European Scientific Journal, ESJ
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Les difficultés liées à l'enseignement des sciences physiques par des activités expérimentales
Get PDFLes résultats des apprenants marocains aux épreuves du programme international “TIMSS” en Mathématiques et sciences sont fluctuants et parmi les plus bas des participants. Après l'amélioration enregistrée en 2015 par rapport à 2011, les résultats obtenus aux épreuves de 2019 n'ont pas enregistré de progrès significatifs. Ce niveau bas des apprenants aux cycles collégial et qualifiant dans les sciences et en particulier les sciences physique est dû au manque à la compréhension des concepts physiques, qui ne proviennent que d'activités expérimentales.
Dans cet article, nous avons étudié les défis rencontrées par les enseignants lors d’activités expérimentales des dans les collèges et les lycées marocains et leurs opinions sur ces activités.
Les résultats de cette enquête ont révélé que, tous les enseignants apprécient l’importance des activités expérimentales dans l’acquisition du savoir et savoir-faire. Bien que tous les établissements scolaires disposent d’un pavillon scientifique contenant un laboratoire, cela ne signifie pas que les enseignants réalisent des activités expérimentales (Les enseignant se contentent, dans les meilleurs des cas, à des expériences de cours qui ne présentent aucun danger pour eux et leurs apprenants) suite aux problèmes de manque de matériel expérimental, la mise en conformité des locaux pour les travaux pratiques, la gestion défaillante des laboratoires, le manque de formation et la surcharge des classes.
The performance of Moroccan students in the international "TIMSS" program tests in Mathematics and Science shows fluctuations and ranks among the lowest of the participants. Despite improvement from 2011 to 2015, the 2019 results did not indicate significant progress. The low proficiency of students in middle and high school levels in sciences, particularly in physical sciences, stems from a lack of understanding of physical concepts, which are primarily derived from experimental activities.
This article examines the challenges faced by teachers during physical science experiments in Moroccan middle and high schools, as well as their perspectives on these activities.
The study's findings reveal that all teachers recognize the importance of experimental activities in knowledge and skill acquisition. Despite every school having a science wing with a laboratory, many teachers do not conduct these experiments. Instead, they settle for classroom demonstrations that pose no risk to themselves or their students. This reluctance is due to issues such as a scarcity of experimental materials, inadequate facilities for practical work, poor laboratory management, insufficient training, and overcrowded classrooms
Rainfall-runoff modeling using artificial neural networks in the Mono River basin (Benin, West Africa)
Get PDFHydrological models are developed to simulate river flows over a watershed for many practical applications in the field of water resource management. However, the rainfall-runoff models mostly used in the Mono river basin struggle to better simulate high river flows, especially after the installation of the Nangbéto dam. This paper presents a modeling approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) under different input meteorological parameters in the Mono River basin to better take into account the non-linearity of the relationship between rainfall and runoff. To this end, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and previously observed flow have been used for the daily flow simulation. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to train the ANN rainfall-runoff models over the other optimization training algorithms mostly implemented in the study area. The analysis of the rainfall-runoff variability allowed us to show the strong correlation between rainfall and runoff and the impact of the Nangbéto dam on the flows at Athiémé. The results obtained after the training, validation, and testing of the ANN models are very good (e.g., the coefficient of correlation varies between 0.93 and 0.99). The most efficient model has been identified and implemented in the Mono river basin at Nangbéto. The satisfactory results obtained show that ANN models can be considered good alternatives for traditional rainfall-runoff modeling approaches
Panorama de l'évolution des dépenses publiques au Maroc : Analyse historique et implications économiques
Get PDFLes dépenses publiques jouent un rôle crucial dans la dynamique économique et sociale d'un pays, reflétant ses priorités politiques, ses défis économiques et ses choix stratégiques à travers le temps. Dans le contexte marocain, l'évolution des dépenses publiques depuis les années 1970 jusqu'à la fin de la première décennie du XXIe siècle offre un panorama riche et complexe. Ce périple historique traverse différentes phases économiques et politiques, marquées par des ajustements structurels, des périodes de relance budgétaire et des réformes post-PAS.
Cet article propose une analyse détaillée de ces périodes clés, en examinant comment les politiques économiques et les événements nationaux et internationaux ont façonné les choix budgétaires du Maroc. Nous explorerons également les implications économiques de ces décisions sur la croissance, la stabilité macroéconomique et le bien-être social. En comprenant ces dynamiques, nous visons à fournir des insights précieux pour les décideurs, les chercheurs et les praticiens intéressés par les finances publiques et le développement économique au Maroc.
