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The Role of Policy Innovation in Accelerating Green Bond Markets for Renewable Energy: Evidence from Emerging Economies
Get PDFThe transition toward renewable energy in emerging economies requires innovative financing instruments that can bridge investment gaps while ensuring sustainability. Among such instruments, green bonds have gained prominence as a critical mechanism to mobilize private and institutional capital for climate-related projects. However, the expansion of green bond markets in emerging regions such as Africa and Asia has faced structural and institutional constraints. This review article investigates the role of policy innovation in accelerating green bond markets for renewable energy, focusing on evidence from emerging economies. By systematically integrating insights from more than 80 academic and policy sources, the paper provides a comprehensive framework that links policy innovation, institutional capacity, market maturity, and renewable energy financing to the expansion of green bond issuance.
The study adopts a multi-method empirical synthesis, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, fixed effects regression, feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), and dynamic panel two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM). These approaches are complemented with robustness checks, sensitivity analyses, and sub-sample evaluations covering the 2007–2008 global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021). The results demonstrate that policy innovation exerts a strong positive effect on green bond issuance, both directly and indirectly, by strengthening institutional capacity, enhancing sovereign green bond credibility, and improving renewable energy financing channels. Furthermore, the analysis confirms that policy-driven instruments moderate the adverse effects of crises, thereby safeguarding renewable energy investment flows even during systemic shocks.
Key findings reveal that: (i) policy innovation significantly improves the attractiveness and credibility of green bond markets; (ii) institutional capacity and governance quality serve as mediating and moderating channels; (iii) green bond issuance contributes to renewable energy expansion and long-term market maturity; and (iv) external shocks such as financial crises and pandemics reshape but do not eliminate the positive role of innovative policies. The study also highlights important regional contrasts, with Asia displaying faster institutional adaptation and Africa requiring greater regulatory harmonization to unlock potential.
This review contributes to both theory and practice by advancing a theoretical framework that integrates policy innovation with green finance and by offering empirical evidence that underscores the importance of regulatory adaptability in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Policy implications emphasize the need for governments to design flexible, transparent, and credible green bond policies, while investors are encouraged to align portfolios with climate-resilient assets. The paper concludes that green bonds, underpinned by robust policy innovation, can serve as catalytic tools for financing renewable energy transitions in emerging economies
Artificial Intelligence for IT Governance in Saudi Arabia: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions within COBIT 2019 and ISO/IEC 38500 Frameworks
Get PDFSaudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and the National Strategy for Data & AI have accelerated the use of artificial intelligence across public services and regulated industries, creating a need to understand how AI can support information-technology governance (ITG) through established frameworks such as COBIT 2019 and ISO/IEC 38500/38507. This study carried out a structured review of academic, industry, and policy sources published between 2008 and 2025. A total of 236 records were identified; after removing duplicates and applying clear inclusion criteria (focus on AI or ITG, relevance to Saudi Arabia, and transparent methods), 78 were included. The review process followed PRISMA principles, with quality checks rating most evidence as moderate to high. Results show that AI can strengthen ITG by improving compliance monitoring, decision-making, and delivery of benefits. Reported outcomes include stronger governance links in empirical models, national adoption intent of about 63% of firms, projected government productivity gains of up to $56 billion a year, and a case reporting reductions of 93% in monitoring costs and 92% in accident fatalities. A comparison with EU, NIST, and OECD frameworks revealed gaps in Saudi guidance but also near-term opportunities such as creating an AI risk taxonomy, adapting impact assessment templates, and setting clearer rules for incident reporting. Limitations include reliance on mixed-quality data, policy-based estimates, and limited post-deployment evidence. Overall, the findings suggest that AI can measurably enhance ITG in Saudi Arabia when supported by risk-based obligations, lifecycle controls, and board-level oversight, providing regulators and boards with practical steps for improvement
