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Middle class in Poland. Changes in the financial and socio-demographic situation
No full textW Polsce udział klasy średniej w populacji rośnie – w przeciwieństwie do Stanów Zjednoczonych i krajów Europy Zachodniej, gdzie obserwuje się zanikanie tej klasy. Celem badania omawianego w artykule jest identyfikacja średniej klasy dochodowej w Polsce i ocena zróżnicowania jej sytuacji finansowej pod względem wybranych aspektów ekonomicznych i społeczno- demograficznych. Przeprowadzono analizę obejmującą stratyfikację klasową w ujęciu ekonomicznym, a konkretnie – podział społeczeństwa na klasy według ekwiwalentnego dochodu do dyspozycji na osobę w gospodarstwie domowym. Oceny sytuacji finansowej w obrębie klasy średniej dokonano w podziale na klasy: średnią niższą, średnią właściwą i średnią wyższą. Kryteriami oceny były wybrane aspekty funkcjonowania gospodarstw domowych: finansowe (poziom i struktura dochodów według ich źródeł, zadłużenie, konsumpcja i zamożność) i społeczno-demograficzne (struktura według wieku, płci i typu gospodarstwa). Badanie zostało przeprowadzone z wykorzystaniem mikrodanych z Europejskiego Badania Warunków Życia Ludności (EU-SILC) za lata 2013 i 2021. Wyniki wskazują na poprawę sytuacji finansowej polskiej klasy średniej oraz na zmiany w jej strukturze społeczno-demograficznej. W szczególności zaobserwowano wzrost udziału młodych pokoleń, w tym gospodarstw domowych z dziećmi, przy jednoczesnym obniżeniu pozycji emerytów w drabinie dochodowej.In Poland, the share of the middle class in the population is growing, unlike in the United States and Western European countries, where it is shrinking. The aim of the study described in this article is to identify the middle-income class in Poland and to assess its diversity in terms of selected economic and socio-demographic aspects. The analysis was carried out taking into account class stratification as seen from an economic perspective – more specifically, the division of the society into classes according to equivalised disposable income per person in a household. The financial situation within the middle class was assessed in the breakdown into three classes: lower, core, and upper middle class. Selected aspects of household functioning served as the evaluation criteria. These were the financial aspects (the level and structure of income by source, the debt, consumption and wealth) and socio-demographic ones (the structure by age, sex and household type). The study was conducted using microdata from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for the years 2013 and 2021. The results indicate an improvement in the financial situation of the Polish middle class and changes in its socio-demographic structure. More specifically, what was observed was the increase in the share of younger generations, including households with children, with a simultaneous decline in the position of retirees on the income ladder
Peer violence as a challenge for the educational system in Poland
No full textBadanie nad przemocą rówieśniczą w Polsce bada przyczyny, skutki i rozwiązania tego problemu w systemie edukacyjnym. Wskazuje na głęboko zakorzenione źródła przemocy wśród uczniów, takie jak środowisko rodzinne, sytuacje społeczne i wzorce komunikacyjne. Analiza obejmuje różne formy przemocy rówieśniczej, takie jak agresja fizyczna i cyberprzemoc, każda z odrębnymi konsekwencjami dla ofiar. Badanie podkreśla, że przemoc wynika ze złożonych interakcji między cechami indywidualnymi, czynnikami środowiskowymi i normami społecznymi. Efektywna prewencja i interwencja wymagają współpracy rodzin, szkół, lokalnych społeczności i instytucji. Proponowane środki obejmują edukację, wsparcie psychologiczne oraz zwiększenie świadomości na temat przemocy rówieśniczej. Badanie akcentuje potrzebę podejścia holistycznego, angażującego wiele sektorów społecznych w celu kompleksowego rozwiązania problemu i zmniejszenia jego rozpowszechnienia w polskich szkołach.This article on peer violence in Poland explores the causes, effects, and solutions to this issue within the educational system. It identifies deep-rooted sources of violence among students, including the family environment, social settings, and communication patterns. The analysis highlights various forms of peer violence, such as physical aggression and cyberbullying, each with distinct consequences for victims. The article emphasizes that violence stems from complex interactions between individual traits, environmental factors, and social norms. Effective prevention and intervention require cooperation among families, schools, local communities, and institutions. Proposed measures include education, psychological support, and raising awareness of peer violence. The research highlights the need for a holistic approach, engaging multiple social sectors to address the problem comprehensively and reduce its prevalence in Polish schools
