International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology
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Riverbank Erosion & Consequent Land Settlement Issues: A Case of River Chenab, District Hafizabad
Get PDFWhen calamity strikes, it causes damage but it also provides opportunities for newer learnings opportunities and better preparedness to combat menace. Pakistan is agrarian economy and comprises fertile plains. According to Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, agriculture contributes to 24 percent of national Gross Domestic Product. Agriculture is dependent on water needs, met through water channels fed by rivers originating mostly from glacial sources existing in northern part of the country. The country hosts five major rivers, namely Indus Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej. The dendritic river patterns follow gravity flow causing frequent morphological changes and riverbank erosion is the most significant phenomenon which acts as hazard for farming communities in terms of loss of shelter, livelihood, and landholdings. An in-time identification of the issue is the real concern nowadays. Presently, different tools are available for instant interpretation of riverbank erosion like Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS), which are not only good for instant identification but also helpful for precise estimation of historical losses. Landsat images for years 2009, 2013, and 2017 have used to make an initial assessment of erosion hotspots. High-resolution satellite imagery from Google Earth is also used for meticulous analysis. The analysis shows that beyond other factors, average riverbank displacement rate due to erosion directly depends on rise in water levels. The study provides systematic bases to estimate the losses precisely. The study is useful for damages assessment of land and livelihood to device relief packages for the affected communities. The study also builds the capacity in resolving land settlement issues consequent to the riverbank erosion phenomenon.
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Estimated Zones of Saint-Venant Equations for Flood Routing with Over Bank Unsteady Flow in Open Channel
Get PDFIn this paper, we learn about the control of open channel water glide under the flood routing conditions. Generally, for flood routing in rivers, the Saint-Venant equations will be used which can be solved by finite distinction method. Saint-Venant equations will be converted into nonlinear equations and will be solved using the Preissmann scheme in the finite difference method. Using the Newton Raphson method, the set of equations will be changed into linear equations and will be solved by the space method. Our aims are to the estimated zones of Saint-Venant equations for flood routing by using the finite difference method with over bank unsteady flow in an open channel. The effectiveness of this method to optimize the choice of finite difference method is more accurate than other methods having adequate space and time steps.
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Estimation of relation between moisture content of soil and reflectivity index using GPS signals
Get PDFThe irrigation system throughout the world is affected by the variations in water content due to different soil structure, textures and climate change. The irrigation system supplies sufficient water to the agricultural fields in order to fulfill the prerequisites. The measurement of soil moisture content (62%) is crucial for precision irrigation and sustainable agricultural system. Site specific agricultural system was utilized to overcome all issues related to soil water moisture contents in the paddock. Smart technology was utilized to record GPS signals utilizing the signals reflected on the Earth’s surface. The GPS was utilized to analyze dielectric soil properties and moisture content in proposed areas. The main objective of this study was to determine water content with stimulus soil type, ground cover and compaction on the irrigation system by utilizing the GPS-based techniques. The result indicated positive relation between soil moisture content and the signals reflected on the earth surface. All factors affecting the irrigation system were not related to the reflected signals and did not affect the soil moisture content. The reflectivity was not reduced by ground cover. Whereas, comparative relationship was found between soil moisture content and reflectivity index i.e. soil moisture contents were increased with reflectivity index up to 0.02 %. The results showed that GPS signals system have significant impact on estimation of soil moisture content in precise irrigation system.
