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The Geopolitical Implications of a Second Trump Administration: Perspectives for Europe and Beyond
No full textThis analysis focuses on possible short- and medium-term effects of Trump’s election as the 47th President of the United States, and starts with an introduction to geopolitics and a short overview of American presidential administrations since the end of the Cold War. It then continues with a brief account of Trump’s first presidency and observes the significant challenges that Trump’s administration will have to face domestically. The central part of the analysis focuses on the geopolitical consequences of Trump’s election. In particular, the author looks at Europe (the ongoing war in Ukraine), the Middle East, and the Far East – especially in relation to China. The paper concludes with the author’s conviction that the coming years will bring about decisive changes likely to usher in a new world order
The International Life of the European Union: Systems Theory, European Integration, and International Relations
No full textThe research problem addressed in this thesis concerns the definition of the international life of the European Union. After a review of the positions on defining the EU itself and a review of the related approaches, the authors turn to terms associated with the so-called “systems” approach, the aim of which is to argue for the hypothesis that the systems research tradition, although relatively unknown and rarely utilised, not only allows for a research-useful conceptualisation of the EU’s international life, but additionally provides an example of a corroboration of other theories already present in European research. Defining the EU as a complex adaptive system offers an example of a solution to the agent/structure problem from the position of conventional constructivism and opens possibilities for the future operationalisation of the complexity approach, of which the EU structural model is a surrogate
Glorious Pasts, Bright Futures: Sweden’s Foreign Policy From the Early 19th to the Early 21st Century
No full textThis article analyses Swedish foreign policy from the early 1800s to the present day. A recurring theme centres on discussions about non-belligerence and neutrality, which have by no means been undisputed ideals. Additionally, the article explores the significant influence of Sweden’s historical experience, particularly the Swedish Great Power Era of the 17th and early 18th centuries, on shaping the country’s foreign policy. During the 20th century, references to old times have increasingly been replaced by shorter historical perspectives. In the post-war period, it can be argued with justification that it was often hopes for a brighter future that governed the active foreign policy that combined neutrality and a far-reaching desire not to offend either side in the Baltic Sea region during the Cold War, while Swedish interference in the politics of foreign states was far-reaching when the geographical distance was great. The importance of non-alignment and neutrality was reinforced during the two World Wars, but these long-cherished ideals have been abandoned, partly because of the altered security policy landscape following the Russian attack on Ukraine in 2022
Cognitive taming – meaning generating processes and semantic motivation in the natural nomenclature – based on the example of selected Polish and German names for species of spiders
No full textW artykule podjęto próbę analitycznej refleksji nad mechanizmami mentalno-językowymi, które pozwalają członkowi danej grupy kulturowej na nazywanie zjawisk i obiektów przynależących do otaczającego go świata. Ten zamiar badawczy zostaje skonkretyzowany w oparciu o analizę wybranych polskich i niemieckich nazw gatunkowych pająków, przy czym uwaga skierowana jest także na źródła motywacji semantycznej badanych określeń. Analiza ma charakter poglądowy i jakościowy, przeprowadzana jest z zastosowaniem aparatu metodologicznego ukształtowanego na gruncie językoznawstwa kognitywnego – w tym przede wszystkim przy użyciu teorii metafory i metonimii konceptualnej, teorii integracji pojęciowej oraz elementów gramatyki kognitywnej Langackera.This paper attempts to provide an analytical reflection on mental-linguistic mechanisms that allow a member of a specific cultural group to name the phenomena and objects belonging to the exterior world. The article provides an analysis of selected examples of Polish and German names for various species of spiders. The study includes the sources of semantic motivation visible in the examined names. The analysis is of a qualitative nature and is carried out from the cognitive point of view in light of long-established sub-theories of cognitive linguistics – the theory of conceptual metaphor and metonymy, conceptual blending and chosen aspects of Langacker’s conceptual imagery
