International Journal of Nutrology
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Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) for identification of nutritional status in pediatric clinical practice: a literature review
Full text linkChildhood obesity and malnutrition are global public health concerns. In 2020, over 39 million children under 5 were overweight or obese. This narrative review explores the clinical utility of Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) in pediatric nutritional assessment. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering studies from 1999 to 2025. Articles were selected based on relevance and methodological rigor. The review synthesizes historical evolution, validation studies, and clinical comparisons of MUAC with other anthropometric methods
Major metabolic and epigenetic predictors of lithiasis and nutrological management: a meta-analysis
Full text linkIntroduction: Urinary tract lithiasis is the third most prevalent condition in men. The composition of the stones is 80% calcium. The main metabolic alterations are hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, low urine volume, urinary tract infection, primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, and cystinuria. In this scenario, uric acid stones represent about 5 to 10% of all kidney stone formation. The high prevalence of obesity or metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hypertension is also commonly associated with nephrolithiasis. Objective: To elucidate the main metabolic and epigenetic predictors of lithiasis, focusing on the nutritional management of treatment. Methods: The systematic review rules (PRISMA) were followed. The search was carried out from June to August 2025 in the Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument, and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Common descriptive statistical analysis was performed using mean, standard deviation, and minimum/maximum values of general numerical clinical data. Binary Logistic Regression analysis was performed, with p<0.05, with statistical significance at the 95% confidence interval (CI) in relation to the reference group adopted for each variable. The Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated to determine the probability ratio between the analyzed groups, respecting the 95% CI. Results and Conclusion: A total of 138 articles were found. A total of 64 articles were fully evaluated, and 32 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 9 studies at high risk of bias and 24 studies that did not meet the GRADE criteria. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X2=91.4%>50%. The symmetrical funnel plot does not suggest a risk of bias between small sample-size studies. It was identified that the predictors male gender, altered BMI, alcoholism, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and altered parathyroid hormone showed a strong probability of contributing to the event of kidney stones. Furthermore, it showed important correlations and odds ratios (OR) of the variables BMI, DM, and staghorn calculi with metabolic alterations, highlighting hypercalciuria and BMI in categories 2 and 3 (p=0.001; OR=3.28), hypocitraturia and staghorn calculi (p=0.003; OR=2.21), hyperuricosuria and BMI in categories 2 and 3 (p=0.017; OR=2.01), hyperoxaluria and BMI in categories 2 and 3 (p=0.002; OR=2.81), urinary tract infection and DM (p=0.005; OR=1.73), urinary tract infection and staghorn calculi (p=0.003; OR=1.77), parathyroid hormone alteration and BMI in categories 2 and 3 (p=0.008; OR=2.69), and hyperphosphaturia and BMI in categories 2 and 3. (p=0.021; OR=1.99). Therefore, metabolic syndromes, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and altered parathyroid hormone, as well as epigenetic factors such as alcoholism and high-protein diets, were shown to be important triggers of metabolic alterations in kidney stones and, consequently, lithiasis. Furthermore, this study allowed us to understand how many times each predictor can influence these metabolic alterations, thus representing important targets for the treatment of lithiasis
The importance of family and community medicine in accurate nutrition and lifestyle change for a healthy pregnancy: a concise systematic review
Full text linkIntroduction: Diet has a great impact on the outcome of pregnancy. Health professionals have an important role in monitoring anthropometric and laboratory tests, observing signs and symptoms resulting from nutritional deficiencies and excesses, and supplementation is therefore always used in a specific and individualized manner. Lifestyle monitoring is essential for a healthy pregnancy. Objective: A systematic review was carried out to present the precise nutrology importance and lifestyle changes in a healthy pregnancy. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from August to September 2025 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 102 articles were found, and 30 articles were evaluated in full, and 12 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 24 studies with a high risk of bias and 22 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X2=82.5%>50%. Pregnancy is a time with physiological and metabolic changes of great importance for the development of the fetus. Good nutrition pre-conception, during pregnancy, and lactation associated with lifestyle changes are predictive of better health for children in childhood and adulthood. In this process, the role of the health professional is important to monitor whether development is adequate. Adequate maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients can meet all recommended daily needs and, in this case, it will not be necessary to supplement with multivitamins. Nutritional deficiencies are common, especially in iron and vitamin D, and must be corrected before symptoms appear
