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A life for the rock: Adapting the body to climbing
No full textThe image of “mountain (film) person” has undergone considerable changes and differentiations over the past decades. This paper takes a closer look at the upcoming Mountain Film Festivals, focusing on the aesthetic and social meaning of an imagined mountain and climbing community. Initally, preliminary ideas and results of a diachronic comparison will be presented. For this purpose, the documentaries El Capitan (Fred Padula und Glen Denny, USA 1978) and The Dawn Wall (Josh Lowell and Peter Mortimer, USA 2017) are discussed, partially through the lens of Marcel Mauss’ “techniques of the body” and the issue of “toughening up.” The idea is that the adaptation of the body to the rock and its particular challenges was also construed through cinematic means, specifically the commanding, powerful character trope of the “mountain person.
The “Homo alpinus”: A brief note on Willy Hellpach’s attempt to explain the existence of mountain people in terms of environmental psychology
No full textIn the first decades of the 20th century, Willy Hellpach attempted to explain the observation that mountain dwellers differ significantly from the inhabitants of the plains in terms of the influence of the natural environment on people’s mental life. Embedded in contemporary race theory, which he expanded to include elements of environmental psychology, he came to the conclusion that mountains, beyond the “racial origin” of their population, produce a soil phenotype due to the “abundance of things to cope with” that they offer in a very confined space: the Homo alpinus, being characterized by self-sufficiency and a rich imagination.In the first decades of the 20th century, Willy Hellpach attempted to explain the observation that mountain dwellers differ significantly from the inhabitants of the plains in terms of the influence of the natural environment on people’s mental life. Embedded in contemporary race theory, which he expanded to include elements of environmental psychology, he came to the conclusion that mountains, beyond the “racial origin” of their population, produce a soil phenotype due to the “abundance of things to cope with” that they offer in a very confined space: the Homo alpinus, being characterized by self-sufficiency and a rich imagination
Dutch trade coins in the monetary circulation of Bohemia and Moravia in the first half of the 17th century
No full textThe circulation of money in the Czech lands was significantly changed by the influx of Dutch gold and silver trade coins. Like in many other European countries, silver thalers and gold ducats became a common part of the payment system. The paper deals with the structure and size of the Dutch coinage in Bohemian and Moravian coin finds deposited in the first half of the 17th century and its nominal composition. Attention is also paid to the geographical origin of individual coins in the broader context of the Dutch struggle for independence and their function in the global bullion trade
Gevoelvolle strijdbaarheid. De verbeelding van mannelijkheid door vrouwelijke auteurs aan het einde van de 19de eeuw
No full textThis article contributes to the emergent study of the representation of masculinity in Dutch fiction by focusing on the construction of masculinity in five female-authored novels from the late nineteenth century. The analysis is guided by the assumption that female constructions of male characters are to be read as ideological interventions in gender and wider political debates. The focus of this contribution is on novels negotiating contemporary political movements such as the feminist movement, the socialist movement and the anti-revolutionary movement. Their male protagonists participate in these movements and present aspects of a new type of masculinity in the public sphere, which allows for a greater emotional investment in politics. The novels reflect on the opportunities and pitfalls this new construction of masculinity opens up. In general, the novels welcome masculine sensitivity while demonstrating that emotional investment and indulgence should be carefully kept in check both in the public and the private sphere
Intertekstualiteit en vertalen
No full textThis article tries to answer the question: what happens when the fabric of literary allusions, adopted or translated elements, intertexts that occur in the original literary texts are transferred into another language? How do literary translators deal with this phenomenon, what strategies do they use to transpose the intertextuality they have identified into the target language? Finally, the question arises whether translators themselves occasionally insert intertextual elements into the translated text that did not appear in the original. Based on a number of case studies and my own experiences as a literary translator, I aim to identify these issues, classify the possible translation strategies
Podręczniki przełomu wieku XVIII i XIX: ewolucja formy, funkcji i treści