Pejorativization of zoolexemes <i>cattle/skot</i> in Polish and Russian (based on animal metaphors and phraseology)
No full textCelem artykułu jest analiza metafor i frazeologizmów związanych z leksemami bydło w języku polskim oraz скот w języku rosyjskim. Badanie przedstawia negatywny obraz człowieka kształtowany przez przenośnie i multiwerbizmy zawierające wspomniane zooleksemy. Skupiono się na ewolucji znaczeniowej tych jednostek oraz ich funkcjonowaniu we współczesnym dyskursie. W artykule wykorzystano dane pochodzące z leksykografii historycznej i współczesnej. Na ich podstawie ukazano, że wyrazy bydło i скот ewoluowały od neutralnych określeń zwierząt gospodarskich do znaczeń antropomorficznych, służących deprecjacji człowieka.The article aims to analyze metaphors and phraseological expressions related to the lexemes cattle in Polish and скот [skot] in Russian. The study examines the negative image of humans shaped by metaphors and multi-word expressions containing the aforementioned zoolexemes. The focus is on the semantic evolution of these terms and their functioning in contemporary discourse. The article utilizes data from historical and contemporary lexicographic sources. Based on this data, it is demonstrated that the words cattle and скот have evolved from neutral terms referring to farm animals into anthropomorphic meanings used to degrade human character
Konstrukcje czasownikowe szeregowe w języku rosyjskim i ich tureckie odpowiedniki (oparte na wyrażeniach reduplikatywnych)
No full textНастоящая статья посвящена проблеме сериальных глагольных конструкций в русском языке и их турецким эквивалентам. Объектом анализа послужили русские и турецкие глагольные цепочки, созданные по принципу редупликации, отобранные на корпусном материале. Эмпирический материал доказывает, что несмотря на типологические и грамматические различия между русским и турецким языками, оба обладают функционально эквивалентными сериями глаголов.This article is devoted to the problem of serial verb constructions in the Russian language and their Turkish equivalents. The object of analysis was Russian and Turkish double verbs with a reduplicative type of structure selected from corpus data. Empirical material proves that despite typological and grammatical differences between Russian and Turkish languages, both have functionally equivalent series of verbs.Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu seryjnych konstrukcji czasownikowych w języku rosyjskim oraz ich tureckim odpowiednikom. Przedmiotem analizy są rosyjskie i tureckie ciągi czasownikowe tworzone na zasadzie reduplikacji, wybrane z korpusowego materiału językowego. Materiał empiryczny dowodzi, że pomimo typologicznych i gramatycznych różnic między językiem rosyjskim a tureckim oba języki dysponują funkcjonalnie równoważnymi seriami czasowników
Nowa rzeczywistość kulturowa – problem czy wyzwanie? Strategie akulturacyjne stosowane przez polskich imigrantów w Walii
No full textAcculturation is the process of adapting to a new culture, in which members of a minority group—such as immigrants—combine elements of their native values and behavioural norms with those of the dominant culture in the L2 speaking country. The article presents findings from a study on the acculturation strategies adopted by Polish immigrants living in Welshpool (Wales). The research explores how individuals’ perceptions regarding their native culture and the culture of their L2 speech community shape their chosen acculturation strategies. The study employed a structured interview method, and the collected data were analysed using a coding approach to identify recurring themes and extract quantitative insights. The results highlight the diversity of acculturation strategies among Polish immigrants and support the hypothesis that integration—considered the most desirable strategy according to Berry’s acculturation theory—depends on multiple psychological and social factors. These include, among many others, motivation to learn the host country’s language and openness to interactions with members of the L2 cultural environment.Akulturacja rozumiana jest jako proces uczenia się drugiej kultury, w ramach którego przedstawiciele mniejszościowej grupy kulturowej (np. imigranci) łączą swój rodzimy system wartości i normy zachowań z systemem i normami kultury dominującej (kultury kraju goszczącego). Prezentowany rozdział przedstawia wyniki badania strategii akulturacyjnych realizowanych przez polskich imigrantów mieszkających w walijskim mieście Welshpool. Przeprowadzone przez autorki badanie pozwoliło na wyciągnięcie wstępnych wniosków na temat tego, jak indywidualne decyzje respondentów dotyczące rodzimej kultury i kultury kraju emigracji mogą przekładać się na realizację danej strategii akulturacyjnej. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę wywiadu ustrukturyzowanego, zaś otrzymane wyniki zostały opracowane za pomocą metody kodowania, czyli kategoryzowania bloków danych w taki sposób, aby określić powtarzające się tematy i uzyskać dane ilościowe. Otrzymane wyniki badań ujawniły różnorodność strategii akulturacyjnych, realizowanych przez polskich imigrantów. Ponadto, analiza tych wyników potwierdziła tezę, iż strategia integracji – która zgodnie z wykorzystaną tu teorią J.W. Berry’ego jest najbardziej pożądaną strategią i prowadzi do ukształtowania zintegrowanej tożsamości wielokulturowej – zależy od bardzo wielu czynników psychicznych i społecznych, w tym – od motywacji danej osoby do nauki języka kraju goszczącego i otwartości na kontakty z przedstawicielami nowej kultury
