European Scientific Journal, ESJ
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Mobility on Demand and Transport Services for the Elderly: Challenges and Policy Solutions
Get PDFThe utilization of public transportation by the elderly is examined in this study according to their varied socioeconomic backgrounds. It explores how newly implemented Mobility on Demand (MOD) public transport scenarios can either mitigate or exacerbate mobility inequalities, and why residents in some locations experience greater or more limited accessibility to public transportation. The focus is on geographic accessibility rather than specific individual demographic characteristics in assessing whom MOD public transportation can effectively serve, based on data collected through interviews. The findings suggest that an MOD system that uses MaaS (Mobility as a Service) and a stop-based mode (where passengers must wait at bus stops) has a higher chance of closing mobility gaps for low-income passengers. Improving spatial justice, particularly for the elderly from socioeconomically challenged backgrounds, is the goal of this article
Activité anti-inflammatoire de FDo4, une fraction de l’extrait aqueux de feuilles de Daniellia oliveri (fabaceae)
Get PDFCette étude visait à renforcer la valorisation des médecines traditionnelles et à explorer leur potentiel dans le traitement des maladies inflammatoires, en se concentrant sur Daniellia oliveri (fabaceae), une espèce fréquemment utilisée en phytothérapie antihypertensive. L’analyse de la toxicité aiguë de l’extrait aqueux des feuilles de Daniellia oliveri (EADo), administré par voie orale, a permis de déterminer la dose entraînant la mortalité de 50 % (DL50) conformément aux lignes directrices de l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques 423. Le criblage phytochimique qualitatif de de La FDo4 a montré la présence de groupes chimiques à potentialité thérapeutique en occurrence des alcaloïdes, des flavonoïdes, des terpènes et des hétérosides cardiotoniques. L’inflammation a été induite par l’injection 0,05 ml de la solution de carraghénine à 1% sous le coussinet plantaire de la patte arrière droite chez des rats Wistar. Les produits à tester ont été administrés par gavage à raison de 1 ml pour cent 100 g de poids corporel. Les résultats ont révélé que la dose létale (DL50) par voie orale de l'extrait aqueux est supérieure à 5000 mg/kg de poids corporel, plaçant Daniellia oliveri parmi les plantes non toxiques par voie orale. La FDo4 à la dose de 300 mg /kg P.C, a montré des propriétés anti-inflammatoires notables, comparables à celles de l'indométacine (INDOCID) à 10 mg /kg P.C, un médicament conventionnel largement utilisé pour traiter les inflammations. En conclusion, les groupes chimiques identifiés dans la FDo4 pourraient être responsables de ces effets anti-inflammatoires observés. En outre l’absence de toxicité par voie orale de cette plante, rend la FDo4 prometteuse pour une utilisation sûre dans la médecine traditionnelle.
This study aimed to enhance the value of traditional medicines and explore their potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, focusing on Daniellia oliveri (Fabaceae), a species frequently used in antihypertensive herbal medicine. Analysis of the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Daniellia oliveri leaves (EADo), administered orally, determined the dose causing 50% mortality (LD50) in accordance with Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline 423. Qualitative phytochemical screening of La FDo4 revealed the presence of chemical groups with therapeutic potential, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and cardiotonic glycosides. Inflammation was induced by injecting 0.05 ml of a 1% carrageenan solution under the footpad of the right hind paw in Wistar rats. The test products were administered by gavage at a dose of 1 ml per 100 g body weight. The results revealed that the oral lethal dose (LD50) of the aqueous extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight, placing Daniellia oliveri among plants that are non-toxic when ingested orally. FDo4 at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight showed significant anti-inflammatory properties comparable to those of indomethacin (INDOCID) at 10 mg/kg body weight, a conventional drug widely used to treat inflammation. In conclusion, the chemical groups identified in FDo4 could be responsible for these observed anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, the absence of oral toxicity in this plant makes FDo4 promising for safe use in traditional medicine
Counseling Genré pour l’Autonomisation Identitaire des Survivant(e)s de Violences Scolaires au Nord - Cameroun
Get PDFLe counseling genré est un accompagnement sensible au genre offert aux élèves pour les aider à mieux vivre leur parcours scolaire, surmonter leurs difficultés et faire de bons choix pour leur avenir. Il intègre une conscience critique des normes de genre, des inégalités structurelles et des vécus différenciés selon le genre dans le processus d’accompagnement psychologique. Il participe à un processus d’autonomisation des individus par la déconstruction des rapports de pouvoir internalisés. Cette étude observe l’impact de ce counseling sur l’autonomisation identitaire des survivant(e)s de violences, notamment en termes de reconstruction de soi, de renforcement de l’agentivité et de transformation des perceptions genrées. Elle utilise un design méthodologique mixte, combinant un questionnaire administré aléatoirement à 150 lycéen(ne)s (79 filles et 71 garçons) et une grille d’entretien semi – structuré mené par choix raisonné auprès de 6 élèves et 6 Conseillers d’orientation, égalitairement répartis en genre, issus de 3 autres lycées de la région du Nord (Cameroun). Les résultats montrent que le counselling sensible au genre contribue à la reconstruction des élèves victimes de violences. Il renforce leur estime de soi, leur capacité à faire des choix et leur pouvoir d’agir. Il soutient également une remise en question des rôles de genre, bien que cette dimension critique reste peu développée sans appui institutionnel ou externe. Les écoles devraient intégrer une éducation sensible au genre pour encourager le respect, l’égalité et la réflexion sur les rôles traditionnels. Pour être pertinente, cette éducation doit s’adapter aux réalités culturelles locales.
