International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology
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Appraisal of Temporal Variations in Atmospheric Compositions Over South Asia By Addition of Various Pollutants in Recent Decade
Get PDFAtmosphere is an envelope of gasses and aerosols around the planet, 99% of the total mass of atmospheric gases resides within 32km from Earth’s surface in vertical column. From primordial era to current scenario composition of earth endured numerous drastic modifications. In last decade atmosphere had undergone a vigorous change by the addition of many pollutants in both natural and anthropogenic aspects. South Asia is a densely populated; masses here are in a transition state, this developing nation in this region considerably done enough damage to the atmosphere of south Asia by inserting multiple pollutants in atmosphere in a number of anthropogenic activities. These pollutants piled up as a serious danger for people around the globe like Methane (CH4), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Formaldehydes (HCHO) and tropospheric Ozone (O3) etc. “Environmental Remote Sensing” has arisen as a great tool of modern era to get fruitful and precise results to monitor these variations in atmospheric pollutants. The NASA’s (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), Geospatial Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure (Giovanni) system provides access to a wide variety of NASA’s remote sensing data, Variety of environmental data types has permitted the use of Giovanni for different applications to define addition and increase in concentration of various pollutants. Spatio temporal variation of pollutants shows their concentration increased in last decade and in last three years the concentration boosted as compared to last seven years.
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Climate Induced Coastline Changes: A Case Study In Togo (West Africa)
Get PDFChanging climate is a global distress these days. Global warming is one of the men driven outcome of climate change which causes the glaciers to melt, shoreline regression and raises the level of sea. The regression of shoreline in Togo resulted in vandalization of human habitat and infrastructure. This research aims to monitor the coastal erosion utilizing the geospatial techniques in Togo from 1988 to 2020. The process of extraction and existence of change in shoreline is analyzed. Scientific problems regarding the precision of classification algorithms methods utilized for shoreline extraction using various satellite images are also considered. Thus, NDWI index derived from multisource satellite images were used in this research paper. The performance of Iso Cluster Unsupervised Classification, Otsu threshold segmentation and Sup- port Vector Machine (SVM) Supervised Classification techniques are monitored for the shoreline extraction. This study also takes into account the topographic morphology including non linear and linear coastal surfaces. The rate of change of shoreline was estimated through the statistical linear regression method (LRR). The results demonstrated that the SVM Supervised Classification method worked accurately for topographic morphology than other methods.
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Analysis of Pesticides Residues in Breast Milk of primiparous and multiparous women in Gilgit
Get PDFMilk contains all the essential nutrients like fats, proteins, and minerals. The utilization of contaminated food can induce a proportion of pesticides in the body. The main purpose of the study was to determine the pesticide residues and current status of breast milk in primiparous and multiparous mothers. In a current study, a total of 50 samples were collected from different areas of District Gilgit and Astore. The pesticides cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and chlorpyrifos were analyzed using gas chromatography. The presence of cypermethrin in 10 samples was in a range 0.00 – 0.012 mg/kg, while the detection of Deltamethrin in 07 with variation from 0.000.12mg/kg. Whereas chlorpyrifos was found in 05 samples with the ranges of 0.00-0.0062 mg/kg. Residue level was quite higher in urban areas than rural areas. The multiparous women had prominent residues level than primiparas and the concentration of Deltamethrin was higher than other pesticides. All the pesticides residues levels in the breast milk of primiparous and multiparous mothers were within the permissible limits of WHO. Yet the women of these areas are not vulnerable but prolong exposure may pose a serious threat to neonatal and maternal health and other relevant reproductive issues. To manage the risk of milk contamination in the future, the demand for public awareness campaigns and the adoption of alternative clean approaches to control pests and other disease-spreading vectors in the best interests of public health seems reasonable.
