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Caractéristique du peuplement ligneux et stock de carbone le long d’un gradient forêt sacrée-champs de culture dans les Hautes Terres de l’Ouest Cameroun
Full text linkLa gouvernance traditionnelle des forêts sacrées est de plus en plus fragilisée par le changement de mentalités liés à la mondialisation ; pourtant les forêts sacrées restent les seuls refuges de la végétation ancienne bien qu’elles soient de plus en plus réduites au profit des terres cultivées. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser la diversité ligneuse et d’estimer les quantités de carbone stockées par ces ligneux le long d’un gradient forêt sacrée-champs de culture dans le groupement Bandjoun. Un inventaire de la végétation ligneuse a été réalisé sur 23 placettes de 30 m x 30 m ; soit 10 dans la forêt sacrée et 13 dans les champs du groupement Bandjoun. Les mensurations ont porté sur la hauteur (m) et le diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (dhp ≥ 10 cm) de tous les individus comptés. Les données collectées ont permis d’évaluer la structure du peuplement ainsi que la phytodiversité sur la base des indices couramment utilisés. Les biomasses et le carbone ont été estimés par la méthode non destructive Dans l’ensemble un total de 823 individus répartis dans 54 espèces, 40 genres et 28 familles a été recensé. Les valeurs moyennes des indices de diversité floristique de Shannon confirment celles de Simpson ; elles sont toutes faibles témoignant une faible variabilité spécifique des écosystèmes étudiés. Les résultats de l’Equitabilité de Piélou traduisent la stabilité des deux communautés végétales. Les espèces Canarium schweinfurthii (70%) et Persea americana (92,31%) sont les plus fréquentes respectivement dans la forêt sacrée et dans les champs. La surface terrière est de 66,17 m²/ha dans la forêt sacrée et de 47,48 m²/ha dans les champs. L’évolution des individus par classe de diamètre montre une diminution du nombre d’individus avec l’augmentation du diamètre. Parmi les espèces recensées, 03 sont Vulnérables, 02 en danger et 01 en danger critique. Les quantités de carbone séquestrées dans la forêt sacrée et champs sont respectivement de 328,30 et 215,53t C/ha. Cola acuminata renferme les quantités de carbone 44,41 t/ha et 56,75 t/ha respectivement dans la forêt sacrée et dans les champs. Cette étude montre que la forêt sacrée et les champs dans le groupement Bandjoun renferment une composition floristique presque similaire et une phytodiversité non négligeable qui méritent des attentions particulières ; en plus ces écosystèmes contribuent à la réduction des gaz à effet de serre notamment le CO2 contenu dans l’atmosphère.
Traditional governance of sacred forests is increasingly undermined by changing attitudes linked to globalization; yet sacred forests remain the only refuges of ancient vegetation, even though they are being increasingly reduced in favor of cultivated land. The aim of this work is to analyze woody diversity and estimate the quantities of carbon stored by these woody plants along a sacred forest-cropland gradient in the Bandjoun group. An inventory of woody vegetation was carried out on 23 plots measuring 30 m x 30 m; 10 in the sacred forest and 13 in the fields of the Bandjoun group. Measurements were taken of the height (m) and diameter at breast height (dhp ≥ 10 cm) of all individuals counted. The data collected made it possible to assess stand structure and phytodiversity on the basis of commonly used indices. Biomass and carbon were estimated using the non-destructive method. Overall, a total of 823 individuals in 54 species, 40 genera and 28 families were recorded. The mean values of Shannon's floristic diversity indices confirm Simpson's; they are all low, reflecting the low specific variability of the ecosystems studied. The Piélou Equitability results show the stability of both plant communities. The species Canarium schweinfurthii (70%) and Persea americana (92.31%) are the most frequent in the sacred forest and the fields respectively. Basal area is 66.17 m²/ha in the sacred forest and 47.48 m²/ha in the fields. The evolution of individuals by diameter class shows a decrease in the number of individuals as diameter increases. Of the species recorded, 03 are Vulnerable, 02 Endangered and 01 Critically Endangered. The quantities of carbon sequestered in the sacred forest and fields are 328.30 and 215.53t C/ha respectively. Cola acuminata contains 44.41 t/ha and 56.75 t/ha of carbon in the sacred forest and fields respectively. This study shows that the sacred forest and the fields in the Bandjoun grouping have an almost similar floristic composition and significant phytodiversity, which merit special attention; in addition, these ecosystems contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases, in particular the CO2 contained in the atmosphere
L’éthique de l’humanisme moderne occidental : le « deuxième péché originel »