Gender counselling is gender – sensitive support offered to students to help them better navigate their academic journey, overcome difficulties, and make good choices for their future. It incorporates a critical awareness of gender norms, structural inequalities, and gender – differentiated experiences into the psychological support process. It contributes to a process of individual empowerment by deconstructing internalised power relations. This study observes the impact of this counselling on the identity empowerment of survivors of violence, particularly in terms of self-reconstruction, strengthening agency, and transforming gendered perceptions. It uses a mixed methodological design, combining a questionnaire administered randomly to 150 secondary school students (79 girls and 71 boys) and a semi-structured interview grid conducted by reasoned choice with 6 students and 6 guidance Counsellors, equally divided by gender, from 3 other secondary schools in the North region (Cameroon). The results show that gender – sensitive counselling contributes to the recovery of students who are victims of violence. It strengthens their self–esteem, their ability to make choices, and their power to act. It also supports a re-examination of gender roles, although this critical dimension remains underdeveloped without institutional or external support. Schools should incorporate gender – sensitive education to encourage respect, equality, and reflection on traditional roles. To be relevant, this education must be adapted to local cultural realities
From Infrastructure to Growth: Evaluating PPP Investments in Morocco
Get PDFThis study investigates the impact of public–private partnerships (PPPs) on Morocco’s economic growth over the period 1993–2023. GDP growth is employed as the dependent variable, with the number of PPP projects, PPP investment, gross fixed capital formation, unemployment, and inflation as explanatory variables. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, the analysis captures both short-run and long-run dynamics. Results indicate that in the long run, PPP investment exerts a positive and significant effect on GDP growth, whereas the number of PPP projects has a negative impact, suggesting that project proliferation without efficiency may hinder performance. Gross fixed capital formation positively and significantly contributes to growth, while inflation exerts a negative and significant influence. Unemployment, although negative, is statistically insignificant in the long run. In the short run, PPP projects contribute positively, while unemployment consistently reduces growth. Gross fixed capital formation positively and significantly contributes to growth, while inflation exerts a negative and significant influence. Unemployment, although negative, is statistically insignificant in the long run. Robustness tests confirm the absence of serial correlation, heteroskedasticity, and non-normality, while CUSUM and CUSUMQ verify model stability. These findings highlight that investment quality, rather than project frequency, is the key driver of Morocco’s long-run growth, underscoring the need for governance and efficiency-centered PPP strategies
A Constructivist Analysis of Liberia’s Ebola Response
Get PDFThis article examines how Liberia established its sovereignty, legitimacy, and international identity during the Ebola crisis of 2014-2015. While much existing research focuses on institutional weaknesses and material dependence, this study employs a constructivist qualitative methodology that combines discourse analysis and content analysis of governmental communications, United Nations resolutions, international reports, and international media coverage. The analysis focuses on identifying patterns in state rhetoric, norm alignment, and engagement strategies with international actors. The findings indicate that Liberia’s response was influenced not only by material constraints but also by international efforts to align with international norms, construct a credible national identity, and assert legitimacy in the global arena. By analyzing Liberia’s experience, this article contributes to discussions on global health governance, African statehood, and the application of constructivist theory in international relations
Self-Sovereign Identity Architecture for National Use with Wallet Proofs Zero-Knowledge and the VWR Framework
