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Treatment of coronavirus disease 2019: a comprehensive review
Get PDFThe new type of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and can be transmitted from human to human. COVID-19, which has been declared as a pandemic by the world health organization and is infected with more than 50 million people, is also responsible for the death of more than 1 million people. There is no sufficient data from randomized clinical trials that any potential treatment improves outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, antivirals such as favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, immunomodulatory agents tocilizumab, siltuximab, and sarilumab, and anti-inflammatory drugs such as steroids are used for the treatment of COVID-19. Repurposing drugs can provide new treatment options faster than discovering new drugs due to the known safety profiles of existing drugs. On the other hand, there are new drug and vaccine trials for COVID-19. Many researchers, governmental or non-governmental institutions having clinical trials for COVID-19 drugs and vaccines. In this comprehensive review, we investigate the clinical features, management, and treatment of COVID-19 and possible adverse effects and important information related to drugs used for COVID-19. For future preparedness and readiness, new laws and legislations should be constituted. Besides, emergency teams and budgets should be prepared as well.
Pandemic effect on the elderly and their caregivers
Get PDFCOVID-19 pandemic forced governments to enact mobility restrictions to contain the spread of infection. Elderly, especially those with co-morbidities, are highly susceptible to infections. Hence, reverse quarantine measures have been enacted to protect the elderly. The barriers in social connectedness have an impact on the mental and physical well-being of the elderly. Stress, anxiety, anger, confusion, depression, and suicidal tendencies are reported among the elderly kept in social isolation. Apart from the elderly, their family caregivers also go through similar physical and psycho-social stress. Many times, the caregivers are also having additional responsibilities of childcare and homeschooling during the pandemic time. The authors outline the various intricate issues and dimensions of the pandemic\u27s effect on the elderly and their caregivers. Various feasible strategies to address these multidimensional problems faced by the elderly and their caregivers during the pandemic time, like mobile-based mindfulness meditation training, spiritual support, telephone-based psychotherapy, telehealth services, physical exercise promotion, and social support measures, are recommended.
 
COVID -19 pandemic is a worldwide typical biopsychosocial crisis
Get PDFSince December 2019, the world has been stunned by the speed of the spread of the COVID-19. All the possibilities were likely, except that people would hide in their homes for fear of contracting the disease, as it was very unlikely. The lockdown was imposed severely, and people panicked, and their interest has limited to providing food and caring for health and family. The effect of isolation and the prevention of social interaction was apparent in the individuals\u27 psychological behavior. Unfortunately, the incidence of depression, anxiety, and domestic violence increased, which negatively impact family stability in the short and medium-term. The pathological, psychological, and social impact of COVID-19 imposes a framework for dealing with the pandemic based on the biopsychosocial model
The sequel to COVID-19: the antithesis to life
Get PDFThe pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed.
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The new norm in the management of COVID-19 positives: home-based care
Get PDFBackground: The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has disrupted health systems globally and locally. The increasing number of COVID-19 positives has overwhelmed healthcare facilities and health workers. Home-based care (HBC) is a new norm in the management of COVID-19 positives. We aimed to give insight into the HBC of COVID-19 positives in Nigeria.
Methods: We conducted a descriptive review of the existing literature and summarized the authors\u27 opinions regarding HBC in Nigeria.
Results: HBC has increasingly gained recognition for the management of COVID-19 positives. The HBC of COVID-19 positives provides the opportunity for patient management under an atmosphere of emotional, physical, and spiritual fulfillment as required for quick recovery. Guidelines have been developed for HBC of COVID-19 positives; however, negligence to these measures has been noted.
Conclusion: To ensure compliance and harness HBC\u27s benefits, community leaders, religious organizations, civil-based organizations, and opinion leaders should be actively involved in HBC activities. Also, enforcement authorities such as the Civil Defence Corps could help to improve adherence to HBC restrictions
The second wave of COVID-19 is knocking at the doors: have we learned the lesson?
