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Fréquence et Facteurs Associés au Paludisme chez les Femmes Enceintes dans les Maternités Périphériques Publiques de Parakou (Bénin) en 2018
Get PDFIntroduction : Le paludisme est l’une des affections endémo-épidémiques les plus répandues dans le monde et pose un véritable problème de santé publique. Objectif : Déterminer la fréquence et les facteurs associés au paludisme chez les femmes enceintes dans les maternités périphériques publiques de Parakou en 2018. Méthodes : Il s’est agi d’une étude transversale à visée analytique. Elle a consisté à recueillir les données à travers un entretien structuré. La goutte épaiss avec frottis mince était systématiquement réalisée pour la confirmation du paludisme. Résultats : la fréquence du paludisme chez les femmes enceintes était de 32,62% (IC95%= [27,94 ; 37,66]). La densité parasitaire moyenne était de 2056 parasites μl−1 avec des extrêmes de 102 et 33627. Les facteurs associés à la fréquence du paludisme chez les femmes enceintes étaient l’âge de moins de 20 ans, la primigestité, la nulliparité (p=0,0001), la situation matrimoniale célibataire (p=0,0199), le faible niveau d’instruction (p=0,0004), l’occupation ménagère (p<0,0001), l’absence d’une autonomisation (p=0,0001), l’inexistence des séances d’information éducation communication (IEC) aux gestantes (p=0,0008), la prise non supervisée de la SP (0,0294), l’utilisation incorrecte des moustiquaires (p═0,0001), la mauvaise qualité de la moustiquaire (p═0,0001), la non utilisation d’insecticide (p=0,0211), l’absence de placement des grillages aux portes et fenêtres (p=0,0032), le non-respect du nombre de CPNR (p=0,0048), le non-respect du nombre de dose de SP (p<0,0001), l’habitude de suivre la télévision tardivement les nuits (p=0,0384), la non-protection des puisards (p=0,0001). Conclusion : la fréquence du paludisme chez les femmes enceintes dans la commune de Parakou est importante et les facteurs associés connus.
Introduction: Malaria is one of the most widespread endemic and epidemic diseases in the world and a major public health problem. Objective: To study the frequency and factors associated with malaria among pregnant women in Parakou public peripheral maternity in 2018. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and analytical study. It consisted of collecting data on pregnant women, and facilities through a structured face-to-face interview. Thick Drop/Parasite Density was systematically performed for malaria confirmation. Results: the frequency of malaria in pregnant women was 32.62% (95% CI = [27.94, 37.66]). The mean parasite density was 2056 μl-1 and ranged from 102 to 33627. Factors associated with malaria incidence in pregnant women were age less than 20 years(p = 0.0001), primigravida (p = 0.0001) ), nulliparity (p = 0.0001), single marital status (p = 0.0199), low level of education (p = 0.0004), household occupation (p <0.0001), empowerment ( p = 0.0001), the non-existence of educational communication (IEC) information sessions for pregnant woman (p =0.0008), unsupervised use of sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) (0,0294), no correct use of mosquito nets (p = 0.0001), poor quality of mosquito net (p = 0.0001), no use of insecticide (p = 0.0211), no placement of screens at doors and windows (p = 0.0032), no adherence to number of ANCs (p = 0.0048 ), no adherence to the SP dose number (p <0.0001), the habit of following television late nights (p = 0.0384), no protection of sumps (p = 0.0001. The incidence of malaria among pregnant women in Parakou commune is significant, and the associated factors are known
Designing Gender-Specific Toilet and Urinal Needs Calculation Templates for Rural and Urban Schools: Lessons from the Republic of Benin
Get PDFGender equity, quality education, and sanitation in rural and urban areas are widely considered development imperatives. Therefore, many developed countries have scientifically and technically developed norms for the calculation and the design of toilet and urinal needs of their students, which is not yet the case in most developing countries, including the Republic of Benin, that lack socio-culturally adapted gender-specific toilets and urinal needs calculation and design norms. This paper fills this scientific and gender-specific norms gap, by discussing the process and the results of the design of school toilet and urinal needs calculation templates and norms in the Republic of Benin. The study that led to this design took place between June 2013 and October 2015 and consisted mainly of observing and recording defecation and urination needs satisfaction in toilets and open spaces by 8,160 female and 13,263 male students of 13 schools purposively selected in four agroecological and sociocultural areas of Benin. The main data recorded related, among other data, to the start and end times of the use of the toilets and open spaces; the needs satisfied; the peak times and durations of breaks and of toilet needs satisfaction; the numbers of female and male students and non-students who use and who can potentially use the toilets and urinals. These raw data were processed to infer and calculate eight parameters used in each template. This process led to the design of eight area-, gender-, and disability-specific templates and norms in use since 2016, in the target areas. Further studies will assess and report on the performance of these templates and norms
Artificial Intelligence and Fact Checking in Africa: Between Logic of Dependency and the Limits of Automation
Get PDFThis article focuses on fact-checking initiatives in the context of the rise of artificial intelligence. With reference to theories of the political economy of communication and platform studies, this study sheds light on the very confusing evolution of initiatives in Africa. The approach combines content analysis and distanced observation of two fact-checking platforms, chosen on the basis of their local roots and the experimentation of smart tools: Africa Check and Check4Decision. The results highlight the economic and technological dependencies of African platforms on GAFAM via fact-checking services and an automation process that is far from complete with regard to local realities. It appears that the African context provides a different perspective with structural constraints and "cultural" algorithmic biases
Educational Case Report: When you look for one thing and find another
Get PDFAims and scope: The purpose of this article is to present a case study to conclude education in Occupational Health. We intend to examine the possibility of TBc transmission in the workplace following an incident.