No full textThis article describes the typographic design of Polish textbooks from the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the form of which became, at that time, almost modern. It concentrates mainly on the production of school books, however specialised textbooks, intended for specific professional groups, are also taken into consideration. The analysis of selected textbooks begins with focusing on their publishing framework, which evolved towards a scholarly introduction to this kind of publications. Specific typographic solutions employed in textbooks served to increase their functionality and to improve the navigation through these publications as well as their readability, which provided solid foundations for the typography of modern scholarly books.Książka jako projekt kongenialny. Produkcja podręczników w końcu XVIII wieku. Zmiany w projekcie typograficznym osiemnastowiecznego podręcznika. Rama wydawnicza. Rozwiązania typograficzne służące zwiększeniu funkcjonalności podręcznika
Charakterystyka prawa totalitarnego i posttotalitarnego Adama Podgóreckiego
No full textThe purpose of this article is to reconstruct the concept of totalitarian and post-totalitarian law as laid down by a great pioneer and populariser of the sociology of law, one of the finest sociologists of the twentieth century — Adam Podgórecki. This task is to be achieved primarily through the analysis of his works. However, the significance of the historical method cannot be dismissed in these considerations since the so-called “historical background of the period” related to the subjects taken up by Podgórecki bears significance for the characteristics he described. Undoubtedly, as he was an inquisitive researcher of the operation of law in social reality, and their mutual relationships — which he was famous for not only in Poland but also on the international arena — it is worth returning to his concept of these “phenomenal” phenomena, i.e., totalitarian law and post-totalitarian law. The researcher emphasized that in the 20th century, even in societies that were not directly affected by totalitarianism, its indirect impact can be observed. Also, he explained that it was necessary and important to study totalitarian social engineering, its roots, and consequences, because of the inherent threat of the re-emergence of totalitarian and post-totalitarian societies in the future. Law, according to Adam Podgórecki, is a petrified oppression. His analysis of totalitarian and post-totalitarian law revealed that the phenomenon of totalitarianism is too complicated to be compressed into a single theoretical concept. He called for totalitarian law and its heritage to be studied in an interdisciplinary and multidimensional way, that is, combining several levels of theoretical and methodological analysis, which he tried to substantiate. In order to create a universal definition of totalitarian law, he focused on listing its characteristics. He presented post-totalitarian law, in turn, as an internally coherent effect of the long-lasting influence of the authoritarian regime. To confirm this thesis, he pointed to circumstances that reveal traces indicating the impact of totalitarianism on its successor, which is paradoxical at times. Podgórecki’s thoughts focused on the experiential study of law, aimed at helping to formulate rational guidance for the legislature, which inspires the search for the source of these views, and his original, though often controversial theories, prompt reflections on their topicality. Analysis of Adam Podgórecki’s works leads to the conclusion that his characterization of totalitarian and post-totalitarian law, although not without its disadvantages, has many merits. It is done in an insightful, nuanced, and precise way, does not fall into simple schemes, and is characterized by originality and consistency in the application of his previous works
Własność jako prawo zabezpieczające w Polsce w okresie od 1946 do 1990 roku
No full textAn interesting issue related to the ownership right is whether it can fulfill the function of securing the realization of receivables. The point is to determine whether the ownership right may constitute a law securing compulsory payment of a debt, similarly to pledge rights (pledge, mortgage). This issue was the subject of practice already under the rule of property law of 1946 and the Civil Code of 1964 that is, throughout the period of the socialist economy.1 Regulation of property rights in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Poland of 1952 and the Civil Code of 1964 was diversified due to the introduction of types of ownership (state, cooperative, individual and personal). Hence the important question whether property rights could be used as a security right at all times, or only with respect to individual or personal property? The property was used to secure credit and loans. Owing to the resolution of the Supreme Court of May 10, 1948, in the absence of an effective lien, the property became a legal means to secure the loan, similar to the German Sicherungsuebereignung. Such a function was fulfilled by the property right in the security transfer of property, both under the decree on property law of 1946 and under the Civil Code of 1964. Despite this, there was still a discussion about the admissibility of using the seizure of property taken over from German law, especially with regard to real estate. The prevailing view was that the collateral transfer could not be applied to state and cooperative property. The banks that granted loans at that time were state-owned or cooperative entities. The loan was granted by a state-owned bank to a state legal person,2 which was related to the theory of uniform state ownership, nationwide ownership, or state ownership