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Finger-Vein Image Enhancement and 2d CNN Recognition
Get PDFFinger vein recognition technology is a novel biometric technology with multiple features such as live capture, stability, difficulty in stealing and imitating, and more in the field of information security that has been utilized in a wide range of applications. In this proposed method, the finger region is separated from the background using a Sobel Edge detector and a Poly ROI which helps shape the finger. The background separation enhancement of low contrast using dual contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization which works on the visual characteristics of the finger-vein image dataset. When dual CLAHE is applied, the finger-vein histogram intensity is separated all across the image. Following the implementation of DCLAHE, an enhanced 2D-CNN model is utilized to recognize objects with the updated dataset. By maximizing the values of a preprocessed dataset, the 2D CNN model learns features. This model has a 94.88% accuracy rate.
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Novel Technique to Investigate Glacio-Fluvial Hypsometry in Hunza Using Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA)
Get PDFHypsometric Integral (HI) displays the effect of active tectonics and sensitivity on geomorphic structures. In this study we calculated HI values for Hunza valley to investigate neotectonics, development of topographic structures and process of erosion using SRTM DEM 90m. ArcGIS and MATLAB is used to generate HI and hypsometric curve (HC). We generated HI and HC values by using D8 algorithm in MATLAB to extract drainage basins for 5 and 6 Strahler orders. HI and HC values show the stages of erosion for instance high values of HI and convex HC displays young and tectonically active stage. We used different grid sizes in ArcGIS to calculate maximum, mean and minimum elevation utilizing different statistical techniques. We used Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) instead of Global Moran Index to determine the extent of distribution of clustered, dispersed and randomized HI values. This technique indicates high positive z score for auto correlated data. Regions with high HI value indicate relative uplift, undissected and young structures while low HI values indicate sediment accumulation and shallow earthquakes.
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Bioaccumulation Efficacy of Heavy Metals In Body Organs of Rainbow (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) and Brown (Salmo Trutta Fairo) Trouts of Gilgit-Baltistan
Get PDFHeavy metals are chemical elements that are poisonous and toxic comprising of both necessary and unnecessary trace metals. All aquatic organisms require very low amount of these metals yet in case where these values exceed to certain range, threshold harmful effects are levied upon the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to estimate the bioaccumulation of heavy and trace metals (Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn) in fish using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Samples of fish were procured from Ghizer and Astore districts of Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The concentration of Cr, Pb, Cu and Cd were almost same and depicted low tendency of bioaccumulation as per WHO guidelines. The fish from Ghizer was having high concentration of Zn and Fe in intestine. While the concentration of Fe in muscles and intestine from the Astore species was slightly high. The highest concentration of Ni (10.09 ppm) was found in liver tissues of rainbow trout, while the lowest concentration (6.74 ppm) was in the fins of fish from Astore. In case of Cr, the highest concentration (3.8 ppm) was found in liver from both sampling sites, but the lowest concentration (0.24 ppm) was in the muscles of Ghizer Rainbow trout. The highest concentration of cu (6.09 ppm) was in the muscles of fish from Astore, but the lowest concentration (2.32 ppm) was found in many organs of fish from both study sites. Although the concentration of Zn, Mn and Fe were within the limits, however, the highest concentration of Pb (0.79 ppm) was in the muscles and the highest concentration of Cd (0.38 ppm) was in the skin of Ghizer rainbow trout. Concentration of Lead exceeded the limits of FAO/WHO in every organ of fish in both study areas, while all the other metals were in the maximum limits.
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Evaluation of tectonic geomorphology of Awaran in Baluchistan, Pakistan using SRTM data
Get PDFAn earthquake of September 24, 2013 with a magnitude of 7.7Mw destroyed extensive region of Awaran district located in province Baluchistan in southern Pakistan, the earthquake was nearly 10km deep below the surface of earth. This convulsion brought a havoc in the inaccessible and remote regions and victimized nearly 810 families. This tremor destroyed the non-engineered human structure within 100 km of the earthquake which caused tremendous loss of human lives. In this paper Digital elevation model (DEM) was utilized to study active deformation and mapped the isobase, relative relief, drainag density incision and vertical dissections which indicates that Awaran Fault sinisterly active in NNE-SSW direction and the deformations were highlighted. The high value of drainage density was observed on northern east and in the central region of southern west region of Awaran district. The drainage density is elevated by accelerated erosion in surrounding region. DEM and remote sensing tools proved efficient to study the region efficiently.