Regulation of melatonin and nutrients in the process of bone and cartilage regeneration with exosomes and microRNAs: a systematic review
Full text linkIntroduction: Bone diseases comprise a large group of common diseases, including fractures, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis that affect a large number of individuals. Without intervention, the prevalence of osteopenia is projected to increase to 64.3 million Americans and that of osteoporosis to 11.9 million by the year 2030. Melatonin exerts numerous physiological effects, including the induction of anti-inflammatory and antioxidants, resetting circadian rhythms, and promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration, participating in the maintenance and regenerative processes of bones and cartilage. Objective: A systematic review was carried out to present the state of the art of melatonin regulation, mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, microRNAs, and nutrients in the bone regeneration process. Methods: The systematic review rules (PRISMA) were followed. The search was carried out from January to March 2025 in the Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 138 articles were found. A total of 64 articles were fully evaluated and 32 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 9 studies at high risk of bias and 24 studies that did not meet the GRADE. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with I2 =92.8%>50%. The symmetrical funnel plot does not suggest a risk of bias between small sample-size studies. Based on the results, melatonin has important functions in regulating the regenerative activities of mesenchymal stem cells that modulate, together with nutrients, the activities of exosomes and microRNAs in the bone and cartilage regeneration process
Nutrological and metabolic considerations of oxyreduction mitochondrial activities in sports performance: a systematic review
Full text linkIntroduction: In the context of sports practices, nutrology and the oxidation-reduction system impact the metabolism of athletes. Physical training associated with adequate nutrition is a clinically proven practice, being a cost-effective primary intervention that can delay and prevent the health burdens associated with metabolic disorders. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review to describe the main nutritional and metabolic approaches to athlete performance, focusing on mitochondrial and oxidation-reduction activities. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from March to May 2025 in the Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 121 articles were found, and 39 articles were evaluated in full and 28 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 10 studies with a high risk of bias and 21 studies that did not meet GRADE. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X2=81.5%>50%. Redox processes are increasingly recognized as an integral part of exercise-associated metabolism and nutritional triggers. Despite the traditional perception that reactive species are exclusively harmful molecules, recent evidence suggests that exercise-induced reactive species are essential upstream signals for the activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and the induction of exercise-associated gene expression. Redox reactions are increasingly recognized as a fundamental element of the cellular signaling mechanism, along with other well-established types of biochemical reactions that fine-tune human metabolism, for example, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. There are many other examples of responses and adaptations linked to exercise metabolism that is controlled, at least in part, by redox reactions, such as neuroprotection and cognitive function, mechanotransduction, muscle regeneration, autophagy, insulin sensitivity and glycemic control, heat shock proteins metabolism and nerve-muscle interactions
Nutritional therapies in short bowel syndrome: a review
