural deliveries and 10,765 Cesarean sections.
Results. Cesarean births showed a 0.85% perinatal injury rate; natural births had a rate of 3.5%. A total of 251 perinatal injuries (1.63%) were recorded. The analysis showed the absence of musculoskeletal injuries in the study group. The lack of pathological fractures in the analyzed material, e.g., in osteogenesis imperfecta or arthrogryposis, may be due to Poland’s strict anti-abortion law, which causes pathological pregnancies to be removed elsewhere.
Conclusions. The overall incidence of perinatal injuries is lower than that reported in developed countries. The most significant difference was the absence of musculoskeletal and serious perinatal injuries.Cel. Celem pracy była analiza częstości występowania oraz rodzaju urazów okołoporodowych z wyszczególnieniem urazów narządu ruchu w szpitalu uniwersyteckim o najwyższym III stopniu referencyjności
w zakresie położnictwa i ginekologii zlokalizowanej w części wschodniej Polski w latach 2017–2023.
Materiał i metody. W badanym szpitalu w latach 2017–2023 odbyło się 15 248 porodów, z tego 4 492 porodów drogami natury oraz 10 765 cięć cesarskich.
Wyniki. Częstość urazów okołoporodowych w grupie noworodków urodzonych cięciem cesarskim wynosiła 0,85%, natomiast w grupie noworodków urodzonych drogami natury wynosiła 3,5%. Razem było to 251 (1,6%) urazów okołoporodowych. Analiza wykazała brak uszkodzeń narządu ruchu w badanej grupie. Brak złamań patologicznych w analizowanym materiale np. we wrodzonej łamliwości kości lub arthrogrypozie może wynikać z surowego prawa anty aborcyjnego w Polsce, które sprawia, że ciąże patologiczne są usuwane w innych miejscach.
Wnioski. Całkowita częstość urazów okołoporodowych wyniosła 1,63%, co jest niższą wartością od raportowanej w rozwiniętych krajach. Najbardziej znaczącą różnicą był brak urazów narządu ruchu oraz poważnych urazów okołoporodowych
Jurisprudence on the statute of limitations for a claim for compensation for personal injury caused during treatment
No full textPrzedawnienie stanowi częsty sposób obrony pozwanego w tzw. sporach medycznych. Jako że zarzut przedawnienia – gdy zostanie uwzględniony przez sąd – ma charakter niweczący roszczenie, to jego doniosłość w procesie stosowania prawa jest nie do przecenienia. Wykorzystując metodę dogmatyczną, metodę historycznoprawną oraz przede wszystkim analizę dorobku orzeczniczego Sądu Najwyższego i sądów powszechnych, podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie są bieżące problemy związane z sądowym stosowaniem prawa w omawianym zakresie. Szczególny akcent położony został na metody sanowania upływu terminu przedawnienia przez sąd. Praca nie koncentruje się jedynie na stanie prawnym obowiązującym po wejściu w życie ustawy z 16.02.2007 r. o zmianie ustawy – Kodeks cywilny, gdyż w analizie nie można pominąć poglądów wypracowanych na gruncie wcześniej obowiązującego art. 442 Kodeksu cywilnego. Szczególne znaczenie ma w tym zakresie zastosowanie instytucji nadużycia prawa podmiotowego (art. 5 k.c.) do badania przez sąd zasadności podniesionego przez pozwanego zarzutu przedawnienia oraz roli, jaką po nowelizacji pełni żądanie ustalenia odpowiedzialności pozwanego na przyszłość (art. 189 Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego). Ponadto w pracy skupiono się na ustaleniu dyrektyw interpretacyjnych wyrażenia ustawowego „dowiedział się o szkodzie i o osobie obowiązanej do jej naprawienia” (art. 4421 § 3 k.c.). W tym celu analizie poddane zostały wypowiedzi judykatury i sformułowane zostały zasady wykładni, które pozwalają na rozstrzygnięcie najczęściej występujących w stanach faktycznych trudności interpretacyjnych.The issue of the statute of limitations for a claim for compensation for damage caused to a person in connection with treatment remains outside the mainstream of scientific discourse. At the same time, the statute of limitations is a common defence used by the defendant in so-called medical disputes. As the statute of limitations allegation, when considered by the court, nullifies the claim, the significance for protecting the victims of the issues raised in the work cannot be overstated. Taking into account the dogmatic and historical methods as well as, above all, the analysis of the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and common courts, the aim of the work is to determine what the current problems related to the judicial application of law are in the discussed scope. Particular emphasis was placed on the methods of sanctioning the expiry of the limitation period by the court. In this respect, the work does not focus only on the legal status in force after the entry into force of the Act of 16 February 2007 amending the Civil Code, because it is not possible to omit the views developed on the basis of the previously applicable Article 442 of the Civil Code. Of particular importance in this respect is the application of the institution of abuse of a subjective right (Article 5 of the Civil Code) to the court’s examination of the legitimacy of the claim of limitation raised by the defendant and the role of the claim to determine the defendant’s liability for the future (Article 189 of the Code of Civil Procedure) after the said reform. The second purpose of the work is to determine the interpretative directives of the statutory expression “he learned about the damage and about the person obliged to repair it” (Article 4421 § 3 of the Civil Code). For this purpose, the statements of the judiciary were analyzed and the rules of interpretation were formulated, which allow for resolving the most common interpretation difficulties in the course of judicial application of the law
Bridging Borders, Breaking Barriers: Gender Politics and Polish Migrant Activism in the UK
