International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology
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A Comparative Analysis of Camera, LiDAR and Fusion Based Deep Neural Networks for Vehicle Detection
Get PDFSelf-driving cars are an active area of interdisciplinary research spanning Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems, and control engineering. One crucial component needed in ensuring autonomous navigation is to accurately detect vehicles, pedestrians, or other obstacles on the road and ascertain their distance from the self-driving vehicle. The primary algorithms employed for this purpose involve the use of cameras and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data. Another category of algorithms consists of a fusion between these two sensor data. Sensor fusion networks take input as 2D camera images and LiDAR point clouds to output 3D bounding boxes as detection results. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the performance of three object detection methods based on the input data type. We offer a comparison of three object detection networks by considering the following metrics - accuracy, performance in occluded environment, and computational complexity. YOLOv3, BEV network, and Point Fusion were trained and tested on the KITTI benchmark dataset. The performance of a sensor fusion network was shown to be superior to single-input networks.
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Natural Language to SQL Queries: A Review
Get PDFThe relational database is the way of maintaining, storing, and accessing structured data but in order to access the data in that database the queries need to be translated in the format of SQL queries. Using natural language rather than SQL has introduced the advancement of a new kind of handling strategy called Natural Language Interface to Database frameworks (NLIDB). NLIDB is a stage towards the turn of events of clever data set frameworks (IDBS) to upgrade the clients in performing adaptable questioning in data sets. A model that can deduce relational database queries from natural language. Advanced neural algorithms synthesize the end-to-end SQL to text relation which results in the accuracy of 80% on the publicly available datasets. In this paper, we reviewed the existing framework and compared them based on the aggregation classifier, select column pointer, and the clause pointer. Furthermore, we discussed the role of semantic parsing and neural algorithm’s contribution in predicting the aggregation, column pointer, and clause pointer. In particular, people with limited background knowledge are unable to access databases with ease. Using natural language interfaces for relational databases is the solution to make natural language to SQL queries. This paper presents a review of the existing framework to process natural language to SQL queries and we will also cover some of the speech to SQL model in discussion section, in order to understand their framework and to highlight the limitations in the existing models
Salinity and Fertility Status of Irrigated soils in District Nankana Sahib, Punjab Pakistan
Get PDFThe soil is the basic medium for growth of plant as it supplies essential nutrients and water required for plant processes. The productivity of crop is highly dependent upon fertility and salinity of soil. Current study was carried out to explore and analyze the soils of Tehsil Nankana Sahib (Nankana, Shahkot, Sangilla) for its salinity, sodicity and fertility status at union council level from 2018-2021. A total 2030 soil samples were collected from three Tehsils of District Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan. The results indicated that the soil salinity status about 33.9% (690 samples) soils were non-saline, 23.6% (480 samples) saline sodic, 28.5% (580 samples) sodic and only 13.8% (280 samples) were saline. Maximum problematic soil was found in tehsil Nankana Sahib while minimum in Sangilla. As for the soil fertility status of District Nankana Sahib is concerned, 60.1% soils were poor in organic matter (OM) that was observed in 1220 samples, and 39.1% medium range organic matter was observed from the 794 samples while 7.8% from the only 160 samples that were approaching the adequate range. The available phosphorus in soils was found poor among 26.1% (530 samples), 56.1% medium (1140 samples) and the adequate range of available phosphorus was 17.7% (360 samples).
