Revues Scientifiques Marocaines
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LA ZAKAT ET LE WAQF : QUELLE RELATION ?
No full textZakat and waqf are considered fundamental mechanisms of the Islamic financial system. They share the same general objectives, i.e. to ensure socio-economic justice. Indeed, the third pillar of Islam - Zakat - is obligatory for all wealthy Muslims, while waqf is part of philanthropy, which relies on a Muslim dedicating real estate or financial assets for any kind of charity. The income from waqf is used to finance long-term projects such as hospitals and mosques...
Our article examines the nature of the relationship between zakat and waqf, outlining zakat and its role in wealth distribution, waqf as a long-term social work, examples of projects integrating zakat and waqf and awqafs in Morocco.
In conclusion, it can be said that zakat and waqf face major challenges in coordinating the various players involved in managing and distributing zakat and waqf. This includes not only governments, but also religious institutions, NGOs, and other local stakeholders.
Keywords: Zakat; Waqf; Socio-economic justice.
La zakat et le waqf sont considérés comme des mécanismes fondamentaux du système financier islamique. Ils se rejoignent en terme d’objectifs généraux c’est-à-dire veillez sur la justice socio-économique. En effet, le troisième pilier de l’Islam – Zakat- est obligatoire pour tout musulman riche, tandis que le waqf fait partie des œuvres de philanthropie, qui repose sur le fait qu’un musulman consacre un bien immobilier ou financier pour toute sorte de bienfaisance. Les revenus du waqf servent à financer des projets sur le long terme comme les hôpitaux et les mosquées…
Notre article étudie la nature de la relation entre la zakat et le waqf, en exposant la zakat et son rôle de répartition de richesse, le waqf en tant qu’œuvre sociale à long terme, des exemples de projets intégrant la zakat et le waqf et les awqafs au Maroc.
En fin, on peut dire que la zakat et le waqf rencontrent des défis majeurs qui concernent la coordination entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans la gestion et la distribution de la zakat et du waqf. Cela inclut non seulement les gouvernements, mais aussi les institutions religieuses, les ONG, et d'autres parties prenantes locales.
Mots-clés : Zakat ; Waqf ; Justice socio-économique.
Classification JEL : G30 ; H20 ; M41
GOUVERNANCE ET CROISSANCE ECONOMIQUE AU MAROC : ANALYSE EMPIRIQUE
No full textThis article analyzes the relationship between economic growth and governance in Morocco. We first present a review of the theoretical literature that explores the mechanisms by which the quality of institutions and governance influence economic growth. This is followed by a review of the empirical literature highlighting studies carried out both in international contexts and in the specific case of Morocco and African countries. Finally, a quantitative analysis is carried out to empirically study the existence of a causal relationship between governance and economic growth. The main results of this work indicate an unfavorable evolution of governance indicators in Morocco over the last 20 years and a lack of link between governance and economic growth. This result implies that Morocco could significantly improve economic growth by implementing policies aimed at promoting good governance and the quality of institutions.Le présent article propose d’analyser la relation entre la croissance économique et la gouvernance au Maroc. Nous présentons d’abord une revue de la littérature théorique qui explore les mécanismes par lesquels la qualité des institutions et la gouvernance influencent la croissance économique. S’ensuit une revue de la littérature empirique mettant en exergue les études menées tant sur des contextes internationaux que sur le cas spécifique du Maroc et des pays africains. Enfin, une analyse quantitative est menée pour étudier empiriquement l’existence d’une relation causale entre la gouvernance et la croissance économique. Les principaux résultats de ce travail indiquent une évolution défavorable des indicateurs de gouvernance au Maroc au cours des 20 dernières années et une absence de lien entre la gouvernance et la croissance économique. Ce résultat implique que le Maroc pourrait améliorer la croissance économique significativement en mettant en place des politiques visant à promouvoir la bonne gouvernance et la qualité des institutions
Orientation Entrepreneuriale Verte, Innovation Verte et Performance des Entreprises : Elaboration d’un Modèle Conceptuel
No full textThis article examines the relationships between Green Entrepreneurial Orientation (GEO), green innovation, and company performance by proposing a conceptual model based on existing literature. GEO is identified as a key determinant influencing green innovation initiatives and the financial and environmental performance of companies. Previous studies show that GEO directly and positively impacts the financial and environmental performance of companies. Additionally, green innovation acts as a mediating mechanism in this relationship, further enhancing the positive outcomes associated with companies' environmental engagement. This work contributes to the understanding of how GEO and green innovation interact to improve financial and environmental performance, offering a conceptual research model for future studies and practical insights for managers looking to integrate sustainable practices into their strategies.Cet article examine les relations entre l'orientation entrepreneuriale verte (OEV), l'innovation verte et la performance des entreprises, en proposant un modèle conceptuel basé sur la littérature existante. L'OEV est identifiée comme un déterminant clé qui influence les initiatives d'innovation verte et la performance financière et environementale des entreprises. Les résultats des études précédentes montrent que l'OEV impacte directement et positivement la performance financière et environnementale des entreprises. De plus, l'innovation verte agit comme un mécanisme médiateur dans cette relation, renforçant ainsi les résultats positifs associés à l'engagement des entreprises en faveur de l’environnement. Le présent travail contribue à la compréhension des mécanismes par lesquels l'OEV et l'innovation verte interagissent pour améliorer la performance financière et environnementale des entreprises, offrant un modèle conceptuel de recherche pour les études futures et des perspectives pratiques pour les dirigeants souhaitant intégrer des pratiques durables dans leurs stratégies
