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The impact of the ACE-V methodology on the forensic analysis of signatures and manuscripts
No full textThis article examines the impact of the implementation of the so-called ACE-V (analysis, comparison, evaluation, and verification) methodology in the field of forensic analysis of signatures and manuscripts. The key components of ACE-V, its application in signature identification and authorship attribution studies, and its effectiveness in comparison to other methods usually noted in forensic reports and defended in court are explored. Experience suggests that ACE-V provides a structured framework that improves accuracy and consistency in the comparison of signatures and manuscripts, and allows findings to be communicated in due form, to maintain a uniform universal language and to offer a greater degree of reliability in conclusions. The ACE-V methodology is distinguished by its rigorous approach to the evaluation of dynamic and graphical features and its ability to provide a clear framework for comparison, signature verification, and for decision making, which can lead to greater accuracy in approach and a reduction in the number of errors and controversies associated with the analysis of signatures and manuscripts. The first appearance of the ACE-V concept was in a 1959 article by Roy Huber, an examiner of questioned documents of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and since then it has been used as a reference in different laboratories and manuals of good practices around the world. The methodological approach improves consistency in the application of the analysis criteria, facilitating a more objective comparison between samples and allowing the validation of findings through interlaboratory consultation with other experts and by means of blind peer review, strengthening the reliability of the result. The documented implementation of ACE-V is justified by its ability to address the shortcomings of less structured methods, which often lack a systematic basis for comparison and evaluation. The methodology not only provides a standardized process that can be replicated and reviewed but also improves reproducibility and transparency in forensic analysis
Disguised signatures
No full textDisguised handwriting is one of the most insidious cases of forensic handwriting examination. The writer can invent innumerable and unpredictable ways of altering his natural habits by completely changing the morphological appearance of his graphic expression, both in handwriting and signature, in an attempt to deny the authenticity of a particular specimen later, which results in legal implications. Although the most common strategies are indicated in literature, there can be particular and unusual techniques that the writer invents. In several cases, external factors may affect the final graphic result. Unveiling the mystery of the mental source of handwriting is of utmost importance. The possible scenarios developed by the writer’s imagination must be deciphered by the forensic document examiner, and a certain amount of comparative material is helpful for the forensic investigation in this respect. Presentation of a case study
The role of handwriting examination in Taiwan’s judicial system
No full textThe examination of handwriting in Taiwan’s judicial proceedings plays a critical role in authenticating documents and identifying writers. While concerns about scientific validity and consistency have emerged, it is important to recognize the significance of this process. Handwriting identification is rooted in the uniqueness of each individual’s writing, making it resistant to exact replication. However, variations in interpretation by examiners can introduce inconsistencies. To address this, efforts have been made to standardize protocols and guidelines for handwriting analysis. For instance, the report of the National Institute of Standards and Technology provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific principles and best practices in handwriting analysis, while the ANSI/ASB Standard 070 sets forth the minimum requirements for the examination of handwriting and the qualifications of examiners. In the judicial context, there are differing approaches to handwriting identification, with some cases relying on judges’ discretion and others advocating for professional examination, particularly when evidence is significant or disputed. It is evident that establishing uniform standards, enhancing examiner proficiency, and improving judicial understanding and application of scientific evidence are vital steps in strengthening the reliability and effectiveness of handwriting identification in legal practice. This ongoing commitment to improvement is essential for ensuring justice and fairness
Nutritional habits of the aging Polish society—causes of irregularities and the need to introduce changes
No full textAppropriate eating habits are formed from the early childhood but can be modified at different stages of life and into the old age. They depend on economic, social and psychological factors. Eating habits are formed mainly in the family environment and their correct formation is crucial for healthy human development and disease prevention. In the elderly, poor nutrition can be caused by many factors, including: health problems, lack of access to adequate food, physiological changes and socio-economic factors. The aim of the article is to present the need of improving the eating habits of the aging Polish society. The research section presents an up-to-date review of Polish literature using Google Scholar, PubMed and statistical data of the Statistics Poland (GUS). Optimal development, maturation and aging of the body depend on proper nutrition and promotion of proper eating habits during childhood and adolescence. The level of affluence significantly affects eating irregularities, which may result in a preference for unhealthy eating behaviors. A balanced diet during adolescence can prevent many diseases later in life. A properly balanced diet leads to the prevention of many diseases in old age. Building proper eating habits is key to maintaining proper physical condition. Appropriate health education and the use of modern technologies play an important role in creating and maintaining appropriate nutritional behaviors and improving health. It is essential to implement actions aimed at improving dietary habits among the elderly
Behaviors of seniors and challenges they face in shopping centers resulting in malls’ marketing offer adaptation to address their needs—an integrative approach