The construction of political authenticity: Jeremy Corbyn’s use of commitment-boosting <i>I think</i>
No full textThe last decade has been marked by the rise of a new breed of “authentic” politicians. Relative outsiders to the political institution, these politicians presented themselves as constituting a break from the (overly and overtly) mediatized and staged performance of politics by constructing authentic identities through various verbal and non-verbal resources. Starting from the social-constructionist view of identity as performance, this paper explores the performance of political authenticity by Jeremy Corbyn, ex-leader of the British Labour Party, in three political interviews held prior to the 2019 general elections in the U.K. In particular, the paper operationalizes the notion of indexicality, as used in recent, “third-wave” sociolinguistic research on identities and styles, to explore how Corbyn uses the epistemic phrase I think to construct his politically authentic identity. Through a close reading of Corbyn’s discourse in the three interviews, it seems that he uses I think, in its commitment-boosting variety, to construct his identity as an authentic politician — one whose values accord with his behavior and one who is deeply committed to the ideas and ideals that he espouses
Epidemiology of lung cancer based on observations of patient move in the oncology and radiotherapy ward
No full textBackground. The aim of the study was a two-year observation of the population of patients treated in the oncology ward, taking into account the mode of admission, discharge mode, medical procedures, applied treatment methods, imaging diagnostics, and nursing care.
Material and methods. The study included a collective analysis of patients treated in the ward of clinical oncology and radiotherapy of a specialist hospital in the Mazovian Province, Poland, in 2020-2021. The data includes the total number of hospitalizations, length (time), gender of patients, and age. Inclusion in the observation was based on the code according to the ICD-10 classification with the C34 diagnosis. The analysis was fully anonymous.
Results. 469 patients were qualified for the analysis, they constituted 14.7% (in 2020) and 12.2% (in 2021) of all patients in the ward. Lung cancer was more common among men. The minimum age at admission for both women and men was 45 years. The largest group of patients was admitted, as based on the DILO card, as part of the Oncology Fast Track.
Conclusions. The most common location of lung cancer in the study group was C34.8, Overlapping lesion of bronchus and lung. All patients in the study group had chemotherapy implemented; it is related to the specialization of the ward. Social prevention and preventive programs should be at a higher and more effective level
Health education project's effect on elementary school students' health status
No full textBackground. The goal of this study was to prove that children’s physical activity decreases with age. A significant correlation was found between health awareness and regular exercise. The deliberately designed elementary school health education program had a positive effect on health behavior.
Material and methods. The same questionnaire was used every year. Questions were alternately connected to health and sports subjects. The nutrition habits and trends of the students were explored, and personal opinions and feedback were welcomed. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis (p<0.05) were applied. Students were aged from 11 to 14 years.
Results. Based on the BMI, more than 13% of the students were morbidly obese or undernourished. Almost 10% of the students were overweight or obese. More than 65% of students engaged in sports on a regular basis at the lowest estimate 2 or 3 times a week. Nearly 10% of children never participated in sport activity or physical exercise outside of physical education classes.
Conclusions. Starting from the 8th grade, it would be important to include informational lectures on appropriate training in the curriculum, and it is also important to promote a healthy lifestyle among both parents and children and to operate a healthy school canteen. The infrastructure of schools and the range of sports activities should be improved