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Comparison of Baykan Sezer and Niyazi Berkes' sociological views
No full textAvrupa'nın toplumsal sorunlarının tespiti ve bu sorunların çözümü amacıyla 19. yy'da ortaya çıkan sosyoloji bilimi Türkiye'de de kısa zamanda kabul görmüş, alanında pek çok sosyoloğun ve araştırmacının yetişmesine yol açmıştır. Çağdaşlaşma, modernleşme, Batıcılaşma, Batılılaşma, Osmanlılık gibi konular ise yerli sosyolojinin araştırdığı önemli konular arasında yer almıştır. Bu konuların çıkış noktası ise "Niçin ve neden geri kaldık, iki yüz yıldır neden bocalıyoruz?" Gibi sorulara cevap aranma çabasıdır. Bu noktada pek çok yerli sosyolog önemli tezler geliştirmiş, tespitlerde bulunmuşlardır. Çünkü modernleşme çabaları toplumsal alan başta olmak üzere pek çok alanda değişim ve dönüşümü zorunlu kılmış, ilerleme ve yeni dünya düzenini yakalama amacı ile çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Baykan Sezer ve Niyazi Berkes Osmanlı ve çağdaşlaşma konusunu merkeze alarak çalışan iki değerli isimdir. Çalışmanın amacı her iki sosyoloğun Osmanlılık ve çağdaşlaşma konularına bakışlarının tespiti ve her iki konuya yaklaşımlarının karşılaştırmalı analizi üzerinedir. Sezer, Osmanlı Devleti'ni Doğu asker devletinin en son ve en güçlü temsilcisi olarak yorumlarken; Berkes Osmanlı'yı "Doğu'ya özgü despotik bir devlet" olarak yorumlamaktadır. Baykan Sezer'in Batıcılaşma, Niyazi Berkes'in Batılılaşma olarak okuduğu konu ise Osmanlı'dan günümüze Türk Devleti'nin geçirdiği modernleşme aşamalarını inceleme amaçlıdır. Baykan Sezer, Çağdaşlaşma konusunu kendi orijinal tezi olan Doğu-Batı Çatışması Kuramı'nı merkeze alarak irdelemiş, Niyazi Berkes ise sekülerizm, çağdaşlaşma, laiklik ve Kemalizm bağlamında incelemiştir. Sezer Batıcılaşma faaliyetlerini "Batıcılaşma siyaseti ile boşuna zaman kaybetmek" olarak yorumlamış, Osmanlı'nın yüzünü yanlış yöne döndüğü tespitinde bulunmuştur. Berkes ise Batılılaşmanın gerçek anlamda başarılamamasının nedenini "kutsal gelenek boyunduruğundan kurtulamamak, gerici ilerici kavgalarının devam etmesi, devrimlerin doğru anlaşılıp uygulanmaması ve kendi mali kaynaklarımızı kullanarak bir ekonomi anlayışı geliştiremememiz" olarak tespit etmiştir.The science of sociology, which emerged in the 19th century with the aim of identifying and solving Europe's social problems, was quickly accepted in Turkey and led to the development of many sociologists and researchers in the field. Topics such as modernization, Westernization, and Ottomanism were among the important subjects researched by local sociology. The starting point for these topics was the effort to find answers to questions such as "Why and how did we fall behind? Why have we been struggling for two hundred years?" At this point, many local sociologists developed important theses and made observations. This is because modernization efforts necessitated change and transformation in many areas, particularly in the social sphere, and studies were conducted with the aim of progress and catching up with the new world order. Baykan Sezer and Niyazi Berkes are two valuable names who worked with a focus on the Ottoman Empire and modernization. The aim of this study is to determine the perspectives of both sociologists on the topics of Ottomanism and modernization and to conduct a comparative analysis of their approaches to both topics. Sezer interprets the Ottoman Empire as the last and most powerful representative of the Eastern military state, while Berkes interprets the Ottomans as a "despotic state peculiar to the East." The subject that Baykan Sezer reads as Westernization and Niyazi Berkes reads as Westernization aims to examine the stages of modernization that the Turkish State has undergone from the Ottomans to the present day. Baykan Sezer examined the issue of modernization by focusing on his original thesis, the East-West Conflict Theory, while Niyazi Berkes examined it in the context of secularism, modernization, secularism, and Kemalism. Sezer interpreted Westernization activities as "wasting time with Westernization politics" and concluded that the Ottoman Empire had turned its face in the wrong direction. Berkes, on the other hand, identified the reasons for the failure of Westernization in its true sense as "the inability to break free from the yoke of sacred tradition, the continuation of reactionary-progressive conflicts, the failure to correctly understand and implement revolutions, and the inability to develop an economic understanding using our own financial resources.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES OF CMC/NCC NANO COMPOSITES DERIVED FROM TEXTILE WASTE FOR THE ADSORPTION OF LANTHANUM IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