Full text linkCe travail porte un regard critique sur l’orientation éthique du projet de la modernité occidentale. Après avoir mis en lumière la nature humaniste de ce grand courant de pensée, l’étude tente de montrer que l’humanisme de la modernité présente, sur le plan éthique, un aspect totalement révolutionnaire. En effet, alors que le Moyen-Age occidental, période essentiellement chrétienne, faisait du Dieu biblique le Garant des valeurs morales, l’humanisme moderne ravit ce rôle à Dieu et le confie à l’homme. Celui-ci est désormais, grâce à sa rationalité illimitée, la source des règles morales qui doivent régir sa vie. L’étude démontre, en revanche, en puisant dans la riche bibliographie de la critique de la modernité, que cette éthique révolutionnaire porte en elle-même les germes de sa propre destruction. Pire, dans sa nature universaliste, elle a entraîné l’humanité dans un vide éthique et une crise existentielle profonde. En revanche, en nous inspirant de l’histoire du salut relatée dans la Bible, nous avons établi une correspondance, d’une part, entre le péché originel et l’éthique révolutionnaire de l’humanisme moderne et, d’autre part, entre la chute de l’humanité, suite au péché originel, et les graves conséquences de l’orientation éthique du projet humaniste de la modernité occidentale.
This work takes a critical look at the ethical orientation of the project of Western modernity. After highlighting the humanist nature of this major current of thought, the study attempts to show that the humanism of modernity presents a totally revolutionary aspect in ethical terms. Indeed, while the Western Middle Ages, an essentially Christian period, made the biblical God the guarantor of moral values, modern humanism takes this role away from God and confers it to man. Thanks to his unlimited rationality, man is now the source of the moral rules that must govern his life. The study, however, demonstrates, by drawing on the rich bibliography of the critique of modernity, that this revolutionary ethic carries within itself the seeds of its own destruction. Worse still, in its universalist nature, it has led humanity into an ethical void and a profound existential crisis. Drawing on the biblical story of salvation, we have established a correspondence between original sin and the revolutionary ethics of modern humanism, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the fall of humanity as a result of original sin and the grave consequences of the ethical orientation of the humanist project of Western modernity
Évolution et facteurs explicatifs de la non-possession de l’acte de naissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans au Mali entre 2006 et 2018
Full text linkContexte : Les Conventions de 1954 et de 1961 des Nations Unies relatives à la lutte contre l’apatridie et celle relative aux droits de l’enfant (1989) préconisent que : « l’enfant est enregistré aussitôt sa naissance et a dès celle-ci le droit à un nom et à une nationalité, et le droit de connaître ses parents et d’être élevé par eux ». Au Mali, selon l’INSTAT (2006, 2012/2013 et 2018), entre 2006 et 2012/2013 la proportion d’enfant de moins de 5 ans ne possédant pas d’acte de naissance s’est décroit de 39,17% à 21,08% puis diminuer de 18,22% en 2018. Malgré, cette baisse remarquable entre 2006 et 2018 le niveau du phénomène s’est accru à 22% en 2019 (UNICEF, 2019). Objectif : Cette étude cherche à mieux cerner les sources de changement des niveaux observés et les facteurs explicatifs de la non-possession de l’acte de naissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans au Mali entre 2006 et 2018. Méthode : Les données proviennent des EDS de 2006, de 2012/2013 et de 2018 réalisées par INSTAT. La population cible est constituée des enfants de moins de 5 ans au moment des enquêtes. Deux approches ont été mobilisées (descriptive et explicative) pour vérifier les hypothèses formulées. Résultats : Au niveau descriptif, il ressort une évolution à la baisse dans le temps du niveau de la non-possession de l’acte de naissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans attribuable aux changements généralisés des comportements des populations vis-à-vis du phénomène. Les catégories d’enfants issues des mères non modernes ou peu modernes et ceux issus des ménages de niveau de vie faible ont le plus contribué à la baisse du niveau du phénomène. L’AFCM a montré que quelle que soit l’année, les enfants qui ne possèdent pas d’acte de naissance présentent les mêmes caractéristiques, sauf qu’en 2006 et 2012/2013 l’ethnie de la mère figurait d’une année à l’autre. Par ailleurs, au niveau explicatif, il ressort que, la région de résidence, le niveau d’instruction du chef de ménage, l’ethnie de la mère, le pouvoir décisionnel de la mère, l’âge de l’enfant et le lieu d’accouchement de la mère sont des facteurs déterminants à la non-possession de l’acte de naissance chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans quelle que soit l’année considérée. Conclusion : Malgré tous les efforts fournis par l’Etat malien en termes de politiques, de programmes et de stratégies pour garantir l’existence de tous les enfants à travers un document justificatif d’existence, plusieurs d’entre eux sont encore des apatrides aux yeux du gouvernement, soit une proportion de 22%. Cette situation demeure préoccupante.