Full text linkIntroduction: Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) is characterized by a state of malabsorption resulting from the anatomical or functional loss of the small intestine (SI). This condition can arise after surgical resection, the causes of which range from congenital defects to acquired diseases, often accompanied by various complications. Nutritional therapy (NT) plays a crucial role in the management of SBS, with the main objective of optimizing the absorption process, alleviating symptoms, and maintaining or recovering the patient's nutritional status. Initially, NT is implemented through parental nutrition (PN), but in the long term, the focus is on enabling individuals to meet their nutritional needs through enteral nutrition (EN) and oral feeding. In more severe cases, however, dependence on NP may be unavoidable. Objective: Incorporating data from a comprehensive literature review of national and international journals, this study aimed to provide a robust analysis to inform a narrative review of the effectiveness of PN. Methods: This review sought to consolidate best practices in the use of parenteral nutrition, supported by a solid base of scientific evidence, both from national and international literature. With this, we intend to offer a more in-depth and detailed understanding of its effectiveness, clinical benefits, challenges, and applications in different therapeutic contexts, providing support to optimize its implementation in the care of critically ill patients. Results: Based on the literature review, it was possible to evaluate the effectiveness of PN in the initial management of SBS, as well as transition strategies to enteral nutrition EN and long-term oral feeding, in addition to exploring the circumstances in which SBS Dependence on NP becomes inevitable, especially in more severe cases of the condition. NT plays a fundamental role in the management of SBS, being crucial to optimize nutrient absorption, alleviate symptoms, and preserve or restore the patient's nutritional status. Conclusion: It can be seen that PN is essential at the beginning of treatment, ensuring nutritional replacement while the intestine cannot absorb it adequately. In the long term, the objective is to transition to EN and, when possible, oral feeding, in order to promote greater autonomy and quality of life for the patient. However, in severe or complicated cases, prolonged dependence on PN may be necessary, which requires ongoing monitoring and specialized management strategies
Proteomic biomarkers of skeletal muscle hypertrophy following high-protein nutritional intervention: a prospective cohort study
Full text linkAn essential component of athletic performance, injury recovery, and clinical treatment is skeletal muscle hypertrophy, which can be induced by resistance exercise and an increase in protein consumption. In order to progress mechanistic and translational studies, it is crucial to identify reliable biomarkers of muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine proteome changes associated with hypertrophy caused by structured resistance exercise and increased protein consumption in the diet. At the same time that subjects underwent a progressive training protocol and were required to adhere to a strictly controlled dietary regimen that dictated protein allocation, high-resolution proteomics was used to characterise muscle protein extracts. Analyses revealed consistent and quantifiable shifts within the skeletal muscle proteome, underscoring candidate biomarkers that govern translational protein synthesis, macromolecular quality control, and the adaptive stress response to mechanically induced cellular injury. The observed biomarkers exhibited robust correlations with increased muscle cross-sectional area and maximal muscular force outputs. The present investigation substantiates the capacity of skeletal muscle proteomic stratification to serve as reliable, non-invasive predictors of hypertrophic responses and delineates a methodologically standardized protocol permitting their unequivocal adoption in forthcoming experimental and clinical inquiries. Moreover, the identified proteomic signatures furnish a provisional framework upon which targeted interventions in the disciplines of individualized nutritional programming, exercise prescription, and the management of muscle-wasting syndromes— including, but not limited to, cachexia—may be iteratively designed and optimized
Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids as mediators of nutritional therapy in pediatric obesity
Full text linkType 2 diabetes is the most serious metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular consequence of childhood obesity, which is quickly becoming recognised as a worldwide health crisis. New research has shown that the gut microbiota plays a key role in the development of childhood obesity. This role is mainly manifested when the microbiome ferments fermentable fibre, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Acetate, propionate, and butyrate show a wide range of biological activities within this class of metabolites. These include reducing hyperphagia, affecting substrate utilisation, and changing the immunological milieu. The present review synthesizes the prevailing body of evidence that links SCFA production to dietary intervention strategies directed at the amelioration of childhood adiposity. Emphasis is directed toward elucidating the intricate signaling pathways that frame SCFA activity, with particular attention to hypothalamic, enteric, and hepato-pancreatic interligature that modulated energy homeostasis, augmented insulin responsiveness, and curtailed systemic and adipocyte-directed inflammation. Furthermore, the manuscript synthesizes the predominant dietary approaches that enhance SCFA synthesis, systematically appraising their feasibility for incorporation into obesity treatment protocols. The examination focuses on trials that quantify SCFA and associated alterations in metabolic parameters among pediatric cohorts, allowing for the systematic evaluation of both favorable outcomes and the obstacles that impede the transposition of these insights into usual care. The last section outlines potential directions for future study, highlighting the need for dietary treatments tailored to individual gut microbiota compositions to optimise SCFA synthesis and improve ways for monitoring and treating paediatric obesity