No full textMigrant activism, particularly of Polish migrants in the UK, is a dynamic and interesting area in which to exploring intersections of social movement theory, politics, and global communication. This article examines the role of “transmigrants”—individuals who maintain ties to their home countries while living abroad. Our analysis especially focuses on the growing political activism of Polish migrants, with an emphasis on women’s and feminist movements, because socio-political changes in Poland after 2015 and enhanced communication have intensified the impact of such migrant activism across Europe. Global women’s rights movements and the intersectional, inclusive nature of contemporary activism have become crucial unifying forces and produced transnational solidarity for women facing widespread gender discrimination. Our findings indicate that while Polish migrant activism has been influenced by Poland’s political context, the post-Brexit situation has also led to broader challenges for migrants, with concomitant deeper political integration and engagement in the UK. Furthermore, this article discusses the shift in transnational political remittances from grassroots activism to a more collaborative, mainstream approach. Drawing on networks established during the COVID-19 pandemic, the shift has been crucial in addressing post-Brexit legal challenges. While there are similarities between feminist activism in the UK and Poland, migrant communities have demonstrated their adaptability and resilience by introducing unique strategies and alliances in the overseas context
In Search of a Conspiracy. A Practical Guide for Identifying Conspiracy Theories in Unstructured Textual Data
No full textOur study aims to describe a computer-aided method of searching for conspiracy thinking in unstructured textual data. Collecting such data from the Internet usually involves using keywords to find relevant documents for further analysis. Although this step determines the results, many researchers select keywords arbitrarily without evaluating their tools. We introduced a method of keyword expansion that combines word embeddings and human cognitive abilities to identify potential keywords. In our study, we found that the relatively informed participants (N = 154) could not recall even a short list of relevant keywords, and the ones they selected were mostly useless in detecting conspiracy thinking. The designed Conspiracy Thinking Index performed better in detecting conspiracy-related text in a large text corpus (≈ 1.1M tweets) than supervised machine learning algorithms while remaining simple and transparent
Private Choice, Public Care—Procreation Choices in the Discourse on Family Policy in Poland
No full textFor the purposes of this article, I looked at which private choices concerning family life are supported and which are negated in the public discourse on family policy. The lack of a publicly published report summarizing the changes in family policy in recent years has contributed to the use of reports written by the opposing ruling camps in 2015 and 2017. Especially in the case of the Law and Justice report, the discourse on choice is based on the responsibility of parents to meet the needs of their children with little interference from the state. This is in line with the idea of familialism, which puts the family at the center of interest of politics as an entity entitled to various types of services, and supports the caring functions of the family/woman at the expense of formalized and institutional care
Dokumenty Dywizji Warszawskiej Organizacji Wojskowej Unia z przełomu 1941 i 1942 r.
No full textDywizja Warszawska Organizacji Wojskowej Unia (OWU) funkcjonowała od października/listopada 1941 r. do marca 1942 r. Stanowiła formację zbrojną powstałego w pierwszej połowie 1940 r. ruchu unijnego. W jej składzie znalazły się oddziały wojskowe Warszawianki, Grunwaldu i Organizacji Wojskowej „Wilki”. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera dokumenty wytworzone przez jej dowództwo i jedną z jednostek – 1 Pułku Piechoty „Praga”. Dzięki nim poznać możemy ogólną strukturę organizacyjną związku i wchodzących w jej skład oddziałów. Publikowane dokumenty ukazują również główne kierunki działalności, zwłaszcza szkolenie, które prowadzone miało być w kierunku przygotowania do walk ulicznych w przyszłym powstaniu.The Warsaw Division of the Military Organization Unia (OWU) operated from October/November 1941 until March 1942. It was the armed formation of the Unia movement, which emerged in the first half of 1940. The division included military units from Warszawianka, Grunwald, and the Military Organization “Wilki”. This article features documents produced by the division’s command and by one of its units—the 1st Infantry Regiment “Praga”. These sources provide insight into the general organizational structure of the group and its constituent units. The published documents also highlight the main areas of activity, with particular emphasis on training preparing for street fighting in case of an uprising.Die Warschauer Division der militärischen Organisation Unia (OWU) war von Oktober/November 1941 bis März 1942 tätig und bildete die bewaffnete Formation der Unia-Bewegung, die in der ersten Hälfte des Jahres 1940 gegründet wurde. Sie umfasste militärische Einheiten der Warszawianka, Grunwald und der Militärorganisation „Wilki”. Dieser Artikel enthält Dokumente, die von ihrem Kommando und einer ihrer Einheiten - dem 1. Infanterieregiment „Praga”. - erstellt wurden. Sie geben Aufschluss über die allgemeine Organisationsstruktur des Verbandes und die darin zusammengefassten Einheiten. Die veröffentlichten Dokumente zeigen auch die Hauptrichtungen der Aktivitäten, insbesondere die Ausbildung, die zur Vorbereitung auf den Straßenkampf im zukünftigen Aufstand durchgeführt werden sollte
Cultural- Civilisational Dimensions of Public Consciousness Militarisation: A Study of Comments on Russian Pro- Government Telegram Channels
No full textThis study aims to analyse the narratives of Russian pro- government Telegram channels that normalise war and justify violence, focusing on their cultural- civilisational foundations and impact on public consciousness. The material consists of user comments collected from open discussions on these channels, which serve as echo chambers. The study’s methodological framework includes critical discourse analysis to identify key narratives and lexical markers, along with a cultural- civilisational approach to interpret the militaristic and dehumanising elements of the discourse