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Daten und Do-Files kontextuelle Einkommensungleichheiten auf Basis VE 2022 und folgende Jahre
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Modelling Trajectories of Cool and Hot Executive Functions from Middle Childhood to Late Adolescence
No full textExecutive functions (EF) are cognitive abilities that allow for monitored, goal-, and future-oriented actions (Nigg, 2017). According to two complementary frameworks, EF are divided into cooler facets including inhibition and working-memory updating (Miyake et al., 2000), and hotter facets including decision-making (Zelazo & Carlson, 2012). Cool facets encompass more rational, situation-independent abilities that associate strongly with academic outcomes, whereas hot facets encompass more motivationally- and emotionally-driven, contextual abilities that associate strongly with social outcomes (Moriguchi & Phillips, 2023). These varying EF facets are thought to develop at different rates, with cool facets observed to improve in a slightly earlier and linear fashion up until adolescence (Laureys et al., 2022; Tervo-Clemmens et al., 2023) and hot EF facets observed to develop in a more heterogenous and non-linear fashion up until emerging adulthood (Cortes-Patino et al., 2017; Crone & van der Molen, 2004). In particular, hot EF and their development are thought to be influenced significantly by adolescence and the onset of puberty, leading to stagnating or compromised abilities during teenage years, before improving to adult-like levels (Performance Dip; Poon, 2018). Therefore, social and biological influences of gender are assumed, and may lead to variability in EF performance - particularly in hot EF which are more context-dependent than cool EF. Most approaches and studies of EF development typically identify a single trend of change, that is applicable to a large majority of individuals in a given sample. These approaches thereby run the risk of overseeing parallel trends of development that may apply to smaller but equally important minorities.
While a majority of variable-oriented studies focus on identifying average and generalizable patterns of EF development relevant to as many individuals as possible (e.g., Tervo-Clemmens et al., 2023), preliminary person-oriented studies suggest that there is more than one variable pattern of EF development observable across different individuals and subgroups of individuals cross-sectionally (e.g., Brandt et al., 2025; Chaku et al., 2022; Sasser et al., 2017). For example, Chaku et al., (2022) identified four latent profiles of varying combinations of cool EF facet performance in 9- to 10-year-olds including a large average-EF profile (characterized by average scores on inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility), but also less prevalent low-EF and low-inhibition profiles (characterized by below-average performance on all cool facets or only inhibition, respectively). Profile membership was predicted by multiple variables, including gender and socio-economic status, suggesting that girls and children with a higher status belonged to the high-performance profiles more frequently. Such cross-sectional profiles demonstrate that cognitive performance is heterogenous and subject to many influences, even in typically developing and non-clinical samples. However, not many studies to date have observed EF development using such person-oriented approaches in longitudinal designs or with regards to hot EF.
The following preregistration describes a study which aims to use growth mixture modelling (GMM) across four timepoints (T1-T4) to investigate parallel longitudinal trends in EF development for two cool EF facets (inhibition, working-memory updating) and one hot EF facet (decision-making) from middle childhood to emerging adulthood (6 to 21 years). Each of the EF facets will be modelled separately. We assume to find more than one trajectory of development for each EF facet within a large, mostly typically developing cohort sample. The identified trajectories for each EF facet will be described and compared descriptively with the trajectories found for the other EF facets. Further, the GMMs will consider multiple covariates to test whether sociodemographic variables at T1 (binary sex, socio-economic status, family adversity) and initial T1 rates in the remaining EF facets associate with the identified EF trajectories (e.g., T1 inhibition and T1 working-memory updating entered as covariates for trajectories of decision-making). In doing so, we hope to uncover parallel developmental trends in EF abilities, while also setting the trajectories in relation to the other EF abilities at baseline, assuming partial dependence between EF during development. This perspective might demonstrate the importance of dissecting large samples and populations according to important parameters such as individual EF ability and EF change to gain more personalized and accurate insights on cognitive change across the lifespan
Green-Gut Scoping Review — Environmental Impact of Robotic versus Laparoscopic Surgery.
No full textTitle: Environmental Impact of Robotic-Assisted versus Laparoscopic Surgery: A Rapid Scoping Review
Objectives and Scope:
This rapid scoping review maps the available evidence on the carbon footprint and environmental sustainability of robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) compared with laparoscopic and open surgery across all surgical specialties. It was conducted as Work Package 0 of the Green-Gut Study, a prospective life cycle assessment of robotic versus laparoscopic colorectal surgery funded through the NIHR Decarbonising Health and Social Care System programme.