Context: The United Nations conventions in 1954 and 1961 against statelessness and those on the Rights of Children stipulate that « the child is immediately registered at his birth and has, since this one, the right to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and, as far as possible, the right to know his parents and to be raised by them » In Mali, according to INSTAT (2006, 2012/2013 and 2018), between 2006 and 2012/2013 the proportion of children under 5 without a birth certificate decreased by 39.17% to 21.08% then decreased by 18.22% in 2018. Despite this remarkable decline between 2006 and 2018, the level of the phenomenon increased to 22% in 2019 (UNICEF, 2019). Objective: This study seeks to better understand the sources of change in the levels observed and the explanatory factors for the no possession of a birth certificate among children under 5 years of age in Mali between 2006 and 2018. Method: The data come from the 2006, 2012/2013 and 2018 DHS conducted by INSTAT. The target population is children under 5 years of age at the time of the surveys. Two approaches were used (descriptive and explanatory) to test the hypotheses made. Results: At the descriptive level, there has been a downward trend over time in the level of non-possession of a birth certificate among children under 5 years of age due to generalized changes in the behaviour of populations towards the phenomenon. The categories of children born to non-modern or unmodern mothers and those from households with a low standard of living have contributed the most to the decline in the level of the phenomenon. The AFCM showed that regardless of the year, children who do not have a birth certificate have the same characteristics, except that in 2006 and 2012/2013 the mother's ethnicity was listed from one year to the next. Moreover, at the explanatory level, it appears that the region of residence, the level of education of the head of household, the mother's ethnicity, the mother's decision-making power, the age of the child and the mother's place of delivery are determining factors in the non-possession of a birth certificate for children under 5 years of age, regardless of the year in question. Conclusion: Despite all the efforts made by the Malian state in terms of policies, programs, and strategies to guarantee the existence of all children through a document proving their existence, several of them are still stateless in the eyes of the government, i.e. a proportion of 22%. This situation remains worrying. 
Prevalence and Correlation of Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D Levels Among Jordanian Patients
Full text linkIntroduction: Essential nutrients for many physiological processes, such as bone integrity and neurological functioning, include vitamin D and B12. Notwithstanding their significance, deficits in these vitamins are common and can result in serious health issues. The objective of the study is to evaluate the vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels in a convenient sample of Jordanians who were referred to the Royal Medical Services' King Hussein Medical Center, a major referral medical center in the capital city of Jordan, Amman. Methods: For this study, a total of 70 participants—45 females and 25 males—were randomly chosen. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin D levels were determined by analyzing blood samples already requested for medical purposes. To compare levels and insufficiency rates between sexes, descriptive statistics were calculated and independent samples t-tests and chi-square tests were used. To investigate the correlations between age, vitamin B12, and vitamin D levels, Pearson correlation coefficients were computed. Results: The mean levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin D in females were 388.10 pg/mL and 21.40 ng/mL, respectively. The mean levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin D in males were 429.91 pg/mL and 25.44 ng/mL, respectively. There were no discernible variations in vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels between the sexes (p > 0.05). On the other hand, males (9.5%) had considerably greater levels of vitamin B12 deficiency than females (0.0%) (p = 0.036). Males' vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.448, p = 0.042) as did the pooled sample (r = 0.316, p = 0.020). Conclusion: The study shows that there is a significant positive correlation between vitamin B12 and vitamin D levels and that male participants were more likely to be insufficient in vitamin B12. These findings highlight the necessity of focused dietary interventions and public health initiatives to address and prevent these deficiencies in the Jordanian population. The high prevalence of vitamin B12 and D deficiencies underscores the urgent need for public health strategies, including educational campaigns, nutritional supplementation programs, and dietary modifications, to improve the nutritional status and overall health outcomes in Jordan.