Effects of Agricultural Modernization on Poverty Reduction: The Case of the Cassava Sector in Cameroon
No full textThe fight against poverty is the central focus of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite this manifestation of international solidarity aimed at improving the living standards of populations, the poverty rate remains surprisingly high in developing countries, including Cameroon. Recent literature indicates that in most developing countries, the poor predominantly reside in rural areas. Given that the main activity in rural areas is agriculture, the poor are therefore individuals who depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Thus, to hope to escape poverty, the modernization of agricultural production techniques, particularly through the potential for increased productivity, appears to be an effective channel. Cameroon stands out due to the diversity of its agricultural sector. Among the numerous agricultural products, cassava holds a particularly prominent position. In terms of production and consumption, cassava ranks first among roots and tubers in Cameroon. It represents a significant financial opportunity through the development of value chains, with applications in the production of flour, glue, alcohol, among others. Unfortunately, much like the agricultural sector in many developing countries, the yield in cassava production falls far short of its optimal potential. Therefore, it would be pertinent to understand the role of modern technology in addressing poverty. The adoption of advanced agricultural technologies, such as improved cassava planting materials (ICPM), could play a critical role in enhancing productivity, increasing incomes, and ultimately reducing poverty among rural households.
The objective of this article is therefore to estimate the effect of the modernization of agricultural production techniques on poverty in Cameroon. To achieve this, we used data from a survey conducted by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in 2019 on a sample of 1,233 cassava producers in the main cassava production basins, covering the 2017-2018 agricultural season. For the purposes of our study, we retained a sample of 1,198 producers whose information was deemed reliable. In this contribution, modernization was accounted for through the binary variable of adoption of improved cassava planting material (ICPM), and poverty was accounted for through the binary variable of the poverty line at $1.90, separating the poor from the non-poor. We also employed a bivariate recursive probit model to estimate the causal relationship between the adoption of ICPM and poverty. The choice of this model is primarily justified by its ability to estimate causal relationships when both the explanatory and explained variables are binary. This model also allows for the correction of endogeneity bias inherent in self-selection in the adoption equation. The results revealed that agricultural modernization, particularly the adoption of ICPM, has a positive effect on the probability of producers escaping poverty. Specifically, we observed that the adoption of ICPM increases the probability of escaping poverty by 4.8% due to the adoption of ICPM. Furthermore, producers who adopted ICPM saw their probability of escaping poverty increase by 85.9% compared to what it would have been without adoption. This study also highlights the fact that value chains, access to ICT, and access to credit increase the probability of escaping poverty. Conversely, climatic shocks such as floods increase the probability of falling into or remaining in poverty. Based on these results, we have formulated several economic policy recommendations
La gouvernance bancaire en matière de lutte contre la criminalité financière
No full textAbstract— Since the creation of currency, financial crime has continued to develop, showing different facets with the development of international exchanges of individuals, funds, goods and services. Due to its negative impacts on households, businesses, and states both socially and economically and financially, financial crime has been fought tooth and nail by national and international financial institutions. Among the main levers of financial crime are money laundering and terrorist financing. To fight these two scourges, on one hand, the LAB/CFT (Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism) system was set up by the FATF and continues to improve. On the other hand, banks have implemented good governance practices. This article assesses the ability of good banking governance practices to ensure the effective application of the LAB/CFT system in Morocco. To do this, the article uses a survey of Moroccan banks. The results reveal additional efforts to be made by banks to effectively combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
Keywords: Banking governance, money laundering, terrorist financing, LAB/CFT system, regulation.Résumé — Depuis la création de la monnaie, la criminalité financière n’a cessé de se développer montrant différentes facettes avec le développement des échanges internationaux des individus, des fonds, des biens et services. En raison de ses impacts négatifs sur les ménages, sur les entreprises, sur les Etats tant sur le plan social que sur le plan économique et financier, la criminalité financière a été combattu avec bec et ongle par les institutions financières nationales et internationales. Parmi les principaux leviers de la criminalité financière figurent le blanchiment d’argent et le financement du terrorisme. Pour lutter contre ces deux fléaux, d’une part le dispositif LAB/CFT (Lutte Anti-Blanchiment et Contre le Financement du Terrorisme) a été mis en place par le GAFI et ne cesse de s’amélioré. D’autre part, les banques ont mis en place des bonnes pratiques de gouvernance. Le présent article évalue la capacité des bonnes pratiques de gouvernance bancaire à garantir l’application efficace du dispositif LAB/CFT au Maroc. Pour ce faire, l’article recourt à une enquête auprès des bancaires marocaines. Les résultats révèlent des efforts complémentaires à déployer par les banques pour une lutte efficace contre le blanchiment de capitaux et le financement du terrorisme.