Get PDFNational identity must deliver fast, fair decisions without exposing personal data. This article advances a Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) architecture, reinforced by a Verify-Without-Reveal (VWR) framework, to achieve that goal at national scale. SSI places credentials in a citizen wallet and enables selective disclosure and zero-knowledge proofs, so services can verify attributes without seeing underlying records. VWR adds the policy and accountability spine: yes/no attribute APIs for holder-absent cases, purpose-bound and zero-trust enforcement on every call, and an immutable audit layer on a permissioned ledger. The study synthesises current standards and leading implementations in Europe and worldwide and formulates a deployable blueprint with clear roles, consent and lawful-override flows, per-agency pseudonyms, and regulator and citizen visibility. It details reference APIs, wallet and verifier user experience, and performance targets compatible with national workloads. Privacy-preserving AI strengthens biometric liveness, fraud detection, and anomaly response without centralising sensitive data. The framework aligns with GDPR data minimisation and purpose limitation, supports the European Digital Identity Wallet, and meets high-risk AI governance requirements. Results show how SSI proofs and VWR controls reduce unconsented disclosure and cross-agency browsing, while keeping latency low and interoperability high. The contribution is both conceptual and operational: a phased migration path that turns verify-without-reveal into the default mode for government and regulated services, improving security, inclusion, and public trust
Contribution of Satellite Imagery, Geographic Information Systems, Pedology, and Statistical Analysis to the Characterization of Water Availability Potential in Urban Watersheds: Application to the Former Municipality of Ratoma (Republic of Guinea)
Get PDFIn response to the challenges associated with drinking water supply in urban areas, this study proposes an integrated approach to characterize the water availability potential of watersheds in the former municipality of Ratoma, Guinea. The research combines remote sensing (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission of USGS), Geographic information system (automatic extraction of watersheds and hydro-morphometric parameters), soil characterization, and multivariate statistical analysis. Based on the Digital terrain model, 38 watersheds were identified and described according to 29 hydro-morphometric parameters. Principal component analysis explained 86.24% of the total variance across three main axes: structural dimension (45.05%), the density of the hydrographic network (23.41%), and the energy of the relief (17.78%). Ascending hierarchical classification distinguished two functional groups: on the one hand, small basins (0.16-1.67 km²) with a rapid hydrological response, and on the other hand, larger basins (1.76-7 km²) with slower dynamics. At the same time, Ratoma's soil analysis identified nine soil units, dominated by skeletal formations (75%) with rapid drainage. Granulometric and qualitative analysis of the samples revealed significant textural variability that may influence infiltration. Coarse soils have a high infiltration capacity but low water retention, while fine soils exhibit temporary hydromorphy. Cross-referencing the results made it possible to spatially identify areas with high water potential (hydromorphic soils) and transit areas (skeletal soils), providing a valuable tool for decision-making in the sustainable management of groundwater resources in urban contexts, particularly for selecting sites suitable for drilling and for planning sustainable supply strategies
Évaluation du niveau de connaissance de la cysticercose porcine dans la commune d’Oti Sud 1 au Togo
Get PDFLa cysticercose est une zoonose parasitaire classée parmi les maladies tropicales négligées, liée à la consommation de viande de porc crue ou insuffisamment cuite. Cette étude vise à évaluer le niveau de connaissance de la cysticercose porcine au sein de la population de la commune d’Oti Sud 1, au Togo, en 2023. Une enquête transversale a été réalisée auprès de 249 acteurs de la filière porcine (éleveurs-commerçants, charcutiers et consommateurs), sélectionnés à partir de listes officielles et par échantillonnage aléatoire. Les résultats révèlent que 78,71 % des enquêtés sont des hommes. Parmi eux, 70,28 % sont des éleveurs-commerçants, 4,41 % des charcutiers et 89,15 % des consommateurs de viande porcine. Un taux élevé de précarité en matière d’assainissement a été observé, avec 54,62 % des répondants ne disposant pas de latrines. L’élevage est majoritairement traditionnel (97,14 %), sans enclos (85,71 %), sans déparasitage (97,71 %) et basé sur une alimentation non contrôlée. La divagation des porcs en saison sèche concerne 97,14 % des cas. Bien que 92,77 % des participants déclarent connaître la cysticercose porcine, 99,57 % en ignorent la cause. De même, si 100 % des répondants connaissent l’épilepsie humaine, 97,99 % n’en connaissent pas le lien avec la cysticercose. Ce contexte traduit une forte vulnérabilité à la transmission de la maladie. Il apparaît nécessaire de renforcer les actions de sensibilisation, d'améliorer les pratiques d’élevage et de consolider le contrôle vétérinaire dans la commune d’Oti Sud 1 pour une lutte efficace contre cette zoonose.