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Evaluation of Microbial Contamination in Meat and its Control Using Preservatives
Get PDFFood borne illnesses are common in both developed as well as developing countries. The majority of foodborne diseases are caused by consuming contaminated meat products. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial contamination in different meat samples. Chicken (n=20), Mutton (n=20) and beef (n=20) samples were collected from 10 towns. Total viable count (TVC) and Total coliform count (TCC) in different meat samples were checked. Microscopic, macroscopic and biochemical profiling of isolates (n=108) was done. It was observed that E. coli was the more common (34%) pathogenic bacteria found in raw chicken followed by Salmonella (28%), Staphylococcus (25%), Shigella (8%), Enterobacter (2%), and Bacillus (3%). In Beef Samples E. coli (39%) was more common followed by Salmonella (30%), Staphylococcus (18%) and Enterobacter (8%), and Shigella (5%). While in Mutton Samples E. coli (32%), Salmonella (32%), Staphylococcus (12%), Shigella (12%), Enterobacter (9%), and Bacillus (3%). Antibacterial activity of natural preservatives i.e., Ginger, Garlic, and Radish, and commonly used synthetic preservatives i.e., Sodium nitrite was also checked on isolated strains. It was observed that Ginger and Garlic showed maximum antibacterial activity at the highest concentration used up to 0.8g/ml. Radish showed no antibacterial activity at any concentration. Antibacterial activity of Sodium nitrite was also higher at the maximum concentration used (0.006mM). The renowned harmful effects of Sodium nitrite, make it necessary to devise the use of natural preservatives. It was observed that ginger and garlic may serve as natural preservatives for meat preservation without any side-effect. However, more research is required for the implementation of natural preservatives for meat storage and safety.
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A Survey Paper on ASCII-Based Cryptographic Techniques
Get PDFWith the passage of time networking field has become much more advanced. Because of this advancement, the communicating parties don\u27t want to rely on the third party for communication because a third party may misuse or share their personal information with someone else. That’s why there is a need for such a method at which we can rely on secure communication. In recent years a lot of cryptographic techniques based on ASCII values have been proposed, but selecting an efficient and effective technique from them is a big task. In this paper, we have made a comparison among several techniques based on certain parameters to find out the best one for the ease of the users
Ecological Significance of Floristic Structure and Biological Spectrum of Alpine Floral Biodiversity of Khunjerab National Park Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan
Get PDFThe current study was conducted in Khunjerab National Park which is situated in the subalpine zone. The study area was thoroughly surveyed to ensure the maximum collection of flowering plants diversity. The work aimed to investigate the ecological significance of floral structure and the biological spectrum of prevailing flowering plants\u27 biodiversity in the study area. For this purpose, we recognized four ecological zones based on altitude in the park namely the subalpine zone (3000m to 3500m), alpine zone (3600m to 4000m), super alpine zone (4100-4500m), and sub naval zone was started from (4600-4800m) altitude. The collected specimens comprised (155) plant species that belong to 97 genera and 36 families. The life forms of the collected species were 72% Hemicryptophyte (H), 13% Therophytes, 10% Chaemephyte, and 5% Phanerophyte. While the habit categories of the flora were analyzed with the help of Theophrastus classification. The breakup of the habit categories shows that the herbs with 137 species held the highest percentage to contribute the flora of the study area was with 88%, followed by shrubs with 14 species which contributed to the flora of the area was 9.03%. Similarly, subshrubs and trees contained the same number of 2 spices. We observed the phenological status of each species, i.e., flowering and fruiting conditions, and of the species that were infrequent.
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Empirical Assessment for the Domestic Worker Housing: A Case Study of Lahore
Get PDFA house is considered a basic human need. It provides identity, security, belonging, and privacy. Regrettably, Pakistan is facing a housing backlog of almost 10 million units. This research aims to diagnose the problems related to accommodation that domestic workers are facing and to assess the pragmatic options for housing the labor class groups. Data for this research was collected from the residents, domestic workers, and relevant authorities through a structured questionnaire survey in selected case study areas. The dependent variable in the study is the provision of accommodation to the domestic workers, which needs to be calculated. The predictors or independent variables are affordability of domestic workers’ residence, salary, housing provision, financial status, and role of government. The results reveal that when “provision of housing allowance” to the domestic workers will help in overcoming the problem of housing available to the workers Its value goes up by 1, “provision of residence to domestic workers at nearby places” increases by 0.518 Similarly, “provision of nearby residence increases the work efficiency” goes up to 1, “provision of residence to domestic workers at nearby places” goes up by the value 0.118.