 
The Influence of Conversational AI on Consumer Behavior and Counterfactual Thinking: A Systematic Review
Full text linkThis document evaluates the development and importance of conversational AI, chatbots, and virtual assistants in shaping human behavior and decision-making,particularly in the context of e-commerce. It is designed to investigate the impact of AI on the personalization of user experiences, and maps how the automation of decision-making affects cognitive processes like counterfactual thinking and regret. The findings sugest that while conversational AI enhances the shopping experience through personalized product recommendations, it can also trigger cognitive biases such as regret by exposing consumers to alternative options, leading them to reconsider their initial choices. This raises concerns about AI risk mitigation, particularly regarding transparency, psychographic profiling,and the emotional influence of AI-driven decision-making. Importantly,the study highlights that consumers do not inherently dislike AI; rather,they seek a more ethical and culturally aware approach to its implementation. A responsible AI design could not only improve user experience but also strengthen consumer trust in AI-driven products and services.To fully understand tese dynamics, longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of conversational AI on consumer satisfaction, loyalty,and decision-making. Additionally,cross-cultural comparisons will provide deeper insights into how consumer perceptions and interactions with AI vary across different markets
The Problem of Being Judged Within a Reasonable Time Under Burundian Law
Full text linkIn the course of a trial, both the speed of justice and its slowness present virtues and vices that are sometimes difficult to reconcile. A dialectical conflict arises between modern currents advocating for celerity and traditionalist currents emphasizing the length and quality of trials, grounded in strict respect for the rights of the defense. In either case, the litigant’s interest is not only to obtain a fair legal decision but, above all, to obtain it within a reasonable timeframe, enabling them to fully enjoy the rights enshrined therein. This paper focuses on analyzing how the criteria for assessing reasonable time can help reconcile the demands of the right to defense with those of judicial efficiency_- an issue that often results in delays during case proceedings.. In Burundian positive law, although the Constitution enshrines the principle of the right to be tried within a reasonable time, the notion of reasonable time, as well as its assessment criteria, is not detailed in any legislative or regulatory text, nor is it enshrined in national case law. This gap sometimes leads to unreasonable delays in legal proceedings. Given the advances made by the case law of the Human Rights Committee, the European Court, and the African Court regarding reasonable time, it is more essential than ever for Burundian positive law to foster a "culture of celerity". This would entail accelerating trial proceedings by promoting these criteria for the effective management of judicial time. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the delicate balance between the speed and quality of justice, debunking the common confusion between reasonable time and the hasty administration of justice. Drawing on legal maxims, it argues that while ‘justice delayed is justice denied,’ ‘justice hurried is justice buried.’ The author introduces the idea of reconciling speed with the rights of the defense, demonstrating that expedited justice is beneficial when combined with fundamental defense rights, such as public debates and the principle of contradiction during the trial process. The article asserts that the expeditious delivery of justice, when managed prudently and reinforced by procedural safeguards, is essential for the survival of judicial proceedings. A rule of law system should prioritize efficiency without compromising quality or the rights of the defense. It criticizes unnecessary delays, advocates for practical measures to expedite civil cases, and proposes a streamlined process for legal proceedings. Ultimately, the narrative underscores the need for reasonable judicial time as a cornerstone of a just and fair society. The results of this research are derived from doctrine, the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee, case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as Burundian case law. The discussion of these results is based on a documentary methodology, analyzing legal texts, books, judgments, and rulings with the force of res judicata, along with national and international case law. This article seeks to examine the challenges and issues associated with the right to be tried within a reasonable time in Burundi. Its objectives is to analyze whether the guarantees proclaimed by the Constitution, the African Charter, and other international instruments ratified by Burundi, specifically those related to reasonable trial time, are effectively being implemented