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Evaluation of Catastrophic Global Warming due to Coal Combustion, Paradigm of South Asia
Get PDFCoal is a carbon containing non-renewable fossil fuel and one of the major contributors of climate change and global warming. We used TANSO FTS instrument in order to obtain the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide through datasets obtained from GOSAT satellite. GIOVANNI was also used to obtain atmospheric concentration of various gases. Burning of coal causes emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and black carbon (BC) in atmosphere which are responsible for nearly 0.3°C of 1°C rise in temperature. The annual average value of carbon emission for the year 2010 and 2019 is 388.4 ppm and 409 ppm respectively. Since the pre-industrial times CO2 concentrations have increased up to100 PPM (36%) in the last two and a half centuries (250 years).In South Asia Dhaka has the worst quality of air as CO2 concentration (6.7%) is higher than the country’s GDP (5.25%) and energy consumption (4.77%). While an increasing trend GHG has been observed in Lahore up to 5.5 %. This study concludes that the high concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is responsible for average rise of 1.2 °C temperature annually. This temperature rise can lead to adverse climatic conditions i.e., melting of glaciers which will consequently rise the sea level various landmasses may disappear by 2050.
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Simulink Analysis and Mathematical Modeling of Parameters Variation for Thyristor Based Speed Controller of Single Phase Induction Motor
Get PDFThe thyristor is a power electronics device that is widely used in various electrical appliances due to its lower on-conduction losses, easyavailability, lower switching loss, greater efficiency and cost-benefit. Mostly a thyristor is used in rectifiers and variable-speed drives. Almost 70% of loads used in the world consists of induction motors in various types and forms. In this work, a thyristor-based controller is used to control the speed of a single phase induction motor by adjusting the firing angle for the gate terminal of the thyristor. Depending upon the firing angle, the output voltage, output current, speed, power factor and the total harmonic distortion are varied which is analyzed through MATLAB/Simulink. Further curve fitting technique is used to formulate the mathematical relationships between varying parameters concerning thyristor’s firing angle. The findings of this work are helpful to achieve the best curve fit model for varying parameters concerningthe thyristor firing angle.
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Towards Skin Cancer Classification Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms: A Comparison
Get PDFSkin cancer is an uncontrolled development of abnormal skin cells potentially due to excessive exposure to sun, history of sunburns, less melanin, Precancerous skin lesions, moles, etc. This occur when unrepaired DNA damages the cells of the skin. It is one of the diseases that are viewed on its quick evolution and the most common type of cancer that endangers life. Researchers have implemented several machine learning and deep learning techniques for classification of skin cancer. In this research paper, different cancer categories are classified using significant attributes. We have used International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) dataset for classification purposes. This dermoscopic attributes dataset includes 1000 images and 10016 instances, seven categories, 5 features and 2 Meta attributes. We implemented K-Nearest Neighbor, Logistic Regression, Convolutional Neural Network, Naïve Bayes, and Decision Tree for classification and compared their performance. In order to implement classification algorithm, we used Orange which is an open-source machine learning, data mining, and data visualization toolkit. The models are evaluated based on matrices that include Accuracy, C. Automation, F1 score, Precision, Recall, and AUC. Furthermore, frequency of features is visualized using graphical method and the ROC analysis is also performed for the classifiers. It is observed that CNN technique provided the highest accuracy of 89% and the mentioned results are the highest results of classification with the state of the art techniques. For future, the improved and recent dataset and ensemble modelling techniques based on deep learning can used to enhance classification results. The research can also be extended for other cancer types using CNN.
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