No full textThis study investigated the adsorption efficiency of lanthanum (La) ions, a rare-earth element, using nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)-reinforced carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) biopolymers synthesized from textile waste. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was derived via acid hydrolysis, followed by NCC synthesis through basic reaction. The characterization was performed using FT-IR, SEM, XPS and XRD analyses. Key adsorption parameters, including pH, initial concentration, agitation time, and temperature, were optimized. The adsorption process of La(III) ions onto the CMC/NCC nanocomposite follows the Langmuir isotherm model with a high adsorption capacity of 38.13 mg/g, indicating monolayer adsorption, while thermodynamic analysis reveals the process is endothermic, spontaneous at higher temperatures, and predominantly governed by physicochemical interactions. The CMC-NCC biopolymer presents an economical, effective, and eco-friendly alternative for lanthanum removal from aqueous solutions.Scientific Research Council of Ege University, Turkey [24045]; TUBYTAK-2211-C National Doctoral Priority Areas Research Fellowship ProgramThe authors express their gratitude to the Scientific Research Council of Ege University, Turkey, for the financial support provided through research grant 24045. This study was also carried out within the scope of the project titled Synthesis, characterization, and investigation of the use of nano-biocomposites in the recovery of rare earth elements, supported by the TUBYTAK-2211-C National Doctoral Priority Areas Research Fellowship Program
Human Behavior Analysis in Smart Houses by Abstracting Event Log
No full text7th International Conference on Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, INFUS 2025 -- -- Istanbul -- 336089Process mining is crucial in improving processes by offering understandable process models that can be examined and improved. However, making sense of the results from process mining for human behavior analysis, which can be complex, requires transforming detailed, low-level tasks into simpler, high-level ones through event log abstraction. The main aim is to make complex human behavior models more straightforward. One unique aspect of this study introduces a dynamic time threshold method. Unlike traditional event log studies that rely on fixed time limits, this study uses a flexible approach where time limits adjust automatically based on each activity. This innovation eliminates the need for a predetermined time limit, making it more useful in real-life situations. The research findings highlight how understanding the subtleties of human behavior is crucial for optimizing IoT systems and establishing process mining as a valuable tool for analyzing human behavior in the context of IoT. Utilizing event log abstraction significantly improves the model’s clarity, and its effectiveness is evaluated using fitness and precision measurements. The results suggest that the models can provide practical insights, enhancing people’s experiences with IoT systems. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Relationship between nursing students' views on robot nurses, artificial intelligence applications, and their innovativeness
No full textBackground: Understanding nursing students' perspectives on artificial intelligence and robotics is essential for preparing them for future practice. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the opinions of nursing students in western Turkey on innovation, robot nurses, and artificial intelligence applications. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted in line with STROBE guidelines, included 341 nursing faculty students (January-May 2022). Data were collected using the Student Information Form, Questionnaire on Students' Innovative Ideas, Artificial Intelligence, and Robot Nurses, and the Individual Innovativeness Scale (IIS). Results: The three most preferred tasks for AI-powered robots were Measuring patients' height and weight (92.1%), Preventing falls (91.2%), and Changing bed linens (90%). The mean IIS score was 54.05 13.66. Conclusion: Participants were categorized as traditionalists rather than innovators. Those who believed AI-powered robots would benefit nursing had lower IIS scores. (c) 2025 Organization for Associate Degree Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies
Eu³? and Li? Co-doped SmCa?O(BO?)? phosphors: Negative thermal quenching and photoluminescence properties
No full textEu³ ?-doped SmCa?O(BO?)? (SCOB:Eu³?) phosphors, with and without Li+ co-doping, were synthesized via a sol-gel combustion method and analysed for their structural and photoluminescence (PL) properties. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement confirmed the monoclinic structure of the host lattice, showing that Eu³ ? ions preferentially substitute Sm³ ? rather than Ca²?, as evidenced by negligible lattice parameter variations. Quantitative analysis using the Scherrer and Williamson-Hall methods revealed reductions in crystallite size and increased lattice strain upon doping, with Li? co-doping stabilizing the lattice and enhancing crystallinity. Li? co-doping significantly enhances the 611 nm red emission in Eu³ ?