Evolution du faible poids de naissance chez les enfants de 0 à 35 mois au Burkina Faso : Apport de la décomposition d’Oaxaca-Blinder
Get PDFLe faible poids de naissance, enjeu majeur de santé publique en raison de son impact sur la morbidité et la mortalité infantile, a baissé de 14 % en 2010 à 12 % en 2021 chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans au Burkina Faso. Cependant, les facteurs expliquant cette évolution restent peu documentés. Cette étude vise donc à identifier les sources de l’évolution du faible poids de naissance chez les enfants de 0 à 35 mois au Burkina Faso sur cette période. Pour y parvenir, elle s’appuie sur les données des quatrième et cinquième passages de l’Enquête Démographique et de Santé et utilise des tests de proportion ainsi que la décomposition multivariée d’Oaxaca Blinder au seuil de 10 %. Les résultats montrent que le faible poids de naissance a baissé entre 2010 et 2021, passant de 12,36 % à 10,78 %. Cette baisse est entièrement due à un effet de composition (122,02 %). Plus particulièrement, ce sont les changements dans les proportions des naissances de deuxième rang (1,72 %), de troisième ou quatrième rang (47,98 %), des mères en surpoids ou obèses (18,79 %) et des naissances gémellaires (2,96 %) qui ont impulsé cette baisse. Les changements dans les proportions des résidents en milieu urbain et des mères primipares ont plutôt eu des effets inverses, -10,01 % et -7,41 % respectivement. Ces résultats soulignent la nécessité de renforcer le suivi des grossesses, en particulier chez les primipares et les femmes résidant dans les quartiers informels des zones urbaines.
Low birth weight, a major public health issue due to its impact on infant morbidity and mortality, declined from 14% in 2010 to 12% in 2021 among children under five in Burkina Faso. However, the factors explaining this trend remain poorly documented. This study, therefore, aims to identify the sources of change in low birth weight among children aged 0 to 35 months in Burkina Faso over this period. To achieve this, it draws on data from the fourth and fifth rounds of the Demographic and Health Survey and uses proportion tests as well as the multivariate Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition at the 10% significance level. The results show that low birth weight declined between 2010 and 2021, falling from 12.36% to 10.78%. This decline is entirely due to a composition effect (122.02%). More specifically, changes in the proportions of second-order births (1.72%), third or fourth-order births (47.98%), overweight or obese mothers (18.79%), and twin births (2.96%) drove this decline. Changes in the proportions of urban residents and primiparous mothers had opposite effects, -10.01% and -7.41% respectively. These findings highlight the need to strengthen pregnancy monitoring, particularly among primiparous women and those living in informal urban settlements
Evaluation de la qualité physico-chimique et de la pollution métallique du lac Guidimouni, site RAMSAR au Niger : impacts sur les organismes aquatiques
Get PDFLa présente étude fait un diagnostic des perturbations de la qualité des eaux dues aux activités anthropiques sur le lac Guidimouni en se basant sur l’état physico-chimique et la pollution métallique. A cet effet, des mesures sur les eaux ont été réalisées In-situ : T°, CE, TDS, pH, OD et In vitro : MES, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, CO3-, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, P, Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe et Cd. Pour les sédiments, la granulométrie et le taux de matière organique ont été déterminés. Ces analyses ont été faites à l’aide de méthodes normalisées (Rodier, 2009). Les résultats montrent une eau alcaline en saison froide (pH 9,3) (risque de toxicité du NH3), une charge organique plus élevée en saison chaude et pluvieuse (NH4+ 2,9 mg/L et phosphore 23,8mg/L) indiquant un risque élevé d’eutrophisation avec un niveau très bas d’OD 3mg/L (risque asphyxie pour les organismes aquatiques) en saison pluvieuse. Tous les ETM analysés dans les eaux et sédiments ont été détecté, toutefois à des teneurs conformes aux normes sauf pour le Pb (51,26 µg/L à 63,82µg/L), ce qui montre un début de pollution métallique du lac. Des mesures correctives doivent être envisager afin de préserver la biodiversité locale.