Public expenditures play a crucial role in the economic and social dynamics of a country, reflecting its political priorities, economic challenges, and strategic choices over time. In the Moroccan context, the evolution of public expenditures from the 1970s to the end of the first decade of the 21st century offers a rich and complex panorama. This historical journey traverses different economic and political phases, marked by structural adjustments, periods of budgetary stimulus, and post-SAP (Structural Adjustment Program) reforms.
This article provides a detailed analysis of these key periods, examining how economic policies and national and international events have shaped Morocco's budgetary choices. We will also explore the economic implications of these decisions on growth, macroeconomic stability, and social well-being. By understanding these dynamics, we aim to provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners interested in public finance and economic development in Morocco
Evaluation de l’ampleur de la détresse psychologique chez les étudiants primo-inscrits à Sfax, Tunisie
Get PDFObjectif : Notre objectif est d’évaluer l’ampleur de la détresse psychologique chez les étudiants primo-entrants et repérer quelques facteurs associés à cette souffrance psychologique. Méthodes : Il s’agit d’une étude transversale. Notre population est composée de 86 étudiants primo-entrants inscrits dans des filières scientifiques et littéraires. Résultats : La détresse psychologique dans notre population est estimée à 45.3%. L’analyse des corrélations révèle des liens significatifs entres les différentes variables : stress perçu, dépression, estime de soi, névrosisme et les scores obtenus aux GHQ-12.Nos résultats repèrent des différences statistiquement significatives entre certaines variables et les résultats au GHQ-12. Les facteurs psychosociaux associés sont : La satisfaction du soutien social et le choix de la filière. Conclusion : A la lumière des résultats observés, des séances de sensibilisation et des actions de promotion de la santé mentale au profit des étudiants sont fortement recommandées pour venir en aide aux étudiants vulnérables psychologiquement.
Objective: Our objective is to assess the extent of psychological distress among first-time students enrolled at the University of Sfax and to identify some factors associated with this distress. Methods: Our population is made up of 86 first-time students in Sfax. Results: Psychological distress in our population is estimated at 45.3%. Correlation analysis reveals significant links between the different variables: perceived stress, depression, self-esteem, neuroticism, and GHQ12 results. Our results identify statistically significant differences between certain sociodemographic variables and the GHQ-12 results. The associated psychosocial factors are Satisfaction with social support and choice of sector. Conclusion: Awareness sessions and actions to promote mental health in a university environment are strongly recommended to help psychologically vulnerable students
Evaluating Industrial Dispute Resolution Methods: A Case Study of Bangladesh
Get PDFCurrently, parties involved in the process of industrial dispute resolution prefer alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to the adversarial process which requires an evaluation of ADR to infer how effective it is. Theoretically, the concept of ADR has been originated from the theory of conflict resolution management. Even though ADR has been implemented largely by apparel firms, studies to assess the effectiveness of ADR are scant. To assess the effectiveness of ADR as an industrial dispute resolution method (DRM), the study evaluated seven hypotheses using the Chi-square test and Cramer’s V. Data were gathered from both employers and employees of apparel factories in Bangladesh using two different sets of survey questionnaires. The results showed that employees are more familiar with ADR processes if the companies are run for a long time. It has also been found that the presence of a labor union has been determined to be crucial in the selection of DRMs and workers advocate more for ADR than formal adjudication machinery. The findings of the research are expected to contribute to the dispute resolution process since this study attempted to explore the perceptions of both employees and employers which is instrumental to the amicable settlement of disputes by applying ADR
Incidence de l’exploitation forestière et fourragère sur la dynamique structurale de Prosopis africana (Gill. & Perr.) Taub., de Ptérocarpus erinaceus Poir., et de Afzelia africana Smith ex Pers., dans la commune de Kéran 1 au Nord-Togo
Get PDFLa déforestation et la dégradation inquiétantes que les ressources forestières et les formations boisées subissent en Afrique de l’ouest, sont dues aux différentes formes d’exploitations irrationnelles, notamment l’exploitation forestière et fourragère. En effet, ces deux formes d’exploitations, constituent les facteurs de pression sur certaines espèces végétales très prisées pour leur bois et fourrage. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’incidence de ces activités sur la dynamique structurale des peuplements de Prosopis africana, de Ptérocarpus erinaceus, et de Afzelia africana. La méthodologie adoptée est l’inventaire forestier dans les placettes de 1000 m² (100 m x 10 m) installés régulièrement à chaque 200 m le long des transects de 6 km dans chaque zone choisie. Les résultats montrent que ces activités ont une incidence négative sur la densité, le diamètre moyen, la hauteur moyenne et la surface terrière de ces trois espèces qui sont globalement faibles à cause de la densité élevée de coupe, d’émondage et de carbonisation. Ces espèces sont devenues rares avec des indices de raretés supérieurs à 80 % et leur régénération atteint rarement la maturité dans les zones exploitées à cause des feux de brousse, de l’agriculture et broutage sans cesse des bœufs. La structure en classes de diamètre et la structure en classes de hauteur révèlent que ces trois espèces sont représentées par les individus de diamètres et hauteurs faibles dans la zone où elles sont exploitées. Cette étude à travers ses résultats, interpelle à une gestion rationnelle de ces trois espèces par des mesures permettant leur protection et conservation durable afin d’éviter leur dégradation irréversible.