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Isolation of Keratinolytic from Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) Farms and Assessment of their Efficacy in Feathers Degradation
Get PDFKeratinolytic microorganisms and their enzymes are associated with poultry feather degradation. In the present study feathers of Gallus gallus domesticus (chicken) and surrounding dry soil was collected from a private poultry sheds located in Jahman village near Lahore. Bacteria were isolated by using enrichment techniques and screened for their proteolytic activity on skim agar. Isolated Bacteria were colonially, morphologically and biochemically characterized and named as SNC1, SNC2, SNC3, SNC4, SCH1, SCH2, SCH3 and SCH4. Results showed closed similarity of bacterial isolates with bacillus species. Effect of various media (LB-broth and Nutrient broth), pHs (7 and 8) and temperatures (4, 37, and 50℃) were recorded on bacterial growth and feather degradation. Bacterial cell densities and amount of keratin produced per gram feather weight were high at temperature 50℃ and pH 8.0. The feather degradation by bacterial isolates was confirmed at different time intervals using stereomicroscopes. The protein analysis of G. gallus domesticus feathers showed protein contents of 3.125g/100 ml. It was concluded high temperature and alkaline pH favored keratin production by bacterial consortia. Moreover, the bacterial isolates used in the current study have the potential to degrade poultry feather waste and extracted keratin is found to be promising for further exploitation of poultry waste.
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Appraisal of a Running Glacier of Pakistan in Context of Geological Perspectives
Get PDFShishper glacier is surge type glacier which gave rise to Glacier Lake Outbursts Flood (GLOF) and an ice dammed lake. The probability of GLOF events has been increased in Pakistan’s mountain system due to increased temperature and irregular glacial fluctuations in northern region of Pakistan. The average rise of temperature in Pakistan is 1.04 ?C from the year 1960 to 2014. Rising temperature is initiating the recession of glaciers over the last decade which is indicating towards the evolution of glacial lakes in Basin of Hunza River. The Shishper glacier has travelled 800m during six months and about 1400m in the next six months in the year 2018. Shishper glacier has created a danger to fault lines and infrastructure of downstream of Hassanabad valley situated just below the hill. It travelled about 2.2km during 12 months. Temporal satellite imagery was used to evaluate susceptibility of GLOF events. Digital Elevation model was used to evaluate drainage patterns of Shishper glacier. Geological maps evaluated the geo-refred fault lines in the mountainous regions of Pakistan.
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A Study of Awareness and Practices in Pakistan’s Software Industry towards DevOps Readiness
Get PDFThere are regular conflicts between the traditionally divided software organization i.e. dev and ops teams during the software development process for delivering the software to the end-user. DevOps overcome these conflicts by automating the processes between the development and operations team in such a way that they can build, test, and release the software successfully and efficiently to the end-user. Globally, more and more organizations are adopting DevOps. As Pakistan’s software industry is progressively growing while DevOps is a relatively new concept, there is a need for DevOps awareness and understanding towards its adoption and practices. This paper evaluated DevOps awareness and identified the practices adopted in Pakistan’s software organizations and suggested generic guidelines for DevOps transition. A questionnaire-based survey is conducted to collect data and various DevOps sub-activities being practiced. The survey analysis and results depicted that Pakistan’s Software Industry is making efforts towards the adoption of DevOps but due to lack of its awareness, most of the DevOps practices are not fully adopted yet. According to the DevOps evolution model, only one-eighth of Pakistan’s software organizations are at the self-service stage, while the rest of them are still struggling at the normalization and standardization stage.
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Degradation of Bioplastics under the Influence of Several Environmental conditions
Get PDFThe increasing threats of plastics to the natural environment encouraged the production of bio-plastics from renewable biomass resources. The premium quality of bio-plastics are mainly produced by treating starch with glycerol. Plastics are basically non-biodegradable synthetic or semi synthetic products. This study aims at analyzing the degradation patterns of bio-plastics. The bio-plastics are ecologically less toxic than the synthetic plastic materials. The bio-plastics can degrade in several environmental conditions including aquatic environment, compost and soil. The bioplastic materials are buried in composite soil or loam sand to analyze degradation activity by taking photographic data and measuring the weight. Effect of weather conditions on the degradation activity was analyzed by recording different weather conditions including temperature, humidity, rainfall sunshine intensity and duration of sunlight. The comparative results portrayed the degradation activity of bio-plastics which was accomplished through hydrophilic enzymes. The initial regenerating material absorbs moisture of soil after saturation and the weight was increased up to 87%. The weight of bio-plastics reduced steadily after the initiation of decomposition. Invasion of soil microorganisms enhance the degradation activity. The environmental features including rainfall, humidity and sunlight intensity also affects the disintegration of bioplastics. The increased intensity of sunshine increased the microbial activity of soil which in turn increased the rate of degradation of bio-plastics.
