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Summarising in a foreign language: Types of summaries, summarising methods, a modified proficiency scale for processing text
No full textSummarising is not only an important academic skill. Research confirms, however, that the level of summarising in a foreign language is unsatisfactory. The reason for this is that people do not know the summarising strategy and the types of summaries. A careful analysis of the levels descriptions for this problem in the CEFR has shown that their description is inadequate. The main problem is that the descriptors characterise the input texts, not the output texts and summarisation strategies needed to edit them. Essential elements of the summarising strategy are content reduction, lexical and syntactic paraphrases, and metatextual activities. The degree of difficulty results from their linguistic complexity and simultaneous execution. The proposed correction of the reference levels in the CEFR is based on the description of the types of summaries and summarising methods in terms of their complexity. The article ends with a proposal of a new competence scale in the field of processing text.Summarising is not only an important academic skill. Research confirms, however, that the level of summarising in a foreign language is unsatisfactory. The reason for this is that people do not know the summarising strategy and the types of summaries. A careful analysis of the levels descriptions for this problem in the CEFR has shown that their description is inadequate. The main problem is that the descriptors characterise the input texts, not the output texts and summarisation strategies needed to edit them. Essential elements of the summarising strategy are content reduction, lexical and syntactic paraphrases, and metatextual activities. The degree of difficulty results from their linguistic complexity and simultaneous execution. The proposed correction of the reference levels in the CEFR is based on the description of the types of summaries and summarising methods in terms of their complexity. The article ends with a proposal of a new competence scale in the field of processing text
Językoznawstwo kognitywne a niemieckie czasowniki przedrostkowe ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem morfemu „durch”
No full textThe paper aims at elaborating on prefixal verbs, particularly those containing the morpheme durch, with regard to cognitive grammar. The reflections are carried out against the background of cognitive theories. They revolve around phenomena such as metonymy and conceptual metaphors – regarded as ubiquitous processes enabling us to capture the notion of abstract entities, and based on an inborn ability of the human mind to create analogies. The paper is dedicated to metaphorical extensions that play a vital role contributing to the expansion of radial semantic networks described according to Langacker. Crucial prominence is given to conceptual blending that allows to use certain prefixes with noticeable efficacy
The Slave, Antigone and the Housewife: Hegel’s Dialectics of the Weak
Get PDFThis article moves across the wide spectrum of feminist interpretations of Hegel, starting with Carla Lonzi and revisiting the queer analysis of Judith Butler, in order to re-interpret the famous figure of “Unhappy Consciousness.” From a feminist perspective, these passages in Phenomenology of Spirit should be read as a re-evaluation of the care and reproductive labour, which the Subject experiences as miserably repetitive and mundane, at the stage of dialectics focused on symbolic realm of recognition. The dialectics of the weak can be established based on an in-depth re-evaluation of the material, life maintaining activities traditionally neglected in the discussions of Hegel’s legacy. Here these marginalized elements of the Subject’s lived experience are taken into account, thus allowing the introduction of the Housewife into the dialectical process.Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje dyskusję szeregu feministycznych interpretacji Hegla, od tej zaproponowanej przez Carlę Lonzi, po queerową analitykę Judith Butler, tak by zreinterpretować słynną figurę „świadomości nieszczęśliwej”. Z feministycznej perspektywy poświęcone jej fragmenty Fenomenologii ducha powinny być czytane przede wszystkim jako re-ewaluacja pracy opiekuńczej i reprodukcyjnej, której Podmiot doświadcza na tym etapie swojego rozwoju przede wszystkim jako powtarzalnej i nużącej. Dialektyka słabości może być ustanowiona w oparciu o głębokie przewartościowanie rozumienia tego, co materialne, w tym również aktywności podtrzymujących życie tradycyjnie już lekceważonych w analizach heglowskiego dziedzictwa. W niniejszym artykule te marginalizowane dotąd elementy przeżywanego doświadczenia Podmiotu zostają uwzględnione, co z kolei prowadzi do wprowadzenia gospodyni domowej w proces dialektyczny
Przepisy prawa regulujące nadanie i zmianę imienia i nazwiska jako narzędzie formowania nowego społeczeństwa w państwach o ustrojach niedemokratycznych — część I
No full textThe subject of the article are legal regulations concerning giving and changing names and surnames, analysed in the context of their role in the formation of society in countries with non-democratic systems, including the creation of a model member of such a society. Administrative law and administration will be shown as a tool serving the current interests of the ruling power. The importance of the name and surname in shaping a person’s personality and strengthening his relationship with a specific group will be explained, and the consequences of changes in this area will be indicated. The article will also highlight and discuss two types of provisions of legal acts regulating the granting and changing of a name and surname. The former make it possible to separate the model members of the new society from its enemies and make it easier to identify and eliminate undesirable people (laws in force in the Third Reich). The second enables the creation of a homogeneous society through the forced assimilation of selected individuals (laws in force in People’s Poland aimed at de-Germanisation). The article uses the legal-dogmatic method, consisting in the analysis and interpretation of the texts of legal acts, and the historical and legal method, taking into account the changes of the analysed legal institution over the years. The work also takes into account the practice of applying the law in the researched area
Clemens Setz — an Author of Popular Literature?