The aim of this study was to diagnose the disturbances in water quality caused by anthropic activities on Lake Guidimouni, based on the physicochemical state and metal pollution. In this order, measurements were carried out on water and sediments in situ: T°, EC, TDS, pH, DO and in vitro: SM, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, CO3-, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, P, Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe and Cd. For the sediments, the granulometry and the organic matter content were determined. The results showed alkaline water in the cold season (pH 9.3) (risk of NH3 toxicity), a higher organic load in the hot and rainy season (NH4+ 2.9 mg/L and phosphorus 23.8 mg/L), indicating a high risk of eutrophication with a very low level of DO 3 mg/L (risk of asphyxiation for aquatic organisms) in the rainy season. All the MTE analyzed in the water and sediments were detected, however, at levels in accordance with the standards except for Pb (51.26 µg/L to 63.82 µg/L), which shows the beginning of metallic pollution of the lake. Corrective measures must be considered in order to preserve local biodiversity
Grossesse hétérotopique découverte au cours d’une césarienne
Get PDFLa grossesse hétérotopique (GH) est une association d’une grossesse intra-utérine (GIU) et d’une grossesse extra-utérine (GEU). Elle est rare dans un cycle spontané. Son diagnostic se fait à l’échographie mais parfois la découverte de la grossesse intra-utérine peut détourner l’attention du radiologue quant à l’existence d’une grossesse extra-utérine. Cette situation est cause de retard de diagnostic et met le pronostic vital de la mère en jeu avec la rupture de la grossesse extra-utérine. Nous rapportons un cas atypique de grossesse hétérotopique dans laquelle la GEU rompue a été découverte en per césarienne indiquée pour premier jumeau en présentation du siège après confirmation histologique. Ce travail a pour objectif d’amener les radiologues à rechercher systématiquement la GEU même s’il existe une GIU et les chirurgiens à envoyer systématiquement toutes les pièces opératoires en anatomopathologique.
Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) is a combination of an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) and an ectopic pregnancy (EP). It is rare in a spontaneous cycle. It is diagnosed by ultrasound, but sometimes the discovery of an intrauterine pregnancy can distract the radiologist's attention from the existence of an ectopic pregnancy. This situation causes a delay in diagnosis and puts the mother's life at risk due to the rupture of the ectopic pregnancy. We report an atypical case of heterotopic pregnancy in which the ruptured ectopic pregnancy was discovered during a cesarean section performed for the first twin in breech presentation after histological confirmation. The aim of this work is to encourage radiologists to systematically screen for ectopic pregnancy even when there is an intrauterine pregnancy, and surgeons to systematically send all surgical specimens for pathological examination
Diversity in Climate Negotiations: Lessons for Inclusive Urban Planning and Smarter Mobility
Get PDFThis paper examines the evolving role of stakeholder diversity in United Nations climate negotiations, with a particular focus on the Conferences of the Parties (COP) under the UNFCCC. Using a qualitative comparative case study method, it analyzes documentation from six key COPs (2009-2024) and three urban planning cases. The study identifies how the inclusion of civil society, youth, indigenous groups, and private sector actors has shaped negotiation dynamics and contributed to broader climate discourse. A key finding is that while stakeholder diversity enhances legitimacy and knowledge sharing, its impact on emission outcomes remains limited without stronger institutional linkages. Drawing on COP documentation and selected case examples, the study identifies key mechanisms of engagement and governance that can inform urban planning and transport strategies. The analysis reveals that structured stakeholder constituencies, as seen in the UNFCCC, offer a transferable model for urban governance. The paper proposes a transferable governance model that adapts multilateral negotiation principles - such as inclusive decision-making, transparency, and knowledge sharing - to local climate resilience efforts. It introduces a conceptual Knowledge Management Framework designed to support cross-sectoral collaboration and evidence-based planning in urban contexts
The U.S.-Iraq War’s Legacy in Global Terrorism and the Taliban’s Return to Power