The review addresses four objectives: (a) to map existing quantitative evidence on the environmental impact of RAS; (b) to characterise the methodological approaches used, including system boundaries and data collection methods; (c) to identify specific limitations and evidence gaps in the existing literature; and (d) to confirm the rationale for prospective primary research in a UK NHS setting.
Eligibility criteria required studies to report quantitative environmental impact data (carbon footprint in kgCO₂e, waste generation in kg, or energy consumption in kWh) for RAS compared with at least one other surgical modality. MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to February 2026. JBI scoping review methodology was followed and reporting adheres to the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR)
Statement on Intellectual Property Portfolio and Disclosure Policy
No full text[EN] A formal statement establishing the existence and strategic management of an intellectual property portfolio by Aoi Ichikawa. This document clarifies that IP assets—whether publicly disclosed or confidential—may be subject to various forms of legal protection including patents, trademarks, and timestamping. It explicitly states that the absence of public records does not imply the absence of IP rights, and that no obligation exists to provide ongoing updates. While maintaining strategic ambiguity regarding specific details, the statement remains open to authorized collaboration and licensing discussions.
License Scope: The CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license applies solely to the text of this disclosure statement to ensure its integrity. It does not grant any rights, licenses, or permissions regarding the underlying intellectual property assets described herein.
[JP] 市川蒼生による知的財産ポートフォリオの存在と戦略的管理に関する正式声明。本文書は、公開・非公開を問わず、特許、商標、タイムスタンプ等の法的保護の対象となりうるIP資産の存在を明示するものです。公的記録の不在が権利の不在を意味しないこと、および継続的な更新義務を負わないことを明確に表明しています。具体的詳細については戦略的な曖昧性を保ちつつ、正規の協業やライセンス協議には開かれた姿勢を示しています。
ライセンス適用範囲: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 ライセンスは本声明文(テキスト)にのみ適用され、記述されているIP資産そのものには適用されません
Psychophysiological assessment of fear of movement-related pain induced with a picture-based paradigm in people with chronic shoulder pain
No full textThis study investigates fear of movement-related pain (FMRP) in individuals with chronic shoulder pain using a picture-based movement observation paradigm. Participants with chronic shoulder pain and healthy controls will view images of shoulder-straining and neutral movements while psychophysiological responses (pupil dilation, electrodermal activity, heart rate, respiratory rate) are recorded. Self-reported fear, avoidance, and harmfulness ratings, as well as validated questionnaires on fear-avoidance beliefs and pain catastrophizing, will complement physiological data. The primary aim is to assess whether picture-based movement observation can elicit FMRP and whether pupil dilation serves as a reliable proxy for FMRP responses. Findings are expected to deepen understanding of fear-related mechanisms in musculoskeletal pain and support the development of non-invasive assessment tools for chronic pain populations
Advancing Idiographic Methodology for Data-Driven Treatment Personalization: Comparing ARIMAX, Network, and Tree-Based Approaches
No full textIdiographic approaches offer a promising path to personalized psychological interventions, though guidance on selecting optimal methods remains limited. Researchers have applied various time series, network, and tree-based methods to identify individual-level process-outcome relationships, yet their comparative effectiveness is under-evaluated. We examined six advanced methods: two ARIMAX-based time series models (bivariate and multivariate i-ARIMAX), two network approaches (GIMME, indSEM), and two tree-based algorithms (Boruta and our novel Time Series Boruta, or tsBoruta). Simulations tested these methods across diverse longitudinal data conditions, varying in linear/nonlinear effects, autoregressive patterns, trends, interactions, predictor counts, and sample sizes. We evaluated performance using sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1 scores. For linear effects, i-ARIMAX, iBoruta, and tsBoruta achieved the highest F1 scores and specificity. Tree-based approaches performed best at detecting nonlinear effects and interactions. Methods that failed to account for time-series dependencies showed significant performance drops as these factors increased. In an empirical application, i-ARIMAX and tsBoruta replicated the group-level loneliness–depressed mood link while revealing substantial individual-level heterogeneity and distinct predictor patterns, informing potential personalized targets. Combining i-ARIMAX and tsBoruta offers a practical workflow that balances sensitivity and specificity, captures both linear and nonlinear processes, and supports data-driven, idiographic psychological treatment planning