European Scientific Journal, ESJ
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From Infrastructure to Growth: Evaluating PPP Investments in Morocco Through the ARDL Model
Get PDFThis study investigates the impact of public–private partnerships (PPPs) on Morocco’s economic growth over the period 1993–2023. GDP growth is employed as the dependent variable, with the number of PPP projects, PPP investment, gross fixed capital formation, unemployment, and inflation as explanatory variables. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, the analysis captures both short-run and long-run dynamics. Results indicate that in the long run, PPP investment exerts a positive and significant effect on GDP growth, whereas the number of PPP projects has a negative impact, suggesting that project proliferation without efficiency may hinder performance. In the short run, PPP projects contribute positively, while unemployment consistently reduces growth. Robustness tests confirm the absence of serial correlation, heteroskedasticity, and non-normality, while CUSUM and CUSUMQ verify model stability. These findings highlight that investment quality, rather than project frequency, is the key driver of Morocco’s long-run growth, underscoring the need for governance and efficiency-centered PPP strategies
Sustainability Accounting and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Cameroon
Get PDFThis study empirically examined the effect of sustainability accounting on the financial performance of commercial banks in Cameroon from 2018 to 2023. The study focused on how economic, environmental and social sustainability accounting dimension influence key financial indicators like Return on Asset and Net Interest Margin. The study adopted ex-post facto research design using purposive sampling to select 10 out of 19 commercial banks. Sustainability accounting indicators were gotten from the Global Reporting Initiative. Economic, environmental and social dimensions were used as the independent variables. They were measured through a scoring index, derived from previous studies, while Return on Asset and Net Interest Margin served as the financial performance metric. Data from the selected banks were obtained from secondary sources (Audited financial statements). The analysis involved panel regression analysis and descriptive analysis using E-views 2025. Results indicated a significant relationship between economic sustainability accounting and Return on Asset and Net Interest Margin. The findings suggest that economic, environmental and social sustainability accounting dimensions have a notable impact on the Return on Asset and Net Interest Margin of commercial banks in Cameroon. The study recommends that commercial banks in Cameroon should formally integrate economic frameworks into their accounting and reporting systems to continuously monitor their sustainability impact and financial performance
Teachers' Attitudes towards Using Cooperative Learning through Technology for Developing Writing Skills in a Military Context
Get PDFTeachers of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) consider writing one of the most challenging productive skills for military students to master. Writing is a vital skill for their future careers, as they must pass the high-stakes STANAG 6001 (Standardisation Agreement 6001) test for promotion. Teachers play a crucial role in teaching ESP by addressing students’ current needs and designing goal-oriented assignments to develop their writing skills and improve performance. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to explore ESP teachers’ attitudes toward using cooperative learning through technology to enhance writing skills and to assess their readiness to implement this instructional strategy, since successful implementation largely depends on teachers’ attitudes. The study used a quantitative approach. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Participants included 58 teachers from various military educational institutions in NATO member, partner, and candidate countries such as Georgia, Ukraine, Latvia, and the UK. SPSS 27 was used for data analysis. The results show that most ESP teachers have positive attitudes toward using cooperative learning via technology to develop writing skills, as it can foster cooperation among English language learners. Although teachers note that students lack the necessary skills for effective cooperative group work and that the method places too much responsibility on students, these findings suggest that this complex approach has the potential to help military students improve their writing performance
The Dual Role of Public Debt in Morocco’s Investment Dynamics: Evidence from the ARDL Approach