Methods: After verifying the information, all employees in contact with hospitalized patient were checked with tuberculin test and chest X-ray to ensure about possible transmission of Tbc. We surveyed the scientific literature on TB screening programmes in workplaces and the occupational characteristics of workers exposed to asbestos, particularly marine carpenters, for potential respiratory health risks due to daily exposure to fine particles and wood dust. Thus, the literature specifically on mesothelioma and other health problems in marine carpenters was investigated.
Findings: 27/95 employees were found Mantoux positive but no TBc transmission was verified. Instead, a carpenter was found with pulmonary fibrosis. Special tests (BAL) found asbestos fibers. An accurate study of the worker's occupational history showed previous exposure while working in the shipyard.
Discussion: The laboratory plays an essential role, since the surveillance of bacteriologically confirmed cases allows the most reliable comparisons, and because of the importance of the identification of drug resistance. The incidental finding of a case of mesothelioma in a carpenter was investigated in detail. Unfortunately, mesothelioma patients have a very aggressive cancer and often do not survive long enough for their personal injury lawsuits to become final.
Conclusion: For Public Health practice control for transmission of a known infection [TBc] maybe lead us to other findings. Then occupational exposure history can establish the correct diagnosis. In investigating the causes of workers' diseases, Ramazzini’s teaching remain relevant
Pedagogical reforms in the initial training of Moroccan teachers: The emergence of a new training paradigm and new concepts
Get PDFIn recent decades, all countries in the world, including Morocco, have embarked on far-reaching reforms of their education systems in order to improve performance and efficiency. The initial training of future Moroccan teachers has been the subject of an innovative reform. The Ministry of National Education has chosen the integrative sandwich system as the preferred method of professionalising training. The aim of this training policy was to train competent professionals capable of meeting the many current challenges and putting in place effective practices to respond to the realities of the profession.
The choice of vocational training based on integrative alternation was the preferred strategy of the Moroccan reformists. They wanted to set up a training system capable of meeting all these challenges:
Strengthening and revitalising initial training,
Rethink the curriculum,
Renew the educational architecture,
Implement new teaching practices,
Promoting a better match between training and employment.
What are the results of this reform? Have the desired changes been achieved? Have we succeeded in renewing the training of future teachers by putting in place new practices that integrate both academic knowledge and professional action? Have the clinical approach and teachers' reflection on their own practice replaced the juxtaposition and disciplinary approach to teachers' pedagogical practices?
In most cases, the reforms fail to introduce the intended changes. Is this due to the ideas brought about by the reform itself or rather to the lack of preparation on the part of users to implement the desired change? Knowing that every player in the education system can show resistance to change, practitioners have more power than others to block or slow down change. This is also true of the reform aimed at renewing the curriculum.