-doped SCOB by reducing non-radiative losses,improving energy transfer efficiency, and modifying the local crystal field to favor radiative recombination. PL measurements demonstrated intense 611 nm emission (5D0?7F2 transition) and secondary emission at 823 nm (5D0?7F6 transition), highlighting the unique capability of the SCOB host to support magnetic dipole transitions. Bidirectional energy transfer between Eu³ ? and Sm³ ? ions was observed under varying excitation wavelengths, emphasizing the dynamic nature of luminescence. CIE chromaticity analysis confirmed the tunable orange-to-red emission under varying excitation wavelengths, with Li? co-doping shifting the chromaticity coordinates further into the red region, optimizing the material for warm white LEDs. Temperature-dependent PL measurements demonstrated negative thermal quenching, where emission intensity increased with rising temperatures, showcasing the thermal stability of SCOB:Eu³ ?. The critical distance (R? = 19.30 Å) for energy transfer indicated that energy migration predominantly occurs through electric multipolar interactions. SCOB:Eu³ ? phosphor enhanced PL lifetime (1.18 ms), indicating high radiative efficiency and reduced non-radiative losses. These findings highlight the dual role of Li? co-doping in stabilizing the lattice and enhancing photoluminescence properties, establishing SCOB:Eu³ ? and SCOB:Eu³ ?,Li? phosphors as promising candidates for thermally stable, high-efficiency red-emitting devices in solid-state lighting and photonic applications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, PNU; (PNURSP2025R16
Impact of migration policies on socio-cultural participation and well-being: evidence from the Migration Act of 2000 in Germany
No full textPurpose: Countries have implemented various migration policies targeting the migrants' economic and political integration and social inclusion. However, little is known about the impact of migration policies on migrants' participation in socio-cultural activities and their link with well-being. The first aim of this study is to explore the effect of the Migration Act of 2000 in Germany on participation in socio-cultural activities of first-generation migrants. The second aim is to examine the impact of socio-cultural activities on subjective well-being (SWB), measured by life satisfaction, and how it is compared between first-generation immigrants and natives. Design/methodology/approach: The Migration Act of 2000 was extended in 2005 to provide permanent residence permits to high-skilled migrants and deliver cultural orientation and German language courses. The author will implement a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) methodology comparing the relationship between socio-cultural participation and SWB of first-generation immigrants and natives. Findings: The results show that while first-generation immigrants participate less frequently in the socio-cultural activities explored, they experience an increase in participation after the implementation of the 2000 Migration Act. Furthermore, migrants report lower levels of SWB than natives, but their life satisfaction significantly improves with the increase in socio-cultural participation. Social implications: The findings of this study have implications for researchers and policymakers, such as income, education and employment promoting migrant integration. Providing employment opportunities and a permanent residence permit, cultural participation, and thus, the integration of migrants can be successfully achieved. Originality/value: While there is a long debate about the effectiveness of migration integration policies, this is the first study investigating the effect of the Migration Act of 2000 on migrants' socio-cultural participation and well-being. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.H2020 Marie Sk?odowska-Curie Actions, MSCA; Seventh Framework Programme, FP7; Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK, (119C017); Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTA
Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients
No full textThe increasing incidence of breast cancer, early diagnosis, and the development of effective treatments have contributed to improvements in survival and brought the concept of quality of life for breast cancer patients onto the agenda. Quality of life is of critical importance in all stages of cancer, including cancer diagnosis, treatment, palliative care, and survival. It is therefore important to assess the impact of the disease and treatments on the quality of life of breast cancer patients. The quality of life of breast cancer patients is affected by many physical and psychological symptoms caused by the disease and cancer treatment. Addressing the physical, social, functional, and emotional well-being of breast cancer patients with a holistic approach during the disease and treatment process increases treatment compliance and the likelihood of treatment success. Therefore, educational and behavioral interventions are needed to improve the quality of life of patients with breast cancer. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Search for excited tau leptons in the ??? final state in proton-proton collisions ?s=13 TeV
No full textResults are presented for a test of the compositeness of the heaviest charged lepton, tau, using data collected by the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the CERN LHC. The data were collected in 2016-2018 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb(-1). This analysis searches for tau lepton pair production in which one of the tau leptons is produced in an excited state and decays to a ground state tau lepton and a photon. The event selection consists of two isolated tau lepton decay candidates and a high-energy photon. The mass of the excited tau lepton is reconstructed using the missing transverse momentum in the event, assuming the momentum of the neutrinos from each tau lepton decay are aligned with the visible decay products. No excess of events above the standard model background prediction is observed. This null result is used to set lower bounds on the