Произведения западноазербайджанских писателей в переводе на славянские языки
No full textThe article examines the creativity of Western Azerbaijani writers in translations into Slavic languages. Translation is a complex and developing area of human cultural activity. Through translation, people maintain economic, political and cultural ties between States and create conditions for the development of humanity. In the process of translation, the translator encounters different cultures, faces, thoughts, literatures and levels of development and facilitates this process by using certain information tools. The article provides information about famous writers of Western Azerbaijan. Through translations of the works of writers of Western Azerbaijan (Azerbaijanis who lived in the territory of modern Armenia), their national cultural identity spread across a wider geographical landscape. In the history of ancient translation, Eastern Zangezur and Western Zangezur are distinguished by their unique rich history of culture and interlanguage. The translation of the works of Azerbaijani poet Ramiz Rovshan, originally from the Zangezur region, and the sons of those mountains, Suleyman Rahimov and Ali Veliyev, was discussed. Information was provided about Ashug Alesker, an outstanding representative of Azerbaijani Ashug art, a talented and militant writer, poet, novelist, playwright and publicist Tamkin-Boyukkishi Mirzazade, Huseyn Arif, a poet, critic and translator Jafar Khandan, who has a unique style in Azerbaijani poetry. The translation of works by Western Azerbaijani writers and poets into the languages of Slavic peoples has always been in the spotlight, and today this issue is becoming particularly relevant.В статье рассматривается творчество западноазербайджанских писателей в переводах на славянские языки. Перевод – сложная и развивающаяся область культурной деятельности человека. Посредством перевода люди поддерживают экономические, политические и культурные связи между государствами и создают условия для развития человечества. В процессе перевода переводчик сталкивается с разными культурами, разными лицами, разными мыслями, разной литературой и разным уровнем развития и облегчает этот процесс, используя определенные информационные инструменты. В статье представлена информация об известных писателях Западного Азербайджана.
Благодаря переводам произведений писателей Западного Азербайджана (азербайджанцев, проживавших на территории современной Армении) их национально-культурная идентичность распространилась на более широкую географию. В истории древнего перевода Восточный Зангезур и Западный Зангезур отличаются своей уникальной богатой историей культуры и межъязыкового общения.
Обсуждался перевод произведений азербайджанского поэта Рамиза Ровшана, родом из Зангезурского района, и сыновей этих гор Сулеймана Рагимова и Али Велиева. Была представлена информация об ашуге Алескере, выдающемся представителе азербайджанского ашугского искусства, талантливом и воинствующем писателе, поэте-новеллисте, драматурге и публицистке Тамкине-Беюккиши Мирзазаде, Гусейне Арифе, поэте, критике и переводчике Джафаре Хандане, обладающем уникальным стилем в азербайджанской поэзии. Перевод произведений западноазербайджанских писателей и поэтов на языки славянских народов всегда был в центре внимания, и сегодня этот вопрос становится особенно актуальным
„Historia Slavorum Occidentis. Czasopismo historyczne / Historický časopis” [Historia Slavorum Occidentis. Historical Journal / Historia Slavorum Occidentis. Исторический журнал] 2024, nr 1 (40)–4 (43), Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
No full textInfluence of Raft in the Analysis of Granular Piles
No full textIn an era marked by rapid growth and diminishing natural resources, including land, ground improvement has become imperative, particularly for civil engineers dealing with soft soils. This study explores the potential of granular piles (GPs) and granular piled rafts (GPRs) as cost-effective and sustainable solutions for overcoming resource-related challenges. The research focuses on a comparative analysis of the settlement interaction factor (SIF) within groups of GPRs and GPs as foundation systems. By evaluating and comparing the settlement magnification effects induced by adjacent foundation elements, the study aims to uncover insights into the influence of spacing and relative stiffness on the SIF. These findings offer valuable information for engineers, enabling them to optimize designs and address potential settlement-related issues in a resource-conscious manner
The Impact of Different Strain Rates of Polypropylene Geotextiles on Slope Factor of Safety