The success of a reform project depends on collective support for a common project where each member feels involved and where personal challenges are met
Examining Performance Determinants of Commercial Banks: Evidence from the Tanzanian Banking Sector
Get PDFWhile the current body of literature offers valuable insights into the factors influencing bank financial performance, there remains a significant paucity of empirical research focusing on least developed nations. In this paper, we present new evidence of the effect of bank size, capital adequacy ratio (CAR), and net interest margin (NIM) on commercial banks' performance (return on assets (ROA)) from the perspective of Tanzania – a least-developed country. We employed the Random Effect, and the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression models utilizing a panel dataset spanning the period 2000 to 2022 of ten (10) Tanzanian commercial banks to examine the specific effect of the foregoing variables on commercial banks’ profitability. These banks have a combined share of approximately 85 percent of the total assets (TZS 46 trillion) of the Tanzanian banking sector. We found that capital adequacy and bank size have positive significant effects on the financial performance of commercial banks in Tanzania. Whereas the random effect model shows a marginally significant positive effect on ROA, the GLS regression shows a significant negative effect, indicating that the effect of NIM could be either positive or negative depending on the context. Thus, we intimate that regulators prioritize measures aimed at promoting healthy levels of capital adequacy and encouraging the growth of larger banks while ensuring adequate oversight to mitigate potential risks associated with market dominance, and regulatory frameworks should be designed to foster competition and efficiency in the banking sector, facilitating a conducive environment for banks of all sizes to thrive
Prolapsus gravidique : facteurs de risque, complications et prise en charge en Afrique sub-saharienne
Get PDFObjectif : Le but de cette étude était d’aborder les caractéristiques socio démographies, les aspects thérapeutiques et le pronostic du prolapsus utérin extériorisé survenu pour la première fois pendant la grossesse. Patientes et Méthodes : Il s’agissait d’une étude prospective sur une période de 12 mois (1er janvier au 31 décembre 2021) portant sur les patientes prise en charge pour prolapsus gestationnel. Résultats : Sept cas ont été enregistrés durant la période d’étude. La fréquence du prolapsus gestationnel était de 2 cas/1000 accouchements dans le service. Les patientes étaient jeunes (28-31 ans), multipares avec un âge moyen de 28,57 ans et une parité moyenne des quatre enfants. Elles étaient très jeunes à leurs premiers accouchements (16-20 ans). La plupart des facteurs de risques décrits dans la littérature à savoir : L’âge inférieur à 20 ans au premier accouchement (6 cas, 85,71%), la multiparité (7 cas, 85,71%), l’antécédent d’accouchement non assisté à domicile (6 cas, 85,71%), la profession ménagère et paysanne (100%), la sous-nutrition (5 cas, 71,42%), la toux (1 cas, 14,28) et la constipation (2 cas, 28,57%) ont été retrouvés chez les patientes. La rupture prématurée des membranes (2 cas, 28,57%), la chorioamniotite (1 cas, 14,28%), l’accouchement prématuré (1 cas, 14,28%), l’hémorragie de la délivrance (1 cas, 14,28%) et l’anémie (1 cas, 14,28%) ont été les complications retrouvées. Un traitement conservateur a été réalisé chez toutes les patientes (100%). L’évolution était favorable avec une régression spontanée du prolapsus dans le post-partum immédiat chez toutes les patientes (100%). Après six mois de suivi, les prolapsus n´ont pas récidivés. Conclusion : Le prolapsus gestationnel n’est pas exceptionnel dans notre contexte. Malgré son caractère angoissant pour la patiente, sa famille et l’équipe obstétricale, une attitude conservatrice peut se discuter devant un prolapsus apparu pour la première fois au cours de la grossesse chez une patiente jeune sans antécédents pathologiques particuliers.