The worrying deforestation and degradation of forest resources and woodlands in West Africa is due to various forms of irrational exploitation, in particular logging and fodder exploitation. In fact, these two forms of exploitation are the factors that put pressure on certain plant species that are highly prized for their wood and fodder. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of these activities on the structural dynamics of stands of Prosopis africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Afzelia africana. The methodology adopted is forest inventory in 1000 m² plots (100 m x 10 m) installed regularly every 200 m along 6 km transects in each selected area. The results show that these activities have a negative impact on the density, mean diameter, mean height, and basal area of these three species, which are low overall because of the high density of felling, pruning, and charring. These species have become rare, with rarity indices of over 80 %, and their regeneration rarely reaches maturity in exploited areas due to bushfires, agriculture, and constant grazing by oxen. The structure in diameter classes and the structure in height classes show that these three species are represented by individuals with small diameters and heights in the area where they are harvested. The results of this study call for rational management of these three species, with measures for their protection and sustainable conservation to avoid irreversible degradation
Overview of Community Landslide and Flood Vulnerability in Northwestern Rwanda
Get PDFNorthwestern Rwanda is highly susceptible to landslides and floods. Understanding the community's vulnerability to these hazards is crucial for implementing effective mitigation measures. This study assesses the vulnerability of communities in Northwestern Rwanda through a household survey and interviews with key informants conducted in May-June 2022. A total of 158 households were randomly sampled from the study area to ensure representation across various socio-economic backgrounds and geographic locations. In addition, 22 key informants were randomly selected from among local leaders, including heads of cells and officials responsible for disaster risk reduction and management at district and sector levels. This approach was designed to complement the data collected from the households. The results indicate that landslides and floods are the primary hazards affecting the community in the study area. Agriculture livestock, and small businesses are the main income sources impacted by these hazards, with 88.7% of respondents heavily dependent on agriculture. Dependence on agriculture as the sole source of income (88.7%), low educational attainment (61.4%), low economic status (56.3%), and proximity to rivers or steep slopes were identified as significant contributors to community vulnerability. To mitigate landslide and flood risks in the study area, several preventative measures are being implemented. These include the relocation of residents from hazardous areas to safer locations, repairing and constructing rainwater drainage systems in flood-prone areas, development of radical terraces on hillsides, building of water channels, and establishment of early warning systems. Despite these efforts, a notable 69.5% of respondents have mentioned insufficient financial resources as a principal barrier to achieving effective implementation. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, underscoring the imperative for robust policies and programs aimed at mitigating the impacts of landslides and floods. The study recommends (1) increasing financial allocations to local administrative entities to bolster the execution of preventative measures against landslides and floods, and (2) enhancing educational initiatives and economic prospects to diminish community vulnerability. Addressing these areas is crucial for ensuring the well-being of inhabitants in the face of landslides and floods
Impact of dietary diversification on the nutritional status of children aged 0 to 59 months in the municipality of ToriBossito
Get PDFIn order to capitalize on the achievements for the sustainability of the NECDP (Nutrition and Early Childhood Development Project) in the municipality of Tori-Bossito, the impact of the Promoting Food Diversification (PFD) on the nutritional status of chrildren aged 0 to 59 months was evaluted. Anthropometric data (weight, height, age) in children aged 0 to 59 months and dietary data (consumption of salt with iodine, source of drinking water, pratice of hand washing, frequency and quality of meals served to children aged 6 to 59 months) were collected in the households of beneficiary women. These data were collected from 2019 to 2020 (considered as the period before PFD) and from 2021 to 2023 (considered as the period after PFD) through home visits, quarterly screening sessions and monitoring and promotion of growth and stimulation and awakening of children from 0 to 23 months on a monthly basis. Significant differences through the analysis of variance were carried out at the 