No full textDue to their effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and economic benefits, geosynthetics are increasingly utilized in civil engineering, especially woven geotextiles for soil stabilization reinforcement. Standard strength testing assumes a constant rate of elongation for samples, but in practice, the loading rate of geosynthetics in the field is much lower. Selecting appropriate materials is crucial for the effectiveness and durability of structures. For polymeric materials like woven geotextiles, the strain rate affects their properties. Understanding these properties is essential for safe design and construction. This article explores the potential application of polypropylene geotextiles for soil reinforcement in embankments. The polymer properties are discussed, along with the methodology for strength testing of geosynthetics and the results of the research. The findings allowed for the calculation of the long-term strength of samples at different elongation rates, which was used to verify changes in the factor of safety for a slope model. The highest tensile strength was 33.44 kN/m at a stretching speed of 20 mm/min. At 2 mm/min, it was 30.35 kN/m, and at 0.2 mm/min, it was 28.70 kN/m. These results determined the factor of safety: F = 2.08 for the fastest stretched sample and F = 1.97 for the slowest. Theoretical approaches to understanding changes in strength parameters due to variations in strain rate have been presented, as well as computational approaches using the Bishop method in GEO5 software, based on the results from tensile strength tests
Dynamic interaction between two 3D rigid surface foundations subjected to oblique seismic waves
No full textA three-dimensional modeling approach is proposed to examine the dynamic interaction response of two foundations subjected to obliquely incident harmonic seismic waves (P, shear vertical, and shear horizontal waves). The two foundations are positioned on the surface of a uniform viscoelastic soil layer, underlain by a substratum. The dynamic response of the rigid foundations is determined by solving the wave equations, taking the soil–foundation interaction into account. The mathematical method employed is based on integral equations in the frequency domain, utilizing Green's function formalism presented by Kausel and Peek in 1982 for a multi layered soil. The solution is obtained using the frequency domain boundary element method, with Green's functions derived through the thin layer method. By discretizing the soil–foundation interface into quadrilateral constant elements, these equations are transformed into algebraic form, simplifying the force–displacement relationship within the discretized domain into a system of linear equations. This approach was applied to assess the impact of soil–structure interaction on the seismic response of two foundations, using the interaction coefficients proposed by Dobry and Gazetas in 1988. The results are presented in terms of displacement, rotation, and torsion at the center of the two massless surface foundations
The manifestations of influence of Saint Benedict of Nursia on the life and works of Edith Stein
No full textNiniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę oddziaływania św. Benedykta z Nursji na życie i twórczość Edyty Stein. Święta zainspirowała się Regułą św. Benedykta w opactwie benedyktynów w Beuron. Artykuł składa się z czterech części. Analiza porównawcza nauczania Benedykta dotyczącego modlitwy, pracy, posłuszeństwa i cnoty discretio z nauką Edyty Stein odsłoniła wiele podobieństw. Te cztery elementy duchowości benedyktyńskiej wpłynęły na refleksje Edyty Stein na temat życia duchowego, liturgii, wychowania do modlitwy, a także na jej osobisty rozwój duchowy. Obie postacie świętych, mimo dzielących je epok historycznych, połączyło umiłowanie ponadczasowych wartości.The question raised by this article is how Saint Benedict of Nursia influenced the life and works of Edith Stein. She was inspired by the Rule of St. Benedict at the Benedictine Abbey in Beuron. The article consists of four parts. As comparative analysis reveals, there is much correspondence between the teachings of Edith Stein and Saint Benedict’s teaching on prayer, work, obedience and the virtue of “discretio”. These four elements of Benedictine spirituality influenced Edith Stein’s reflections on spiritual life, liturgy, prayer education and her personal spiritual development. Despite living their lives in different historical epochs, these Saints were united in the cherishment of eternal values
The System of Proportionality of Elections in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland
No full textThe subject of the research is the analysis of the constitutional understanding of the „proportionality“ of elections in the context of methods of investiture to public authorities. In particular, attention will be paid to the desirability of including this type of regulation in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, and various views on this matter will be presented. The issues concerning the electoral system will be analyzed from the perspective of functionality and representativeness. The text uses the method of institutional-legal, formal-dogmatic and systemic analysis