Objective: This study aimed to address the socio-demographic characteristics, therapeutic aspects, and prognosis of externalized uterine prolapse occurring for the first time during pregnancy. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study over a period of 12 months (January 1 to December 31, 2021) focusing on patients treated for gravidarum prolapse. Results: Seven cases were recorded during the study period. The frequency of gravidarum prolapse was 2 cases/1000 deliveries in the department. The patients were young (28-31 years old), multiparous with an average age of 28.57 years and an average parity of four children. They were very young when they first gave birth (16-20 years old). Most of the risk factors described in the literature, namely: Age less than 20 years at first childbirth (6 cases, 85.71%), multiparity (7 cases, 85.71%), history of unassisted birth at home (6 cases, 85.71%), housekeeping and farming profession (100%), undernutrition (5 cases, 71.42%), cough (1 case, 14.28) and constipation (2 cases, 28.57%) were found in the patients. Premature rupture of membranes (2 cases, 28.57%), chorioamnionitis (1 case, 14.28%), premature delivery (1 case, 14.28%), postpartum hemorrhage (1 case, 14.28%) and anemia (1 case, 14.28%) were the complications found. Conservative treatment was carried out in all patients (100%). The evolution was favorable with spontaneous regression of the prolapse in the immediate postpartum period in all our patients (100%). After six months of follow-up, the prolapses have not recurred. Conclusion: gravidarum prolapse is not exceptional in our context. Despite its distressing nature for the patient, her family, and the obstetric team, a conservative attitude can be questioned when faced with a prolapse appearing for the first time during pregnancy in a young patient without any particular pathological history
Pétrographie et géochimie des leucogranites de la région de Sassandra (Domaine Baoulé-Mossi au sud-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire)
Get PDFLa zone d’étude se trouve dans la région de Sassandra au sud-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire à l’extrême-est de la zone dite SASCA. Dans l’objectif d’apprécier les manifestations des événements ultimes éburnéens dans le sud-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire, nous nous intéressons à la pétrographie et à la géochimie des leucogranites associés particulièrement aux bordures de la granodiorite de Sassandra. Au niveau pétrographique, on distingue deux types de leucogranites : il s’agit de syénogranites à deux micas, riches en feldspath potassiques à texture grenue moyenne ou pegmatitiques qui s’observent aussi bien à l’est qu’à l’ouest du massif et de leuco-monzogranites à biotite ± muscovite, à texture grenue fine à grossière identifiés uniquement à l’ouest. L’analyse des éléments majeurs révèle que toutes ces roches sont calco-alcalines. Les syénogranites montrent pratiquement les mêmes caractéristiques que les granites à deux micas antérieurement étudiés dans la zone SASCA. Ils sont alcali-calciques, ferriques et faiblement à fortement peralumineux, avec une affinité essentiellement granitique et ont une origine tonalitique et sédimentaire. Les leuco-monzogranites sont moins ferriques, calciques à calco-alcalins et faiblement peralumineux. Ils présentent une affinité trondhjémitique et proviendraient de la fusion de roches mafiques faiblement potassiques. Le magmatisme leucogranitique dans la zone SASCA aurait eu lieu au cours d’une période orogénique syn à post collisionnelle où processus de recyclages crustaux et processus juvéniles auraient opéré concomitamment.
The study area is situated in the Sassandra region of southwestern Côte d'Ivoire, namely in the far eastern part of the SASCA zone. In order to assess the effects of the ultimate Eburnean events in southwestern Côte d'Ivoire, we are focusing on the petrography and geochemistry of the leucogranites that are specifically connected with the edges of the granodioritic massif of Sassandra. From a petrographic perspective, there are two distinct types of leucogranite: two-mica syenogranites, which are abundant in potassic feldspar and have a medium-grained or pegmatitic texture, found in both the eastern and western parts of the massif; and biotite-±-muscovite leucomonzogranites, which have a fine to coarse-grained texture and are exclusively found in the western region. Examination of major elements analysis reveals that all of these rocks are calc-alkaline. The syenogranites have nearly identical attributes to the two-mica granites that were previously examined in the SASCA zone. The rocks are alkali-calcic, ferroan, and exhibit varying degrees of peraluminous character. They mostly display a granitic composition, originating from tonalitic and sedimentary sources. Leucomonzogranites are less ferroan, calcic to calc-alkaline and weakly peraluminous. They have trondhjemitic affinity and are believed to have originated from melting of weakly potassic mafic rocks. Leucogranitic magmatism in the SASCA zone would have occurred in a syn- to post-collisional period where crustal recycling processes and juvenile processes would have operated concomitantly
Technical progress and endogenous growth: an econometric analysis using panel data on the MENA región
Get PDFFrom the dawn of the Christian era until the industrial revolution, the standard of living saw little to no change and remained relatively stable during this period. However, since the industrial revolution, living standards have experienced sustained growth up to the present day. The Solow model attributes this growth to technical progress, but where does this progress come from? To truly understand economic growth, we must therefore go beyond the Solow model and attempt to explain technical progress itself. The objective of this work is to identify and specify the factors that may explain technical progress (in other words, what causes growth in A?). To this end, initially, we relied on a set of theoretical works ( (Romer, 1990; Lucas, 1988; Barro, 1990; Aghion, Blundell, Griffith, Howitt, & Prantl, 2009), among others) which led us to a set of recommendations. Therefore, in a second step, we proceed to an empirical analysis using panel data to test the significance of the impact of this set of recommendations on technical progress in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Our econometric results show that there is still much to be done in the MENA region to catch up with the United States, Germany, France, or Japan: the establishment of a research and innovation system based on the needs of economic and social development, an increase in the budget allocated to research, massive investment by the private sector in universities, the strengthening and creation of institutions, etc