excited tau lepton mass. For a compositeness scale Lambda equal to the excited tau lepton mass, excited tau leptons with masses below 4700 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level; for Lambda = 10 TeV this exclusion is set at 2800 GeV. This is the first experimental result covering this production and decay process in the excited tau mass range above 175 GeV.FWF; FNRS; FWO (Belgium); CNPq; CAPES; FAPERJ; FAPERGS; FAPESP (Brazil); BNSF (Bulgaria); MoST; NSFC (China); CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG [MoER TK202]; Academy of Finland; MEC; CEA; CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF; BMBF; DFG; HGF (Germany); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE; DST; IPM; SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); MOE; UM (Malaysia); BUAP; CONACYT; UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSTDA; TUBITAK; DOE; NSF; Marie-Curie program; European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Grant [675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207]; COST Action [CA16108]; Leventis Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Science Committee [22rl-037]; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); FWO (Belgium) under the Excellence of Science - EOS [30820817]; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission [Z191100007219010]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation [FR-22-985]; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [EXC 2121, 390833306, 400140256 - GRK2497]; Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) [2288]; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; New National Excelle nce Program [K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, TKP2021-NKTA-64]; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India - NextGenerationEU program (Italy); Latvian Council of Science; Ministry of Education and Science [2022/WK/14]; National Science Center [Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369, 2021/43/B/ST2/01552]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia [CEECIND/01334/2018]; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; ERDF a way of making Europe [MDM-2017-0765]; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation [B39G670016]; Kavli Foundation; Nvidia Corporation; SuperMicro Corporation; Welch Foundation [C-1845]; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.)We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid and other centers for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC, the CMS detector, and the supporting computing infrastructure provided by the following funding agencies: SC (Armenia), BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES and BNSF (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); MINCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RIF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); ERC PRG, RVTT3 and MoER TK202 (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); SRNSF (Georgia); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRI (Greece); NKFIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LMTLT (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MES and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); MESTD (Serbia); MCIN/AEI and PCTI (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); MHESI and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TENMAK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 724704, 752730, 758316, 765710, 824093, 101115353, 101002207, and COST Action CA16108 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Science Committee, project no. 22rl-037 (Armenia); the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the Excellence of Science - EOS - be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010 and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, grant FR-22-985 (Georgia); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), among others, under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2121 Quantum Universe - 390833306, and under project number 400140256 - GRK2497; the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI), Project Number 2288 (Greece); the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excelle nce Program - UNKP, the NKFIH research grants K 131991, K 133046, K 138136, K 143460, K 143477, K 146913, K 146914, K 147048, 2020-2.2.1-ED-2021-00181, and TKP2021-NKTA-64 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; ICSC - National Research Center for High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing and FAIR - Future Artificial Intelligence Research, funded by the NextGenerationEU program (Italy); the Latvian Council of Science; the Ministry of Education and Science, project no. 2022/WK/14, and the National Science Center, contracts Opus 2021/41/B/ST2/01369 and 2021/43/B/ST2/01552 (Poland); the Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, grant CEECIND/01334/2018 (Portugal); the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, ERDF a way of making Europe, and the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu, grant MDM-2017-0765 and Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias (Spain); the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project, and the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation, grant B39G670016 (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.)