Get PDFThis study examines the effect of public debt on investment performance in Morocco over the period 1990–2024. Gross fixed capital formation serves as the dependent variable, while public debt, government expenditure, inflation, and population growth are used as explanatory variables. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, the analysis captures both short-run and long-run dynamics. The results reveal that in the long-run, public debt has a negative and statistically significant effect on investment, which suggests that excessive indebtedness challenges capital formation. In the short-run, only public debt has a temporary positive impact that fades over time. The negative and highly significant error correction term confirms a stable long-run relationship between the variables. Diagnostic tests indicate that the model is free from serial correlation, heteroskedasticity and instability. Globally, the findings underscore that while debt can initially stimulate investment, sustained debt accumulation could hinder it, highlighting the importance and need for prudent debt management and more efficient use of borrowed resources in Morocco
Signes de dépression chez les étudiants redoublants de l’Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de la Gombe à Kinshasa : Enquête qualitative
Get PDFCette étude avait pour finalité d’examiner de manière systématique les manifestations dépressives chez des étudiants confrontés à l’échec universitaire. Pour répondre à cet objectif, une démarche qualitative s’appuyant sur la méthode clinique a été mobilisée, permettant d’appréhender la singularité de chaque participant. L’échantillon, constitué selon une procédure non probabiliste de type occasionnel, comprenait cinq étudiants ayant tous redoublé leur première année de licence. La collecte des données s’est effectuée à l’aide de deux outils complémentaires : la technique du récit de vie, qui a permis d’explorer la dimension subjective et biographique des expériences étudiantes, et l’Échelle de Dépression de Beck – Version Adolescent, utilisée comme instrument psychométrique pour objectiver la présence et l’intensité des symptômes dépressifs. Le traitement des données a reposé sur la méthode de l’étude de cas, favorisant une analyse clinique approfondie des trajectoires individuelles. Les résultats convergents issus des analyses narratives et des scores psychométriques indiquent que l’ensemble des participants présentent des manifestations de souffrance psychique s’exprimant sous forme de signes dépressifs. Cette symptomatologie apparaît intimement liée à l’expérience de l’échec académique, lequel constitue un événement potentiellement déstabilisant pour l’estime de soi, la motivation et le sentiment de compétence. Au regard de ces observations, l’étude souligne l’importance de mettre en place, au sein des établissements universitaires, des dispositifs institutionnels de santé mentale et de soutien psychosocial. De tels services permettraient d’accompagner les étudiants en difficulté, de prévenir l’intensification des symptômes dépressifs et de promouvoir un environnement académique favorisant le bien-être et la réussite.
The purpose of this study was to systematically examine depressive symptoms in students facing academic failure. To achieve this objective, a qualitative approach based on clinical methodology was used, allowing for an understanding of each participant's unique situation. The sample, which was selected using a non-probabilistic, opportunistic procedure, included five students who had all repeated their first year of undergraduate studies. Data was collected using two complementary tools: the life story technique, which explored the subjective and biographical dimensions of the students' experiences, and the Beck Depression Inventory – Adolescent Version, used as a psychometric instrument to objectively assess the presence and intensity of depressive symptoms. Data processing was based on the case study method, which allowed for an in-depth clinical analysis of individual trajectories. The convergent results from narrative analyses and psychometric scores indicate that all participants show signs of psychological distress in the form of depressive symptoms. These symptoms appear to be closely linked to the experience of academic failure, which can be potentially destabilizing for self-esteem, motivation, and feelings of competence. In light of these observations, the study highlights the importance of establishing institutional mental health and psychosocial support systems within universities. Such services would make it possible to support students in difficulty, prevent the intensification of depressive symptoms, and promote an academic environment conducive to well-being and success
Explication naïve des accidents de la route chez les conducteurs de véhicules des transports publics informels à Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) : "gbaka ", "woro-woro" et "taxicompteur
Get PDFEn Côte d’Ivoire, des efforts importants ont été déployés par les pouvoirs publics pour améliorer la sécurité routière, notamment en matière d’infrastructures, de régulation de la circulation routière et de sensibilisation des automobilistes et des piétons sur les dangers liés aux conduites imprudentes. Cependant, l’insécurité routière demeure un problème de santé publique national, en raison du nombre élevé d’accidents enregistrés et de leurs conséquences physiques (blessures, handicaps, décès), économiques (dommages matériels, pertes financières), sociales (deuils des enfants et des conjoints) et psychologiques (traumatisme, sentiment d’insécurité).