Analysis revealed that workers’ work efficiency depends upon, Government and financial support from the people. The findings of the study/research analysis revealed that most domestic workers are being deprived of livable housing and have to bear significant travel expenses to reach their workplaces. There is a dire need to form a government-based strong association for the domestic worker which would work for the betterment of domestic workers to improve their quality of life. The government and private developers should increase the supply of low-income housing in the form of vertical growth development. It can be pertinent to propose that housing opportunities have to be placed close to the vicinity of workplaces to reduce the travel cost bear by domestic workers
Adaptive clustering in energy efficient routing protocol for mobile nodes in WSNs
Get PDFIntroduction: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a collection of large number of small sensor nodes which communicate sensed data over a radio channel covering wide geographical region.
Problem statement: A number of algorithms have been developed to enhance the network lifetime of WSN by efficiently utilizing the sources of energy. The most commonly used approach is clustering that is prone to uneven load balancing and instability issues. Furthermore, topological changes in WSN structure especially with mobile nodes significantly effect network lifetime.
Methodology: In this study, we have proposed an Adaptive-Cluster-based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (A-EECBRP), which employs a novel geometrical Voronoi-based configuration to solve load balancing and mobility issues while maintaining network stability and coverage. Furthermore, energy cost function and Energy Harvesters (EH) devices were implemented to reduce energy consumption and increase network life. Moreover, the concept of handshaking and random waypoint model for nodes movement between cluster groups was examined to define mobile nodes.
Results: Simulation results obtained from network analysis performed on MATLAB® showed that A-EECBRP reduced energy consumption by almost 1500 rounds as compared to LEACH-M. This significantly improved the network lifetime of WSN as compared to the LEACH-M routing protocol. Therefore, our proposed scheme provides a huge potential for implementing energy-efficient routing protocols in mobile wireless sensor networks
Marek’s Disease and Its Outbreak in Asia: Python-Based Approach for Detection of Marek’s Virus
Get PDFMarek\u27s disease is an infectious disease that manifests in tumors of the nervous system and organs in chickens. Computer programming languages have enough potential to detect various viral diseases. An effort has been made to detect and evaluate the intensity of viruses. Despite the widespread use of effective vaccines designed to halt its spread, recent data reveal that their efficacy is declining as a result of the virus\u27s adaptability. We analyzed 53 reports documenting 157 viral strains in Asian countries during the last decade of Marek\u27s disease outbreaks and correlated meq sequences. The visceral variety of Marek\u27s disease is the most common (18 out of 28 investigations), although there may be other, unrecognized brain alterations as well. Most commonly, MD causes tumors in the liver (16 out of 26 studies), however, other organs such as the spleen, kidney, heart, gizzard, skin, gut, lung, and sciatic nerve have also been affected. Using amino acid alignment, we found numerous point alterations in 28 strains that may be associated with its virulence. More research is needed on the virulence of the Marek strain, as well as the structural modifications to the Meq protein, and we recommend that this research take place in disease-endemic areas
Inventory and Altitudinal Distribution of Plant Biodiversity Along the Nalter Expressway in Nalter Valley Gilgit Baltistan
Get PDFThe present study was conducted in 2020-2021 to record the inventory and altitudinal distributions of plants and biodiversity in Nalter valley. The study area is situated at 36 N and 74 E, with 27,206 ha area in the Karakoram highlands. It is 40km away from Gilgit city. The purpose was to explore the natural floral inventory, life-form structure, and the biological spectrum of the plant biodiversity. This study recorded 126 species belonging to 106 genera and 48 families. The life forms of the collected species were 40 Hemicryptophytes (H), 8 Therophytes, 50 Chaemephyte, and geophytes 3 species, and 25 phanerophytes. While the habit categories of the recorded flora were analyzed with the help of Theophrastus classification. The categories of the recorded flora were 88 herbs, 113 shrubs,9 subshrubs, and 18 trees which contribute to the flora of the study area. The phytosociological studies were also carried out to recognize the dominant taxa, habit category, and the dominant life form in the study area. For this study, we divided the study area into three stands. In each stand, we placed 20 quartets to recognize the dominant taxa based on IVI. The phytosociological studies provided the required information from each stand like dominant habit categories, life forms, and dominant taxa along the Nalter expressway