Get PDFIn light of escalating rates of COVID-19 cases, the world stands stunned. The health, social, and global economic situation continues to deteriorate. The seriousness of the situation became evident to most people, yet no one had a radical solution. Scientifically, there is no sure treatment for viral infections other than strengthening the immune system. Therefore, the idea of a vaccine is the most appropriate to reduce infections. However, vaccines will not be accessible to everyone, considering the genetic changes that the virus may create later. The idea of re-imposing a global quarantine, with international leadership for a limited period, is emerging as a strategic alternative, on the condition that it should be launched simultaneously in all countries of the world. To ensure the quarantine\u27s success, all countries must adhere to the comments of the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Research ethics challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic: what should and what should not be done
Get PDFThis article is directed primarily at how clinical trials can be ethically conducted in the midst of the current global COVID-19 pandemic. We explain why ethical issues are more complicated than they once were. Furthermore, we discuss the relevant parties` roles in protecting participants` rights and in keeping basic research ethics of justice, respect, equity, and beneficence strongly implemented on the ground.
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Curbing COVID-19: the quest continues in time
Get PDFThe menace of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has made life more and more challenging throughout the world. Amidst these difficult times, doctors have proved their exceptional worth. They have performed their duties with notable dedication, diligence, resilience, and compassion. Here we share our experiences from the State of Rajasthan in Northern India. We were benefitted by very early lockdown by the Government, preventive strategies of containment, and the most effective contact tracing program. The creation of hundreds of surveillance teams and rapid response teams (RRT) was instrumental for the containment program. This was coupled with outstanding medical care exemplified by Sawai Man Singh Medical College Hospital (SMSMCH) at Jaipur, the capital city of Rajasthan. The mortality rate-limiting to 1.98% in Rajasthan has been an outcome of the amalgamation of brisk administrative action, government support, and visionary action and the best of health care facilities. Our COVID-19 management program strategy was based on the advanced treatment guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
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Neck pain among smartphone users: an imminent public health issue during the pandemic time
Get PDFCOVID-19 Pandemic resulted in social mobility and travel restrictions to contain the infection. It has been reported that there happened post-pandemic surge in the use of the internet and social media as people rely on it more often for entertainment, work, and learning purposes. It is also been used as an unhealthy coping strategy for pandemic related stress. The smartphone was found to be the most common gadget used for accessing internet-based services. Owing to the postural alterations related to the small screen size of smartphones, neck pain was reported very commonly among smartphone users. Neck pain among smartphone users is a public health concern needing immediate attention in the pandemic time. Many of the risk factors leading to neck pain among smartphone users are modifiable. The authors outline preventive strategies that are mostly self- regulated. The strategies recommended include reducing Smartphone usage time (Smartphone-Free Time, Smartphone-Free Zone), maintaining ideal posture (Focus Breaks, Mobility Breaks, How am I keeping my posture?, Hands-free alternatives), doing regular exercises, preparing and following an activity schedule, and inculcating healthy habits.
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Monsoon vicissitude in COVID-19 and the vulnerable Indian health care system: an urgent call to circumvent the impending doom
Get PDFWith the escalating number of covid-19 positive cases and amidst the glooming shadows of an anticipated second wave of the covid-19 pandemic, the health care system of a developing country like India is already under pressure. With the encroachment of monsoon season, the ghosts of the past haunt India. Monsoon brings along endemic diseases like dengue, malaria, swine flu, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, etc. Every year there is significant morbidity and mortality. These diseases have clinical features of fever, sore throat, and body aches in common, which also happens to be the common manifestations of covid-19. The growing stigma related to COVID-19, the fake news, and fear related to hospitalization and isolation may lead to low reporting cases to the hospitals. Lockdown and non-availability of beds may perplex the situation further. There is an urgent need of the hour to address this grave issue to prevent a major mishappening. A comprehensive evaluation of the health-care systems is desperately needed, especially on the fronts of governance, decision making, scientific and technical advice, and operational capacity.