5% threshold according to the Student Newman-Keuls test. It appears from this study that after the PFD, the majority of households pratice hand washing (85.12%), use a source of drinking water (80.39%), serve children more than three meals (58.3%) containing the three food groups (97.52%) per day but consume poor salt in iodine in a proportion of 70.4%. The study also reveals that PFD significantly contribute to reducing the prevalence of all forms of malnutrition among children aged 6 to 59 months (from 3.52% to 1.59% for severe underweight, from 3.34% to 1.97% for severe wasting and from 7.18% to 3.93% for severe stunting). On the other hand, PFD does not contribute to reducing the prevalence of severe underweight in children aged to 0 to 5 months (from 4.85% to 11.97%). Promoting Food Diversification stands out as an important activity to recommend for food and nutrition projects/programs in the fight against malnutrition in all its forms
Gender Issues, Social Equity, and the Sustainable Management of Urban Transport Networks: An Italian Case Study
Get PDFThe paper contains transport and environmental analyses for the Gallipoli area and presents results from a consultation process involving transport operators, citizens, tourists, public employees, and stakeholders. Through statistical analysis of the data, the paper provides insights into the needs of specific user categories, highlighting gender issues and social equity as key aspects of urban policies. This paper further investigates users’ potential willingness to pay for general improvements in bus service quality and environmental conditions using discrete choice modeling. This study aims to address the challenge of understanding urban travel patterns and the underlying forces influencing user attitudes, which are often found in city surveys. Specifically, a Random Utility Model was used to profile users based on specially collected survey data. The results indicate the potential to meet latent systemic transport demand with more sustainable collective transport modes, particularly among women aged 19-29 who own a car. Simultaneously, there is a willingness to pay higher public transport tariffs for improved service, which is also largely environmentally sustainable. The paper can serve as a valuable resource for professionals in the transport and environmental sectors as well as for policymakers
Performances économique et financière des systèmes de culture du Cajanus cajan au Bénin en Afrique de l’Ouest
Get PDFLa non-comptabilisation des revenus des cultures secondaires comme le Cajanus cajan menace la viabilité des petites exploitations agricoles du Bénin. Cette étude examine l’effet des systèmes de culture sur la performance économique et financière du pois d’Angole au Centre du Bénin. Les données ont été collectées à travers une enquête auprès de 240 producteurs de pois d’Angole choisis de façon aléatoire. Une régression simultanée apparemment sûre et des indicateurs économiques et financiers sont mobilisés pour apprécier la performance de la production du pois d’Angole. Les résultats montrent six différents systèmes de culture de pois d’Angole. L'analyse révèle que tous sont rentables, mais les systèmes 1 et 2 offrent de meilleures marges nettes, et les systèmes 1 et 3 sont les plus productifs en matière de productivité moyenne du travail et avantageux en termes de ratio bénéfice-coût. Les systèmes 5 et 6 sont les moins performants. Le modèle indique que les systèmes 1, 2 et 4 améliorent simultanément les trois indicateurs de performance. Pour la production du pois d'Angole, le choix du système de culture impacte la rémunération du travail et le gain financier, sans nécessairement affecter la marge nette. Ainsi, pour accroître les revenus des agriculteurs grâce à cette spéculation, il est essentiel de se concentrer sur les systèmes de culture les plus performants économiquement et financièrement.
Failure to account for income from secondary crops such as Cajanus cajan threatens the viability of smallholder farms in Benin. This study examines the effect of cropping systems on the economic and financial performance of pigeon pea in central Benin. Data were collected through a survey of 240 randomly selected pigeon pea growers. A seemingly safe simultaneous regression and economic and financial indicators are mobilized to assess the performance of pigeon pea production. The results show six different pigeon pea cropping systems. The analysis reveals that all are profitable, but systems 1 and 2 offer better net margins, and systems 1 and 3 are the most productive in terms of average labor productivity and advantageous in terms of benefit-cost ratio. Systems 5 and 6 are the least productive. The model shows that systems 1, 2 and 4 simultaneously improve all three performance indicators. For pigeon pea production, the choice of cropping system has an impact on labor remuneration and financial gain, without necessarily affecting the net margin. So, to increase farmers' income from this crop, it is essential to focus on the most economically and financially efficient cropping systems