Mots-clés—: Gouvernance bancaire, blanchiment de capitaux, financement du terrorisme, dispositif LAB/CFT, réglementation
LES REPRESENTATIONS DE MEDEE : L’ART DE SE REINVENTER DANS MEDEE CHERIE DE YASMINE CHAMI
No full textMédée est la protagoniste éponyme de Médée chérie, le roman de Yasmine Chami. Elle est marocaine, d’origine tangéroise. Malgré son statut de sculptrice bien connue, Médée garde son succès professionnel à l’arrière-plan de ses responsabilités de mère et d’épouse. Son mari Ismaïl est neurochirurgien, il la quitte de manière subite, après de longues années de mariage. Durant leur transit à l’aéroport d’Orly à Paris, à destination de l’Australie, Ismaïl disparaît pour continuer « seul » son voyage. Médée entre alors dans un état de sidération. Des jours s’écoulent avant qu’elle ne quitte la chambre de l’hôtel adjacent à l’aéroport où elle s’est isolée. Elle redécouvre l’élan de la vie grâce à son fils Adam, son ami et éminent sculpteur Juan, et surtout à Tanya, la réfugiée irakienne, dont la tragédie lui inspire l’idée d’une réalisation artistique sous forme d’une figure reflétant les divers aspects de l’injustice.
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Médée is the eponymous heroine of Médée chérie, a novel written by Yasmine Chami. She is Moroccan, born in Tangiers. Despite the fact of being a well-known sculptor, Médée keeps her professional success in the background of her responsibilities as a mother and wife. Her husband Ismaïl is a neurosurgeon; he leaves her unexpectedly after long years of marriage. During their transit at the airport of Orly in Paris, going to Australia, Ismaïl vanishes to continue “alone” his journey. Hence, Médée enters a state of emotional paralysis. A number of days pass before she leaves the room of the hotel adjacent to the airport where she has isolated herself. She rediscovers the will to live thanks to her son Adam, her friend and eminent sculptor Juan, and especially to Tanya, the Iraqi refugee, whose tragedy inspired her with the idea of an artistic realization in the form of a figure reflecting different aspects of injustice
Analyse des pressions anthropiques sur la réserve de faune d’Abdoulaye: Pressions sur la réserve de faune d’Abdoulaye
No full textContext and backgroundRecurring issues in the management of protected areas, anthropogenic pressure on natural resources and biodiversity reserves remains a reality at continental, national and local levels. Goal and Objectives:This study aims at contributing to the assessment of the vulnerability to cilmate of Abdoulaye wildlife reserve in Togo. Specifically, major pressures were mapped and their dynamics were assessed to enlight strategic decision-making for the sustainable management of this reserve.Methodology:To achieve these goals, social surveys engaging managers, local committees and riparian communities. In another hand, physical evidences of anthropogenic activities were recorded following line-transects inside and outside the reserve. Some 65% of the 449 recorded anthropogenic activities are concentrated within1 km on the outskirts and 3 km inside the boundaries of the reserve.Results:Anthropogenic encroachments are more common on the west side with over 68% of the records. The density of riparian localities and of the tracks linking them to large urban areas are favourable factors for anthropogenic pressure on this reserve. The existence of certains community forests seems to reduce rangers’ vigilance on the some side of the reserve. Also, the weak oversight capacity of local committees would encourage encroachments. This assessment of the dynamics of pressures allows a better appreciation of the vulnerability to anthropogenic pressure of the reserve and give insights towards a more effective biodiversity monitoring and conservation strategy.Enjeux récurrents dans l’aménagement des aires protégées, la pression anthropique sur les ressources naturelles et les réserves de biodiversité demeurent une réalité à l’échelle continentale, nationale et locale. La présente étude est une contribution à l’appréciation de la vulnérabilité climatique de la réserve de faune d’Abdoulaye au Togo. Spécifiquement, l’état des lieux des pressions majeures, la cartographie et la dynamique des délits ont été appréciés pour éclairer une prise de décision stratégique dans la gestion durable de la réserve. Pour y parvenir, des enquêtes et échanges avec les gestionnaires, comités locaux et populations riveraines et des relevés d’évidences physiques de délits sur des transects à l’intérieur et à la périphérie ont été exploités. Sur les 449 délits enregistrés, 65 % sont concentrés dans la zone comprise entre 1 km en périphérie et 3 km à l’intérieur de la réserve. Les intrusions humaines sont plus enregistrées du côté Ouest avec plus de 68% des cas. Les localités riveraines etles circuits de ralliement avec les grandes agglomérations se dégagent comme des facteurs favorables aux intrusions et pressions humaines sur la réserve. L’existence des forêts communautaires semble réduire la vigilance des gestionnaires du côté contigu àla réserve. Aussi, la faible capacité de surveillance des comités locaux favoriserait des intrusions. Cet état des lieux de la dynamique des pressions permet de mieux apprécier la vulnérabilité de la réserve et de tendre vers une stratégie de surveillanceet de conservation de la biodiversité plus efficac
Harnessing the power of negotiation to overcome the challenges of informal settlements in regularization projects. (The case of Dodoma, Tanzania)
No full textContext and background
Participatory planning has been advocated throughout history. This paper examines the negotiations with landowners aimed at addressing challenges in informal settlements, particularly in urban areas. To gather data on these negotiations during the regularization process, in-depth interviews were conducted with landowners and official interviews were held with experts.