No full textThis essay show the references to the so-called Popliteratur in the work of the Austrian writer Clemens Setz. Although Setz does not fit into the assumed periodization of this movement, his texts seem to have an aesthetic of pop-literature that corresponds to both the early and later approaches of the trend. The creative handling of archives of folk culture, experimental writing and the media networks have a pop-literature effect. Many texts are reminiscent of language-critical, experimental cut-up texts by the Beat Generation authors. The thematic repertoire also shows characteristic pop literary writing: There is no processing of social, political problems and the Nazi past, but, for example, the processing of generational conflicts, the problems of growing up and sexuality. The media staging of the author intended by the publisher also shows well-recognized mechanisms of pop culture
Sensacja w służbie propagandy — „Biblioteczka Ziem Zachodnich”
No full text‘Biblioteczka Ziem Zachodnich’ [The Western Territories Library] was a series published in 1960–1971 by the ‘PAX’ Publishing Institute, in which 49 entries were published. Those were novels, diaries, reportages and popular science monographs. Most of the contributors were littleknown writers and journalists affiliated with the PAX Association, although two reportages by Melchior Wańkowicz were also published. Propagandistic justifications of Poland’s rights to the so-called Recovered Teritories and recollections of the ‘eternal’ struggle of Poles against Germanic pressure (mainly via a World War II setting or background) were the main purposes of the series. Emphasis was also placed on the threats from the West Germany, which was presented as a continuation of the Third Reich. Among other things, the narrative means typical of crime fiction were used to achieve these propaganda purposes. Themes of espionage and mystery, criminal investigations, the search for hidden documents or valuables, or prosecution of Nazi criminals can be found in many works. All these ‘tricks’ serve as entertainment, attracting the reader’s attention, but this function is subordinated to the main aim — presenting the image of the world and Polish–German relations in accordance with the official propaganda line
Realizacja mitu heroicznego na przykładzie cyklu wiedźmińskiego Andrzeja Sapkowskiego oraz mangi „Berserk” Kentarō Miury
No full textThe heroic myth is one of the most common literary tropes around the world. In different cultural circles, the plot of a myth may take a different form, but it always oscillates around the same events. Examples of the realization of the heroic myth are both the series about the witcher by Andrzej Sapkowski and the manga Berserk by Kentarō Miura. Geralt and Guts exhibit similar traits and behaviours on the way to understanding their identity and destiny. The article presents different attitudes of the protagonists who implement the aforementioned heroic myth. Comparative considerations have been enriched with the context of the concept of archetypes by Carl Gustav Jung
Konstelacje realizmu: Recenzja: Dariusz Piechota, „Eksperymenty postrealistów. Szkice o najnowszej literaturze polskiej”, Wydawnictwo Episteme, Białystok 2022, ss. 322
No full textThe article presents the main theses formulated in the monograph Eksperymenty postrealistów. Szkice o najnowszej literaturze polskiej [Postrealists’ Experiments: Sketches on the Latest Polish Literature], by Dariusz Piechota. According to the title, the key concept for the researcher is the category of realism, which he treats as a (sometimes negative) reference point for the interpretation of the phenomena discussed. To this end, Piechota searches for — variously motivated — resonances of 19th-century prose in literature created at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The justification legitimizing the search for these resonances and ‘affinities by choice’ for Piechota is the formulation of — interpretatively convincing — pairs of cultural phenomena specific, respectively, to nineteenth-century and recent works (philistine/kołtun–careerist; bursz–celebrity; dandy–hipster; philistinism–devotion; dandisism–banana youth). The author, describing the transformations of contemporary Polish prose, defines its relations in relation to the perceived realistic tendencies. However, the researcher notices a rather significant difference in the instrumentalization of the convention of realism, which is why he describes his contemporary projects as post-realism. At the same time, Piechota draws attention to the ambiguity of this concept, perceiving it not only as a signal of succession in time, but rather the co-presence of realistic tendencies and those that exceed the limitations of realism