Liens ethniques transfrontaliers et activités illicites : une étude de leur interrelation aux frontières Nord et Sud Cameroun
Full text link Véritables espaces d’interactions et de transactions protéiformes, les frontières Nord et SUD Cameroun sont caractérisées par une forte mobilité de personnes et de biens. Ils sont à cet effet, le carrefour d’activités licites et illicites. La présente réflexion examine les activités illicites qui y prévalent à l’épreuve des continuités ethniques transfrontalières qui les structurent. Elle repose sur la conjecture principale que, ces liens ethniques transfrontaliers jouent un rôle significatif dans la fluidification des activités illicites qui s’y opèrent. A partir d’un dispositif théorico-méthodologique articulé autour du transnationalisme comme grille théorique, des entretiens et observations ont également été menés au sein de certaines localités frontalières des régions Nord et Sud du Cameroun. De celles-ci, il en ressort que, la configuration socio ethnique qui caractérise ces espaces respectifs gouverne la diversité d’activités qui y prennent corps. En effet, la triple territorialité des peuples Ekang dans le Sud (Cameroun-Gabon-Guinée Equatoriale) et Mboum dans la région du Nord (Cameroun-Tchad-RCA) s’est révélée pertinente à propos. A la suite, il se révèle que les activités illicites protéiformes qui y prennent corps reposent sur des acteurs aux procédés variés. Bien que l’on ne saurait totalement responsabiliser ces peuples frontaliers de l’illicite qui s’opère au sein de ces espaces, étant donné qu’il s’agisse d’un système composé d’une kyrielle d’acteurs hétérogènes, ceux-ci y jouent tout de même un rôle non négligeable. Ainsi, une meilleure gestion de ces derniers permettrait de réduire ce phénomène aux marges frontalières Nord et Sud Cameroun.
True spaces of protean interactions and transactions, the North and South Cameroon borders are characterized by high mobility of people and goods. They are for this purpose, the crossroads of legal and illegal activities. This reflection examines the illicit activities that prevail there in light of the cross-border ethnic continuities that structure them. It is based on the main conjecture that these cross-border ethnic links play a significant role in the fluidification of the illicit activities that take place there. From a theoretical-methodological device articulated around transnationalism as a theoretical grid, interviews and observations were also conducted in certain border localities in the North and South regions of Cameroon. From these, it emerges that the socio-ethnic configuration that characterizes these respective spaces governs the diversity of activities that take shape there. Indeed, the triple territoriality of the Ekang peoples in the South (Cameroon-Gabon-Equatorial Guinea) and Mboum in the Northern region (Cameroon-Chad-CAR) has proven relevant. Subsequently, it turns out that the protean illicit activities that take shape there are based on actors with varied processes. Although we cannot fully hold these border peoples responsible for the illicit that takes place within these spaces, given that it is a system composed of a host of heterogeneous actors, they still play a significant role. Thus, better management of the latter would make it possible to reduce this phenomenon on the northern and southern border margins of Cameroon
An Examination of Investment Potential in Georgia’s Hotel Industry: The Role of EVA and Tourism
Full text linkThe tourism sector plays a significant role in the economic advancement of both developing and developed countries. The present study examines the economic potential and investment opportunities in Georgia's hotel industry, utilizing the Economic Value Added (EVA) coefficient as the primary indicator. The objective of the research was to evaluate the EVA coefficient for hotels across various regions of Georgia and to analyze its impact on the number of foreign tourists and hotel revenues. A mixed-methods approach was employed in the study, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The dynamics of financial data were examined, and regression analysis was applied to calculate the EVA coefficient and to determine the relationship between the growth of tourist flows and financial performance metrics. The key findings indicated that Georgia’s hotel sector was attractive to investors and contributed significantly to economic growth. The results demonstrated an increase in the EVA coefficient and its positive impact on economic sustainability, as well as a correlation between the growth of tourist flows and financial success. The research also provides recommendations that include enhancing transparency in financial data, improving the accessibility of information for investors, and adopting technological innovations to strengthen the sustainability of the tourism sector and foster economic development