Assessment of the prevalence of emotional eating among medical students in northwestern são paulo state using the emotional eater questionnaire: a cross-sectional observational study
Full text linkIntroduction: Eating behavior is influenced by sociocultural, psychological, and emotional factors, which can lead to emotional eating, in which emotions such as anxiety, sadness, and stress direct food choices, generally towards high-calorie and low-nutrient foods. This pattern can result in weight gain, chronic diseases, and mental disorders. University students, especially medical students, are more vulnerable due to academic workload and psychosocial pressures. Objective: It was to evaluate the prevalence and implications of emotional eating in medical students in Northwest São Paulo. Methods: Observational, analytical, and crosssectional, quantitative study, conducted between 2023 and 2025, with 258 students recruited by randomized convenience sampling. The Emotional Eating Questionnaire (EEQ), validated for Portuguese, was used and applied digitally. The research followed the STROBE checklist, adopted triple blinding, and strategies to minimize biases. Statistical analysis, performed using RStudio 4.3.1, included normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov), skewness, kurtosis, and Welch's t-test for comparison between sexes, with p<0.05 and 95% CI obtained by traditional and bootstrap BC methods (1000 replications). Results: The overall mean score was 13.42 (SD=6.09; median=13.0; range 0–30). Women presented significantly higher means (mean=14.91; SD=5.37) than men (mean=10.28; SD=5.86), p<0.001, with a large effect size (d=0.81). The 95% CI of the difference (4.28 to 8.33) confirmed clinical relevance, and the graphical analysis showed a higher female concentration in the categories "emotional eater" and "very emotional eater. There was a significant difference between the sexes, with a higher prevalence in the female group, corroborating previous studies. This disparity may be related to emotional and sociocultural factors, such as aesthetic pressure and greater expression of feelings, while men tend towards emotional avoidance and less seeking of diagnosis. The academic medical environment, with its high demands and frequent compromise of mental health, seems to intensify emotional eating as a coping strategy. Conclusion: Emotional eating proved to be highly prevalent among medical students, especially women. Academic stress and emotional vulnerabilities can potentiate this behavior, reinforcing the need for preventive interventions, psychological support, and the promotion of healthy habits to prevent eating disorders and improve quality of life
Nutrigenomics and dietary control of inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review
Full text linkIntroduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have an increasing incidence and prevalence, such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Gut dysbiosis is affected by host genetics, nutrition, antibiotics, and inflammation, and is associated with the development of IBD, which can be attributed to impaired miRNA expression functions. Micro and macronutrient deficiencies and overabundance of calories and macronutrients trigger inflammatory processes and susceptibility to infections. Objective: To present the nutrological, microbiological, and extracellular vesicle (exosome-microRNAs) evidence in the modulation and control of symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The literary search process was carried out from September to October 2025 in the Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 189 articles were found. A total of 27 articles were fully evaluated and 21 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 21 studies with a high risk of bias and 29 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X2=75.7%>50%. Concluiu-se que os miRNAs são importantes reguladores da função celular e da homeostase, e sua atividade anormal foi demonstrada em diversas doenças, incluindo DII. O uso de miRNAs como biomarcadores e alvos terapêuticos pode ajudar a monitorar o tratamento da DII e apoiar o desenvolvimento de novas terapias mais individualizadas que minimizem os efeitos colaterais comuns. A manipulação dietética dos microRNAs por meio dos prebióticos e probióticos podem manipular seletivamente a microbiota intestinal, produzindo ácidos graxos de cadeia curta que fornecem energia para as células epiteliais intestinais e induzem respostas imunes regulatórias protetoras