La présente étude qualitative tente de comprendre l’implication des chauffeurs des transports publics informels dans les accidents de la route à Abidjan, à partir de leurs explications naïves des accidents. Elle s’appuie sur des entretiens approfondis conduits auprès de 21 chauffeurs des transports publics informels, sélectionnés à l’aide de l’échantillonnage par cas multiples. Les données verbales collectées sont exploitées au moyen de l’analyse de contenu thématique.
Les résultats mettent en évidence que les explications naïves des accidents chez les chauffeurs des transports publics informels à Abidjan se fondent sur cinq catégories de facteurs, en l’occurrence les facteurs individuels (61%), les facteurs socioéconomiques (21%), les facteurs institutionnels (10%), les facteurs liés au véhicule (6%) et les facteurs environnementaux (2%). Ces informations pourraient aider à l’élaboration de programmes de sensibilisation efficaces pour réduire les prises de risque chez les chauffeurs des transports publics informels à Abidjan.
In Côte d'Ivoire, significant efforts have been made by the public authorities to improve road safety, particularly in terms of infrastructure, for regulating road traffic and raising awareness among motorists and pedestrians about the dangers of reckless driving. However, road insecurity remains a national public health problem, due to the high number of accidents recorded and their physical consequences (injuries, disabilities, deaths), economic (property damage, financial losses), social (bereavement of children and spouses) and psychological (trauma, feeling of insecurity).
The present qualitative study attempts to understand the involvement of informal public transport drivers in road accidents in Abidjan, from their naive explanations of accidents. It is based on in-depth interviews conducted with 21 drivers of informal public transport, sectioned using multiple case sampling. The collected verbal data is exploited through thematic content analysis.
The results highlight that the naive explanations of accidents among informal public transport drivers in Abidjan are based on five categories of factors, namely individual factors (61%), socioeconomic factors (21%), institutional factors (10%), vehicle-related factors (6%) and environmental factors (2%). This information could assist in the development of effective awareness programs to reduce risk-taking among informal public transport drivers in Abidjan
Evaluation de l’activité antifongique de trois huiles essentielles sur Fusarium Oxysporum un champignon pathogène des grains de maïs
Get PDFLe présent travail a pour objectif de mettre en évidence le potentiel antifongique de trois (03) huiles essentielles extraites de Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum et Citrus sinensis sur Fusarium oxysporum un champignon phytopathogène qui infecte les grains de maïs stockés. Ces huiles essentielles ont été obtenues par hydrodistillation et l’activité antifongique des huiles a été évaluée in vitro par la méthode de contact directe. Les résultats de l’activité antifongique des huiles essentielles montrent que les taux d’inhibition de Cymbopogon citratus et de Ocimum gratissimum ne diffèrent pas significativement au seuil 5% sur la croissance mycélienne de Fusarium oxysporum. Ces deux huiles ont un taux d’inhibition compris entre 10 et 40% sur la croissance mycélienne de Fusarium Oxysporum. Contrairement aux huiles de Cymbopogon citratus et de Ocimum gratissimum, l’huile essentielle de Citrus Sinensis stimule ou augmente la croissance mycélienne de Fusarium Oxysporum au fur et à mesure que sa concentration augmente avec un taux de stimulation de 20 à 50%. Les huiles essentielles de Cymbopogon citratus et Ocimum gratissimum pourrait ainsi être une alternative dans la lutte contre les champignons phytopathogènes extraits des grains de maïs.