Results:
The research findings reveal that the complexity of land rights and development in informal settlements often leaves experts with no choice but to engage in negotiations. These negotiations address a variety of issues, including plot boundaries, land use, land conflicts, the provision of community facilities, and access areas such as roads and footpaths.
In regularization projects, negotiations have been focused on resolving issues such as access roads, settling land conflicts, designating areas for public use, and fostering consensus among stakeholders. This process requires building trust between landowners and the technical team, as well as ensuring inclusivity throughout the regularization process
Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) Estimation from GNSS Modelled Tropospheric Delay: A case of SURVNET and IGS Stations in Uganda.
No full textContext and background
The Lake Victoria basin in Uganda is prone to frequent weather extremes, including floods and droughts, which have devastating impacts on agriculture, water resources, and human settlements. Accurate estimation of Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) is crucial for predicting these weather events. However, traditional PWV estimation methods using radiosondes and weather satellites have limitations in terms of spatial coverage, temporal resolution, and cost. In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology has emerged as a promising alternative for PWV estimation, leveraging the tropospheric delay of GNSS signals. This study explores the potential of GNSS-modelled tropospheric delay for PWV estimation in the Lake Victoria basin, utilizing data from SURVNET and IGS stations in Uganda.
Goal and Objectives:
The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of estimating Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) from GNSS-modelled tropospheric delay by assessing the accuracy of GNSS-derived PWV estimates and evaluating the performance of SURVNET and IGS stations in Uganda,
Methodology:
This study utilized a combination of GNSS data from SURVNET and IGS stations in Uganda, located within the Lake Victoria basin. The GNSS data was processed using the GAMIT/GLOBK software to estimate the tropospheric delay, which was then converted to PWV using empirical formulas. The PWV estimates were validated against MODIS PWV data from NASA. Additionally, spatial and temporal analysis of the PWV estimates was performed to assess the variability of atmospheric water vapour over the study area.
Results:
The results showed that the GNSS-derived PWV estimates from SURVNET and IGS stations in Uganda correlated well with MODIS-derived PWV data, with a standard deviation of 2.23 mm and a correlation coefficient (R) reaching 0.94. The spatial analysis revealed minimal variability in PWV across the Lake Victoria basin, with higher values observed during the wet season than in the dry. Overall, the results demonstrated the potential of GNSS-modelled tropospheric delay for accurate PWV estimation in the Lake Victoria basin.
Read in price item within real estate sales contract
No full textرغم التطور الذي عرفه عقد البيع العقاري إلا أن عنصر الثمن لازال يحتفظ بمركزه الأساسي كركن بداخله سواء في القانون المغربي أو الفقه الإسلامي، فلا يقوم البيع العقاري إلا بتوفره وتحديده بشكل دقيق. سواء في شكله التقليدي كالنقود الورقية أو في شكله الحديث الذي يتعلق بالشيك والأوراق التجارية والعملات الرقمية. فالمشتري في عقد البيع العقاري يكون ملزما بأداء الثمن وإلا ترتب على ذلك منازعات أمام الجهات القضائية المختصة.Despite the development of the real estate sales contract However, the price element still retains its primary position A corner within it, both in Moroccan law or Islamic Fiqh, Real estate sales are only available, and accurately determined. Whether in its traditional form such as paper money
Or in the modern form of the cheque, trade papers and cryptocurrencies.
Buyer in real estate sales contract Be obliged to perform the price Otherwise, disputes arise. before the competent judicial authorities