Global research trends on the links between primary health care and diabetes from 1980 to 2024: a machine learning-based science mapping|1980-2024 yılları arasında birincil sağlık hizmetleri ile diyabet arasındaki ilişkiler üzerine küresel araştırma eğilimleri: makine öğrenmesi tabanlı bilimsel haritalama çalışması
No full textPurpose: A systematic and detailed examination of studies on diabetes can guide the evaluation of healthcare services, the identification of issues, and the implementation of preventive interventions. Therefore, this study aims to assess diabetes research in the primary health care (PHC) field using machine learning-based bibliometric methods. Materials and methods: In this study, articles related to diabetes in the PHC field were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection on March 15, 2024. These articles were analyzed using bibliometric methods and the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling technique. Results: The analysis of the studies revealed that 3.355 articles on diabetes in the PHC field were produced by researchers from 114 different countries, 4.226 institutions, and 12.426 individual researchers. Recent years have shown a growing interest in topics such as obesity, hypertension, chronic diseases, exercise, and physical activity within the PHC field. Topic modeling identified eight distinct latent topic clusters: (1) Diabetes management in PHC, (2) Risk factors and management of diabetes in PHC, (3) Acute and chronic complications of diabetes in PHC, (4) Gestational diabetes, (5) Prediabetes and Type 1 diabetes, (6) COVID-19 and diabetes, (7) Quality of life, awareness, and health education, (8) Current treatment methods and guideline resources. Conclusion: Primary Care Diabetes and Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care are the leading journals in PHC-related diabetes research. The studies show a significant overlap between diabetes research and topics such as hypertension and obesity. Future studies in the PHC field are recommended to focus on diabetic retinopathy and diabetic wound research. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
The mediating role of cyber victimization in the effect of perceived social support on cyberbullying in university students
No full textBackgroundThis study aimed to determine the mediating role of cyber victimization in the effect of perceived social support on cyberbullying among university students.MethodsThis descriptive and cross-sectional study used the STROBE checklist. The population of this cross-sectional study consisted of 864 students studying at the health sciences faculty of a state university. Descriptive information form, Revised Cyberbullying Inventory for University Students and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were used as data collection tools.ResultsAs the perceived social support level increases, the level of cyber victimization decreases. As the level of cyber victimization of individuals increases, the level of cyberbullying also increases. As the perceived social support level increases, the level of cyberbullying decreases. While perceived social support has a reducing effect on cyberbullying, cyber victimization functions to reduce this effect.ConclusionsSocial support is an important factor in reducing cyberbullying; however, cyber victimization reduces this positive effect. It is recommended to carry out studies that will activate the social support resources of university students, to increase the activities that will support social relations in universities, to support people who have experienced cyber victimization to share their experiences and to receive psychological help when necessary