Get PDFThis article explores the enduring consequences of the 2003 U.S.–Iraq War, emphasizing its influence on global terrorism and its indirect role in enabling the Taliban’s return to power in Afghanistan in 2021. The study aims to analyze how U.S. strategic decisions in Iraq reshaped regional security dynamics, fostered the rise of extremist organizations, and undermined stabilization efforts in Afghanistan. Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative, historical–analytical approach, combining process tracing, comparative case studies, and thematic content analysis of policy documents, secondary literature, and international reports. The findings demonstrate that post-invasion decisions - such as dismantling Iraq’s military institutions, marginalizing Sunni communities, and fueling sectarian polarization - produced structural conditions that allowed radical groups, notably al-Qaeda in Iraq and ISIS, to consolidate power and expand transnationally. At the same time, the protracted U.S. engagement in Iraq diverted resources and attention from Afghanistan, weakening state-building initiatives and creating opportunities for the Taliban to reorganize, rebrand, and ultimately reclaim authority following the U.S. withdrawal. These outcomes illustrate the paradoxical effects of military intervention, whereby efforts to enhance global security unintentionally accelerated radicalization and insurgent resurgence. The article concludes that a deeper understanding of these interconnected conflicts is necessary for developing sustainable counterterrorism strategies and more responsible foreign policy frameworks
Les enjeux juridiques de la ratification de la Convention relative à la gestion intégrée de la ressource en eau du bassin du lac Kivu et de la rivière Ruzizi
Get PDFLa gouvernance juridique des bassins transfrontaliers, en Afrique centrale, reste inégalement structurée selon les sous-espaces concernés. En effet, le bassin du lac Tanganyika bénéficie, depuis 2003, de la Convention sur la gestion durable du lac Tanganyika, en vigueur. En revanche, le bassin du lac Kivu et de la rivière Ruzizi relève de la Convention relative à la gestion intégrée de la ressource en eau du bassin du lac Kivu et de la rivière Ruzizi que nous appelons convention ABAKIR. Ce cadre normatif a été signé en 2014, mais n’a pas encore été ratifié par la République démocratique du Congo, le Rwanda et le Burundi. Ce déséquilibre normatif compromet la gestion durable des ressources naturelles stratégiques. Cet article recourt à une comparaison entre la Convention sur la gestion durable du lac Tanganyika et la convention ABAKIR. L’objectif est de démontrer la pertinence de la ratification de cette dernière. L’article conclut que la complémentarité entre ces deux instruments peut constituer le socle d’une gouvernance régionale renforcée. Cette gouvernance serait fondée sur la coopération interétatique, la prévention des conflits liés aux ressources et la consolidation d’un maillage juridique coordonné de protection écologique dans la région des Grands Lacs d’Afrique.
The legal governance of transboundary basins in Central Africa remains unevenly structured across sub-regional spaces. While the Lake Tanganyika basin has benefited from an operational international environmental framework since 2003, the Lake Kivu and Ruzizi River basin still lacks a binding legal instrument, despite the signature of a convention in 2014 by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi. This normative imbalance undermines the sustainable management of strategically shared natural resources. This article demonstrates the relevance of ratifying the ABAKIR Convention through a comparative law methodology. The analysis contrasts both legal frameworks to assess their respective legal scope, degree of institutionalization, and the effectiveness of their governance mechanisms. The study indicates that the ABAKIR Convention (between the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi) introduces significant advances in institutional architecture, financing mechanisms, and integrated resource management that align with contemporary standards of international environmental law. The article concludes that the complementarity of these two international instruments could form the foundation of a strengthened regional governance system based on interstate cooperation, the prevention of resource-based conflicts, and the consolidation of a legal ecological protection belt in the Great Lakes region
Fall Management: Evaluation of Fall Events in an Inpatient Care Facility
Get PDFIntroduction: Falls pose a significant risk to older people in nursing facilities. They can lead to serious health consequences, prolonged stays, and impaired quality of life. A systematic evaluation of falls can help identify causes and improve prevention strategies. Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze falls in a nursing facility over a three-year period. Methods: 290 documented falls were descriptively analyzed between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2023. Results: The mean age of patients who experienced a fall was 81.26 years. A fall incidence of 5.21 falls per 1,000 patient cases was determined for the survey period. 142 males (48.96%) and 148 females (51.03%) fell. Most falls (68%) occurred in the patient room, particularly between 6:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m., 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., while using the toilet, and while walking without assistive devices. The most frequently documented injuries were abrasions (n=45), 15.51%, and bruises. Significant risk factors identified included limited mobility, the use of assistive devices, unsuitable footwear, and a lack of accessibility. Conclusions: The results reveal important focal points for individual prevention measures. The targeted use of aids, an adapted environment, and supportive guidance in high-risk situations appears particularly effective