No full textThere is a need to consider both the shopping well-being and exclusion of older people in shopping centers, and to take actions towards improving and enhancing their experience in an environment that is often used to provide a range of experiences that go beyond shopping. This article aims to review the previous research on shopping centers’ elderly consumer behavior and experiences as well as challenges they face while visiting these facilities. The purpose of the article is also to identify adaptation of shopping centers’ marketing offer to attract senior customers. Theoretical considerations are undertaken based on literature review and results of selected market reports. As results, seniors’ behaviors were categorized into six factors which contribute to shopper’s sense of well-being, namely: functionality, convenience, security, leisure, atmosphere, and self-identification. Challenges faced by the seniors are categorized into two aspects of exclusion: social and physical exclusion. The identified changes in shopping centers’ marketing offer were divided into five service dimensions based on the modification of the Retail Service Quality Scale (RSQS) method: retail-mix, accessibility, architecture and design, concept of operation, personal interactions. This integrative approach was used to develop a conceptual model of seniors’ behaviors and challenges resulting in adjustments in the shopping centers’ marketing offer. Both researchers and practitioners can benefit from these findings. The article aims to suggest recommendations for designing shopping centers which are efficient and satisfactory for seniors, which potentially creates a competitive advantage for these businesses
The significance of seniors’ educational activity on the example of The Karkonosze University of Third Age in Jelenia Góra
No full textThe idea of ‘lifelong learning’ gained popularity in the second half of the 20th century, although the concept itself was already known to the ancients. The modern world, more than ever before, imposes the need to adapt to ongoing changes in many areas, to expand one’s knowledge, and to acquire new competences. The role of universities of third age in creating awareness and a positive attitude towards learning cannot be overestimated. Creating a culture of curiosity and lifelong learning are among the 10 most desirable competences of tomorrow according to the World Economic Forum, so implementing solutions in local communities to promote learning processes and competences development is part of the concept of a sustainable future. The article discusses the role of Universities of Third Age (U3A) in the lives of older individuals, emphasizing their significance in promoting social activity, integration, and a positive perception of ageing. U3A not only offers new fields of activity but also serves a mobilizing, integrating, and supportive function, both physically and mentally. Conducted research shows that participation in U3A classes contributes to reducing feelings of loneliness, fosters interests, and promotes feelings of courage and independence. Moreover, education within U3A helps to overcome stereotypes associated with age. The Karkonosze University of Third Age (Karkonoski Uniwersytet Trzeciego Wieku—KUTW) is one of the oldest in Poland and its activity is highly appreciated by its participants. The mentioned research forms the basis for further investigations into the impact of U3A on the lives of seniors, both in terms of education and social aspects
The factors affecting a choice of employment by over-working-age population in Latvia
No full textThe aim of the paper is to analyse the factors that affect the choice of employment by the overworked population. The study presents the data based on the authors’ research. A profound representative sample survey of the post-working-age population was performed in April and May 2025, encompassing all statistical regions of Latvia (Vidzeme, Kurzeme, Zemgale, Latgale, Riga and Pieriga). The survey data were analysed using the following data analysis methods: scientific publication analysis, statistical data analysis, and a survey of inhabitants of Latvia. For the analysis of differences in responses to the factors of why people work at retirement age by gender, region, and age groups, the chi-square test was used. The survey reveals the most significant reasons why people over the working age either continue to work after the retirement or do not. Material considerations are the primary reason for overworking-age individuals to continue working. The most significant factors for the continuation of labour relations include, amongst others, interesting and pleasant character of the job and an opportunity to be among people and thus reduce boredom. On the other hand, health considerations and the inability to withstand the workload, followed by a willingness to do household chores or gardening at home, are the most common reasons cited by seniors who do not continue working. The study results provide a reasonable understanding of the potential of the silver economy regarding the employment of people over the working age in Latvia
Challenges of the Ukrainian pension system under martial law
No full textThe relevance of the research is due to the challenges faced by the Ukrainian pension system under martial law. The economic consequences of the war, a decrease in the number of contributors, mass migration and increased defence spending have complicated the functioning of the system. The purpose of the article is to define the main problems of the pension system under martial law and to find ways to solve them, taking into account the prospects for Ukraine’s recovery after the war. The article uses a comprehensive approach to analysis: regulatory and legal analysis, comparative method, analysis of statistical data. The sources of the research are the legislative acts of Ukraine, data of the Pension Fund of Ukraine and scientific publications. The main results of the research include the identification of problems of financial sustainability of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, provision of payments in the temporarily occupied territories, indexation of pensions and implementation of the funded system. The issues of social protection of the military and guarantees for pensioners abroad are highlighted. The author proposes measures to attract international financial assistance, expand digitalisation, support employers in implementing pension programmes and stimulate voluntary contributions from citizens. The article is aimed at further development of the pension system of Ukraine in the context of growing demographic and financial challenges
Spending on recreation and culture in retiree households — statistical insight into consumption trends
No full textThe aim of the study is to examine the level of expenditure on culture and recreation and their share in total expenditure among retiree households (based on various criteria, i.e. in different years, against the background of different socio-economic groups and in relation to other consumer expenditure). The research material came from the household budget survey of the Statistics Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny) for the years 2003–2023. Data analysis shows that the share of expenditure on recreation and culture in retiree households decreased in the years 2003–2023. The level and share of this category of expenditure among retirees was lower than among self-employed and non-manual workers, and at the same time higher than among workers, farmers and pensioners. In the structure of retirees’ expenses, basic costs resulting from the purchase of food and the use of housing constitute a high share. Satisfaction of recreational and cultural needs is only one twentieth of their total expenditure. Four types of retirement households were distinguished according to their expenditure on recreation and culture. The vast majority of retirees were characterized by low expenditure on recreation and culture