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Requirements Decision-Making as a Process of Argumentation: A Google Maps Case Study With Goal Model
Get PDFIn social media platforms, crowd-users extensively interact and contribute information related to software applications. Usually, crowd-users discuss software features or hot issues and record their opinions about the software applications under discussion either in textual form or via end-user votes. Such requirements-related information is considered a pivotal alternative source for requirements engineers to the already existing in-house stakeholders in order to illustrate decision-making. Also, requirements decision-making for Crowd requirements engineering is a difficult task, as it is always based on incomplete knowledge and requires trade-offs from multi-perspectives. However, existing requirements models and associated tools are still lacking, which enable requirements engineers to make informed decision-making and capture conflicting requirements knowledge. This paper elaborates the interaction among the crowd-users about the Google Map mobile application in the Reddit forum to recover conflicting requirements-related information using the goal modeling approach. For this purpose, we extracted critical arguments from a crowd-users conversation in user forums regarding a given design; built a graphical argumentation model based on the extracted information; aligned types of arguments with goal-oriented modeling constructs in the non-functional requirements framework; conducted exiting goal-model analysis to the requirements model to reach consensus based on argumentation and reasoning, such as supporting, attacking, undefined, and conflicting. The proposal is described with illustrative example models and the associated evaluation processes of design decision-making situation for Google Map interface design.
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Activity Detection of Elderly People Using Smartphone Accelerometer and Machine Learning Methods
Get PDFElderly activity detection is one of the significant applications in machine learning. A supportive lifestyle can help older people with their daily activities to live their lives easier. But the current system is ineffective, expensive, and impossible to implement. Efficient and cost-effective modern systems are needed to address the problems of aged people and enable them to adopt effective strategies. Though smartphones are easily accessible nowadays, thus a portable and energy-efficient system can be developed using the available resources. This paper is supposed to establish elderly people\u27s activity detection based on available resources in terms of robustness, privacy, and cost-effectiveness. We formulated a private dataset by capturing seven activities, including working, standing, walking, and talking, etc. Furthermore, we performed various preprocessing techniques such as activity labeling, class balancing, and concerning the number of instances. The proposed system describes how to identify and classify the daily activities of older people using a smartphone accelerometer to predict future activities. Experimental results indicate that the highest accuracy rate of 93.16% has been achieved by using the J48 Decision Tree algorithm. Apart from the proposed method, we analyzed the results by using various classifiers such as Naïve Bays (NB), Random Forest (RF), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). In the future, various other human activities like opening and closing the door, watching TV, and sleeping can also be considered for the evaluation of the proposed model.
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Python-Driven Framework Chromium-Modified Cerium Metal-Organic : A Promising Electrode Material For Supercapacitor Applications
Get PDFThe increasing demand for sustainable energy storage has driven advancements in materials for supercapacitors, devices known for high power density and rapid charge/discharge cycles. This study explores the potential of chromium-modified cerium-based metal-organic frameworks (Cr-Ce-MOF) as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors. Synthesized via a solvothermal method, the Cr-Ce-MOF exhibited enhanced structural and electrochemical properties due to synergistic effects between cerium and chromium. The material achieved a high specific capacitance of 646 F/g at 1 A/g and energy density 22.43 Wh kg-1 and power density 249.9 W kg‑1 retained 92% of its capacitance after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g. Characterization techniques, including FTIR, XRD, SEM, and electrochemical analysis, confirmed the improved conductivity, porosity, and redox activity imparted by chromium doping. These findings highlight Cr-Ce-MOF as a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage solutions