The present work aims to highlight the antifungal potential of three (03) essential oils extracted from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum, and Citrus sinensis on Fusarium oxysporum, a phytopathogenic fungus that infects stored corn grains. These essential oils were obtained through hydrodistillation, and the antifungal activity of the oils was evaluated in vitro using the direct contact method. The results of the antifungal activity of the essential oils show that the inhibition rates of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum do not differ significantly at the 5% threshold regarding the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum. These two oils have an inhibition rate ranging from 10 to 40% on the mycelial growth of Fusarium Oxysporum. Unlike the oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum, the essential oil of Citrus Sinensis stimulates or increases the mycelial growth of Fusarium Oxysporum as its concentration increases, with a stimulation rate of 20 to 50%. The essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum could thus be an alternative in the fight against phytopathogenic fungi extracted from maize grains
Alternative to the right-hand rule: Farah’s method
Get PDFThe right-hand rule (RHR), the conventional tool to establish directions of magnetic field and force in electromagnetism, is hard to use because it involves hand motions and three-dimensional visualization. This paper presents an alternative approach, simply called Farah's Method in this paper, using rotation of Cartesian coordinate axes rather than hand movements, so students can learn it more easily and with less mental burden. In a quasi-experimental study involving 60 secondary school students, we compared Farah's Method to the RHR. Under the Farah's Method condition, there were significantly improved post-test scores (80.47% vs. 61.27%, p < 0.001), better problem-solving accuracy (87.63% vs. 66.87%), and shorter response latencies (35.87 s vs. 53.12 s), and lower self-reported cognitive load (overall rating: 4.31 vs. 3.70). These results draw attention to the method's capacity to simplify vector analysis into concise, significant aspects and foster conceptual understanding. This method is also compatible with learning technologies such as PhET simulations and virtual reality interfaces, where coordinate rotations can be dynamically visualized, making it easier to implement in digital learning environments. This approach has future uses in STEM fields such as mechanics and engineering and offers an accessible, scalable pedagogy for overcoming spatial reasoning obstacles. The research implies that Farah's Method is preferable to the RHR with excellent prospects for revolutionizing electromagnetism teaching via technology-enhanced learning
Orthophonie : l’apport de la morphophonologie dans le pronostic des difficultés d’apprentissage en lecture en Côte d’Ivoire
Get PDFLa Côte d’Ivoire est un pays d’Afrique occidentale avec une soixantaine de langues. Par ailleurs, aucune de ses langues n’est dotée d’un statut politique et ne participe à la scolarisation comme médium d’enseignement. Cependant, le français, la langue héritée de la colonisation, bénéficie de tous les statuts. Cette situation semble ne pas contribuer à une scolarisation efficiente des enfants ivoiriens, car n’ayant pas une compétence soutenue de la langue française, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour leur langue maternelle ivoirienne. Par ailleurs, les études faites dans un établissement primaire public dans la région de Bondoukou révèlent que de nombreux apprenants du Cours Moyen I (CMI) rencontrent des difficultés conséquentes en lecture. Ceux-ci sont, de fait, considérés comme dyslexiques, et ce sans prendre en compte les questions d’interférence linguistique manifeste. Ce pronostic nous semble de fait hâtif et mériterait d’être reconsidéré par l’ensemble des parties (enseignants et orthophoniste). Ainsi, les manuels didactiques servant à l’apprentissage des apprenants doivent tenir compte des réalités linguistiques des apprenants. Le présent cadre de réflexion s’articule en substance à œuvrer à une adaptation de la prise en charge orthophonique dans le contexte ivoirien, en vue d’un meilleur pronostic et d’une prise en charge objectif des pathologies langagières, notamment en lecture.
Côte d’Ivoire is a West African country with around sixty languages. Additionally, none of its local languages have important political status and are used as a medium of instruction in schooling. However, French, the language inherited from colonization, enjoys full status. This situation does not seem to contribute to the efficient schooling of Ivorian children, as they do not have sustained proficiency in the French language, which is not the case for their mother tongue. Furthermore, studies conducted in a public primary school in Bondoukou in the northeast of Côte d’Ivoire proved that many learners in primary school (CMI) experience significant reading difficulties. They are, in fact, considered dyslexic, without taking into account issues of obvious linguistic interference. This prognosis seems hasty to us and deserves to be reconsidered by all parties (teachers and speech therapists). Thus, teaching manuals used for learners' learning must take into account the linguistic realities of learners. This framework for reflection is essentially aimed at working towards an adaptation of speech therapy care in the Ivorian context, with a view to a better prognosis and objective management of language pathologies, particularly in reading