Cysticercosis is a parasitic zoonosis classified among neglected tropical diseases, primarily associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked pork. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge about porcine cysticercosis among the population of Oti Sud 1 municipality in Togo in 2023. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 249 key stakeholders in the pork value chain (pig farmer-traders, pork butchers, and consumers), selected using official lists and random sampling at pork sale points. Among the respondents, 78.71% were men. Of the participants, 70.28% were pig farmer-traders, 4.41% were butchers, and 89.15% were pork consumers. Poor sanitation was evident, with 54.62% lacking access to latrines. Traditional pig farming was predominant (97.14%), with most respondents lacking pig enclosures (85.71%), deworming practices (97.71%), and relying on unregulated feed sources. Seasonal roaming of pigs during the dry season was reported by 97.14%. While 92.77% of participants claimed to know about porcine cysticercosis, 99.57% were unaware of its actual cause. Similarly, although 100% recognized epilepsy in humans, 97.99% did not understand its link to cysticercosis. These findings highlight a context highly conducive to the transmission of the disease. Strengthening community awareness, improving husbandry practices, and enforcing veterinary meat inspections are essential to combat this zoonotic threat effectively in Oti Sud 1
Effets de quelques méthodes agroécologiques de lutte sur les populations d'insectes ravageurs et les paramètres de croissance et de rendement du niébé dans la région de Zinder au Niger
Get PDFL’une des contraintes liées à la production du niébé, est la pression exercée par les insectes ravageurs. La présente étude menée dans le village Rouwan Chabara (département de Mirriah), entre dans le cadre de la gestion agroécologiques des ravageurs de culture du niébé. L’objectif général de cette étude est de mettre en évidence les effets des biopesticides sur les insectes ravageurs du niébé. L’essai a été conduit selon un dispositif expérimental split plot avec cinq traitements et trois répétitions. Au total 5 traitements ont été testés. Les données sur les paramètres morphologiques de plants ont été collectées par parcelle et par traitement. L’inventaire d’entomofaune pendant l’étude a permis de recenser les insectes tels que les pucerons (Aphis craccivora Koch), les punaises brunes (Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal), les thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Tryb.) et M. vitrata. Les plants traités avec les feuilles de papayer ont été faiblement attaquées par les ravageurs (21,83 plants attaqués) et présentent le rendement le plus élevé (422,11 kg/ha) comparé avec le témoin (266,66 kg/ha), cette différence est hautement significative au seuil de 0,05. Ces résultats montrent que malgré la présence des ravageurs sur la culture du niébé, les biopesticides ont réduit les dégâts des ravageurs et des maladies sur les feuilles, les gousses du niébé ce qui a permis d’obtenir un rendement meilleur par rapport au témoin (sans traitement). A l’issue de cette étude, l’utilisation de biopesticides à base des feuilles de papaye (Carica papaya) et bouses de vache localement disponibles constitue une alternative pour promouvoir une production agroécologiquement durable.
One of the constraints related to cowpea production is the pressure exerted by insect pests. This study, conducted in the village of Rouwan Chabara (Mirriah department), is part of the agroecological management of cowpea pests. The general objective of this study is to highlight the effects of biopesticides on cowpea insect pests. The trial was conducted using a split-plot experimental design with five treatments and three replications. A total of 5 treatments were tested. Data on plant morphological parameters were collected per plot and per treatment. The entomofauna inventory during the study made it possible to identify insects such as aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch), brown bugs (Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal), thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Tryb.) and M. vitrata. Plants treated with papaya leaves were weakly attacked by pests (21.83 plants attacked) and had the highest yield (422.11 kg/ha) compared with the control (266.66 kg/ha); this difference is highly significant at the 0.05 threshold. These results show that despite the presence of pests on the cowpea crop, biopesticides reduced the damage of pests and diseases on the leaves and pods of cowpea, which made it possible to obtain a better yield compared to the control (without treatment). At the end of this study, the use of biopesticides based on papaya leaves (Carica papaya) and locally available cow dung constitutes an alternative to promote agroecologically sustainable production